horizontal directional drilling for water supply applications · • horizontal directional...
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Horizontal Directional Drilling for Water Supply Applications
25th Annual International Petroleum
Environmental Conference
Denver, Colorado
October 30th, 2018
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History of Horizontal Water Wells• Horizontal/Directional Oil Wells in the 1930s – Present
• Directional “River Crossings” in the 1970s
• Environmental Applications for the Department of
Energy in 1988
• Utilized for Most Remediation Applications by 2018
• Water Well Applications
– “Raney Collector Wells”
– Hillside wells
– Horizontal Directional Installations
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Applications/Advantages of Horizontal Wells Allows screen placement in areas unreachable for
traditional vertical wells
• Target thin aquifers
• Screens can cross fractures/bedding planes
• Screen can be placed under surface water
bodies
• Well heads are not directly above the screen.
Can place screens directly under surface
locations which are inaccessible to drilling
equipment.
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Directional Control/Steering
• The drill string is steered by
pushing the drill pipe against
an asymmetric bit with a
hydraulic jet; “duck bill” or
bent sub
• The force against the bit or
sub forces the drill pipe in
direction of the bit orientation
• When the entire assembly is
rotated, the drill string goes
straight
• A sensor behind the bit sends
the direction/orientation of
the bit to the surface
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Directional Control/Steering
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Mud Rotary Drilling Method
• Maintain hole stability
• Remove cuttings
• Limit drilling fluid loss to the formation
• Cool bit and steering tools
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Well Materials (Screen & Casing)
• Two Main Considerations
– Strength
• The materials must have sufficient tensile strength for installation
and collapse strength for long term horizontal operation
– Open area
• Water supply wells are designed with high open area for
maximum flow rates
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Continuous Well Installation
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New Solutions to Old Challenge Colorado
• Shallow, thin surficial aquifer
• Directly connected to perennial stream
• Vertical well screens dewatered in summer
months or periods of low stream flow
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New Solutions to Old Challenge Colorado
• Horizontal Vertical Well Couplet
– Vertical well installed and accurately surveyed
– Horizontal well drilled in close proximity to vertical well
– Horizontal screen section hydraulically tied to vertical
well screen section – no physical connection
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Horizontal Vertical Couplet –Continuous Installation
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New Solutions to Old Challenge Colorado
• Six wells installed
– All wells drilled as continuous (double ended)
• Average length – 585’
• Screen depth – 40’ bgs
– Five wells completed as couplet
– One well completed as “stand alone”
– 6” diameter steel screen and casing
• Screen both slotted and specialty designed “armored rod-based
wire-wrapped”
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New Solutions to Old Challenge Colorado
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New Solutions to Old Challenge Colorado
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New Solutions to Old Challenge Colorado
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New Solutions to Old Challenge Colorado
Well development• Jetting, airlift pumping
Well performance• Horizontal-vertical well couplets produce more than twice as
much water as vertical wells alone
• Yield from lateral well is very dependent on proximity to
vertical well
― Closer the wells are the greater the flow from lateral to vertical
― Yield is highly dependent on soil’s hydraulic conductivity
between the two wells
• Stand-alone horizontal well with pump out-produces couplets
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New Solutions to Old Challenge Texas
• Deep surficial aquifer
– Top of aquitard about 200’ bgs
• Ground water elevations dropping over time
• Vertical well screens are becoming dewatered
• Vertical wells pumping about 50 gpm
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New Solutions to Old Challenge Texas
• The plan, based on surface resistivity and test
hole drilling
– Continuous well – double ended
– 2,000’+ long
– Screen depth ~ 190’ bgs
– 12” steel screen and casing
– Screen length 500’
• Specially designed pipe-based, wire-wrapped
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New Solutions to Old Challenge Texas
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Installation
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Screen Section Formation
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Well Materials
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Exit Location 2,330’ From Entry
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Start Back-Reaming
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Start of Well Installation
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Success
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Initial Development
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Final Test Pumping
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Well Head
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Results
• Pump step test
– Max flow of 910 gpm (560 gpm from east side pump
and 350 gpm from west side pump)
• Continuous pump test
• 48 hrs at 650 gpm (east side pump only)
• Current online production ~650 gpm
(continuous). 13’ of available head above west
end of well screen at this pump rate
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Summary
• Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) methods are a viable
method to install water supply wells
• Horizontal vertical couplets may have limited flow rates
– Production is directly related to the proximity of horizontal laterals to
vertical well.
• Well material considerations are important for horizontal
wells
– Maximize open are AND maintain strength for installation
• Horizontal wells require a unique development approach
• Advantages of horizontal water wells
― Target thin aquifers
― Surface directly above aquifer is inaccessible for drilling equipment
― Access water under surface water (streams, lakes, etc.)