Horace Greeley: “Go West, young Horace Greeley: “Go West, young man, go west.”man, go west.”

Belief: U. S. was ordained to Belief: U. S. was ordained to expandexpandto the Pacific Ocean & into to the Pacific Ocean & into Mexican and Native Amer. Mexican and Native Amer. territory. territory. Manifest = obvious and Manifest = obvious and inevitable.inevitable.Also cited the supriority of the Also cited the supriority of the American raceAmerican race

People went westPeople went westsearching for searching for land.land.

Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851)Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851)

Native Amer.Native Amer. control ofcontrol of 400-mile-wide400-mile-wide slice east of Rockiesslice east of Rockies and from Arkansas River to Can.and from Arkansas River to Can. NA would not attack settlers &NA would not attack settlers & let Army build forts for annuallet Army build forts for annual payments.payments.

Henry Clay:Henry Clay:

Feared that territorial Feared that territorial expansion would reopenexpansion would reopen the painful controversy the painful controversy over slavery and threaten the over slavery and threaten the stability of the Unionstability of the Union

Texas Independence Texas Independence MexicanMexican IndependenceIndependence from Spainfrom Spain 18211821

Mexican Mexican settlers insettlers inTexas: TejanosTexas: Tejanos

Texan Independence Texan Independence 1820s—Mexico encouraged1820s—Mexico encouraged American immigration to TexasAmerican immigration to TexasHoped to strengthen economyHoped to strengthen economyIncrease tax revenuesIncrease tax revenuesCreate a buffer from Native Create a buffer from Native Americans Americans American settlers soon out-American settlers soon out- numbered Tejanos in Texasnumbered Tejanos in Texas

Who were the people who Who were the people who immigrated to Texas?immigrated to Texas?

Much of the availableMuch of the available land was suitable forland was suitable for cottoncottonGreat majority were Great majority were southerners, many of whom brought southerners, many of whom brought slaves with them. slaves with them.

Texan Independence Texan Independence

Stephen F. Austin—Stephen F. Austin— established a colonyestablished a colony of Americans.of Americans.Each received:Each received:

177 acres of farmland177 acres of farmland 4,428 acres of grazing land4,428 acres of grazing land 10 year tax exemption10 year tax exemption

Texas Independence Texas Independence Cultural differences arose Cultural differences arose between Anglos and Mexicansbetween Anglos and MexicansSoutherners brought slaves—Southerners brought slaves— Mexico outlawed slavery 1829Mexico outlawed slavery 1829

1830—Mexico closed borders1830—Mexico closed borders to immigration from U.S. andto immigration from U.S. and placed a heavy tax on imported placed a heavy tax on imported U.S. goodsU.S. goods

Texas Independence Texas Independence Despite restrictions—moreDespite restrictions—more Americans came to Texas Americans came to Texas

1833—Mexico repealed 1833—Mexico repealed prohibition of immigrationprohibition of immigration

1835—1000 new U. S. 1835—1000 new U. S. settlers each month.settlers each month.Led to the Texas RevolutionLed to the Texas Revolution

Antonio Lopez de Santa AnnaAntonio Lopez de Santa AnnaSeized power due to Seized power due to instability in Mexicoinstability in MexicoConservative and Conservative and autocratic regimeautocratic regimeIncreased powers of national Increased powers of national government at expense of state and government at expense of state and territorial governments; Affront to territorial governments; Affront to TexansTexans

Texas Independence Texas Independence Austin unsuccessfully argued Austin unsuccessfully argued withwith President Santa AnnaPresident Santa Anna forfor Texas independence. Texas independence.

Texas in revolt Texas in revolt

Santa Anna marchedSanta Anna marched on San Antonio with on San Antonio with 4,000 soldiers 4,000 soldiers

Texan Independence Texan Independence Feb. 23-Mar. 6, 1836: siege Feb. 23-Mar. 6, 1836: siege of the Alamoof the Alamo

This here story is sacred to This here story is sacred to all of us Texans. So please all of us Texans. So please pay attention to my good pay attention to my good

friend, friend, Mr. Simoncini.Mr. Simoncini.

Texas Independence Texas Independence

Feb. 23-Mar. 6, 1836: siege Feb. 23-Mar. 6, 1836: siege of the Alamoof the Alamo

All 187 All 187 defenders defenders (Texans & (Texans & Tenn. volunteers)Tenn. volunteers) and 1,500 and 1,500 Mexicans killed.Mexicans killed.

Texas Independence Texas Independence

March 2, 1836—Texas declaredMarch 2, 1836—Texas declared independence independence Late March, Santa Anna Late March, Santa Anna executes 445 rebels at executes 445 rebels at Golidad Golidad

Sam Houston named Texas’Sam Houston named Texas’ military commander-in-chiefmilitary commander-in-chief

Texas Independence Texas Independence April, 1836, Battle of SanApril, 1836, Battle of San JacintoJacintoHouston and troops wipe outHouston and troops wipe out 630 Mexican troops630 Mexican troops in 15in 15 min. and capture Santa Annamin. and capture Santa AnnaSanta Anna released afterSanta Anna released after signingsigning Treaty of Velasco,Treaty of Velasco, granting Texas independencegranting Texas independence

Jackson Van Buren Harrison Tyler Jackson Van Buren Harrison Tyler Feared annexation might cause a Feared annexation might cause a dangerous sectional controversy and dangerous sectional controversy and even a war with Mexicoeven a war with Mexico

20 Years of joint 20 Years of joint occupation occupation

Trails Trails WestWestSanta Fe Trail: 780 milesSanta Fe Trail: 780 miles

1821-1848—wagon trains1821-1848—wagon trains of 100 wagonsof 100 wagonsOregon Trail: Begun 1836Oregon Trail: Begun 1836 Marcus & Narcissa WhitmanMarcus & Narcissa Whitman Prairie schoonersPrairie schooners

Trails Trails WestWest

St. LouisSt. Louis

IndependenceIndependence

NauvooNauvoo

Santa Fe Santa Fe Santa Fe Trail

Santa Fe TrailSLCSLC

Mormon TrailMormon Trail

Oregon TrailOregon Trail

YakimaYakima

CA TrailCA Trail

Old Span.Old Span.

Butterfield Overland MailButterfield Overland Mail

Trails Trails WestWestMormon TrailMormon Trail

Followed part of Oregon TrailFollowed part of Oregon TrailEscaping religious persecutionEscaping religious persecutionJoseph Smith—founded 1827Joseph Smith—founded 1827Smith murderedSmith murderedBrigham Young new leaderBrigham Young new leaderSettled edge of Great Salt LakeSettled edge of Great Salt LakeSelected for its isolationSelected for its isolation

Well I don’t know, pilgrims; but Well I don’t know, pilgrims; but life on the trail was hard. How life on the trail was hard. How

long did journeys last?long did journeys last?

My butt My butt hurts!hurts!

I’m so bored!!!I’m so bored!!!

5-6 months; 12-15 miles a day. 5-6 months; 12-15 miles a day.

Life on the trailwas hard.

My life is sooooo My life is sooooo hard! I haven’t hard! I haven’t shaved in days.shaved in days.

That’s good, ya little nippers. Did many people die on the

trail?

Dead on the trail

That’s pretty good, pilgrim. Ya That’s pretty good, pilgrim. Ya sure ain’t side saddle students sure ain’t side saddle students

like those kids up in Sonora. OK. like those kids up in Sonora. OK. Now, about how many settlers Now, about how many settlers

were killed by Native Americans?were killed by Native Americans?

I’m NOT I’m NOT side saddle!side saddle!

Unh—Me answer that Unh—Me answer that one, Duke. one, Duke. Less than Less than

400 migrants—1/10 of 1 400 migrants—1/10 of 1 percent—killed by my percent—killed by my people. Most die from people. Most die from cholera, snake bite and cholera, snake bite and

other diseases.other diseases. Actually, Actually, my people more helpful my people more helpful

than harmful to migrantsthan harmful to migrants—often we serve as —often we serve as

guides and trade with guides and trade with people on wagon trainspeople on wagon trains. .

1844 Election1844 Election

Henry Clay, Whig Henry Clay, Whig James K. PolkJames K. Polk DemocratDemocrat First Dark HorseFirst Dark Horse

December 29, 1845, underDecember 29, 1845, under President James K. PolkPresident James K. Polk,, TexasTexas enters the union as a slave enters the union as a slave state.state.

Polk desired warPolk desired war with Mexicowith Mexico—bring—bring New MexicoNew Mexico and California toand California to union.union.

Fifty-four forty or fight Fifty-four forty or fight

Polk ordered GeneralPolk ordered General Zachary Taylor to Zachary Taylor to march to the Nueces march to the Nueces line to protect againstline to protect against a Mexican incursion.a Mexican incursion.

SouthernersSoutherners supported Polk—supported Polk— saw war with Mexico as chancesaw war with Mexico as chance to expand slavery and moreto expand slavery and more pro-Southern votes in Congresspro-Southern votes in Congress

Opponents of slavery opposedOpponents of slavery opposed the possible war.the possible war.

Meanwhile:Meanwhile: John C. FremontJohn C. Fremont led a U. S. militaryled a U. S. militaryexploration partyexploration partyinto Californiainto California,,further violatingfurther violatingMexican lands.Mexican lands.

California California 7000 Mexicans7000 Mexicans700 U. S. citizens in 700 U. S. citizens in Sacramento River Sacramento River ValleyValley Began thinking Began thinking about joining U. S.about joining U. S. Polk quietly informedPolk quietly informed them that the U. S. them that the U. S. would be would be sympathetic to a sympathetic to a revolt against Mex.revolt against Mex. authority in CA authority in CA

Polk ordered TaylorPolk ordered TaylorSouth to Rio GrandeSouth to Rio Grande

Taylor expedition promptedTaylor expedition prompted Mexico to Mexico to send troops send troops across theacross the Rio Grande. Rio Grande.

CongressCongress declareddeclared war butwar but some objected. War unpopular.some objected. War unpopular.

Colonel StephenColonel StephenKearny moved Kearny moved from Fortfrom FortLeavenworth, KSLeavenworth, KSto Santa Fe, NM.to Santa Fe, NM.

Most Mexicans inMost Mexicans inNM wanted to joinNM wanted to joinU.S.—NM fell to U.S.—NM fell to U.S.: without a U.S.: without a shot being fired.shot being fired.

Fremont seizesFremont seizesSonoma, JuneSonoma, June1846.1846.Local rebelsLocal rebelsproclaim theproclaim theBear Flag Bear Flag RepublicRepublicMexican forcesMexican forcesquickly give wayquickly give wayand depart.and depart.

Sep. 1846, Taylor Sep. 1846, Taylor Captures Monterrey; lets Captures Monterrey; lets Mexican troops escapeMexican troops escape

Mar. 1847, Gen. WinfieldMar. 1847, Gen. WinfieldScott takes VeracruzScott takes Veracruz

Sep. 1847, Scott takesSep. 1847, Scott takesMexico CityMexico City

Total casualtiesTotal casualties: : Mexico—50,000 Mexico—50,000 menmen;;aboutabout 50% of land 50% of land; ; U.S.—13,000 U.S.—13,000 menmen;;11,000 from diseases11,000 from diseases..

U. S. War with Mexico U. S. War with Mexico EndedEnded Feb. 2, 1848Feb. 2, 1848—Treaty of—Treaty of Guadalupe HidalgoGuadalupe Hidalgo

For $15 million, U. S. For $15 million, U. S. got got California California (CA), (CA), NevadaNevada (NV), (NV), New New MexicoMexico (NM), (NM), UtahUtah(UT), most of (UT), most of Arizona Arizona (AZ) and parts (AZ) and parts of of Colorado Colorado (CO)(CO)

Wilmot Proviso Wilmot Proviso

David WilmotDavid WilmotAmendment to Mexican War appropriations Amendment to Mexican War appropriations bill that would have bill that would have prohibited slavery in any prohibited slavery in any territory annexed from MXterritory annexed from MX. Passed in House;. Passed in House; failed in Senate failed in Senate Southern counter: all Americans had equal Southern counter: all Americans had equal rights, including right to move slaves anywhererights, including right to move slaves anywherePolk: simply extend Missouri Compromise line Polk: simply extend Missouri Compromise line

Polk’s proposalPolk’s proposal Extend Missouri Compromise Extend Missouri Compromise line to Pacific Coastline to Pacific Coast

Squatter Squatter SovereignSovereigntytyPeople of People of ea. ea. territory, territory, thru legis.,thru legis.,decide on decide on slavery slavery

Election of 1848 Election of 1848

Polk: ailingPolk: ailinghealth; health;

refused to refused to run.run.

Lewis Cass,Lewis Cass,MI, DemMI, Dem

Zach. Taylor,Zach. Taylor,WhigWhig

M. Van BurenM. Van BurenFree SoilFree Soil

Beginning of the end of the second party Beginning of the end of the second party systemsystem

Jan. 24, 1848,Jan. 24, 1848, Gold discoveredGold discovered at Sutter’s Millat Sutter’s Mill

Began CaliforniaBegan CaliforniaGold Rush;Gold Rush;San FranciscoSan Franciscobecomes a becomes a major city major city

Zachary TaylorZachary Taylor

Southerner & Southerner & slaveholderslaveholderNational outlookNational outlookStatehood could become the Statehood could become the solution to the issue of solution to the issue of slavery in the territoriesslavery in the territories

Let Let states settle slaverystates settle slavery question for themselves question for themselvesFederal governmentFederal government settle issue in settle issue in territoriesterritoriesBecause Because CACA adopted an anti-slave constitution, adopted an anti-slave constitution, admit as a admit as a free statefree state

Personal liberty laws

Northern states; barred courts Northern states; barred courts and police officers from helping and police officers from helping to return runaway slavesto return runaway slavesCongressional southerners Congressional southerners demanded nationaldemanded nationalfugitive slave lawfugitive slave law

Clay’s Compromise of 1850 Clay’s Compromise of 1850

1.1. CA admitted as free stateCA admitted as free state2.2. Rest of lands acquired from Rest of lands acquired from Mexico—territorial govts Mexico—territorial govts formed w/o restrictions on formed w/o restrictions on slaveryslavery

3. 3. TX yield in boundary dispute with NMTX yield in boundary dispute with NM4. Slave trade, but not slavery abolished in 4. Slave trade, but not slavery abolished in D.C.D.C.5. New & more effective fugitive slave law 5. New & more effective fugitive slave law

An omnibus law An omnibus law

Greybeards—dominant in Phase IGreybeards—dominant in Phase I

Wm. SewardWm. SewardOpposed Opposed AbolitionistAbolitionist

J. DavisJ. DavisRep of Rep of New South New South

S. DouglasS. DouglasSectionalist Sectionalist Advocate for RR Advocate for RR

New Leaders in Phase IINew Leaders in Phase II

Millard FillmoreMillard FillmoreSucceeded Taylor Succeeded Taylor Understood the Understood the political importance ofpolitical importance of flexibility flexibility

How was the original Clay How was the original Clay proposal resolved?proposal resolved?

Clay left Washington for the summer Clay left Washington for the summer

Douglas broke the 5-piece bill Douglas broke the 5-piece bill into smaller billsinto smaller billsBy mid-September, CongressBy mid-September, Congress had passed all of the had passed all of the componentscomponents

President signed President signed

The Election of 1852 The Election of 1852

Franklin PierceFranklin Pierce Democrat Democrat

Winfield Scott Winfield Scott Whig Whig

John P. HaleJohn P. HaleFree-SoilFree-Soil

Many Whig defections: Free Soilers and Many Whig defections: Free Soilers and Conscience WhigsConscience Whigs

Fugitive Slave Act Fugitive Slave Act Part of Compromise Part of Compromise of 1850of 1850

The Young America The Young America Movement Movement

Democratic Party Democratic Party Expansion of AmericanExpansion of American democracy throughout democracy throughout world would divert world would divert attention from slavery attention from slavery controversiescontroversiesDream: republican Dream: republican Europe & into Pacific and West. Hemis.Europe & into Pacific and West. Hemis.

The Ostend ManifestoThe Ostend ManifestoPursue purchasingPursue purchasing Cuba (Pierce)Cuba (Pierce)Manifesto: take by forceManifesto: take by forceAntislavery northernersAntislavery northerners were angered—said were angered—said Pierce was conspiring Pierce was conspiring to add a new slave to add a new slave state to the Unionstate to the UnionSouth opposed all efforts to acquire new South opposed all efforts to acquire new territory that would not support slavery territory that would not support slavery

Kansas-Nebraska ActKansas-Nebraska Act Virtually destroyed the Whig Virtually destroyed the Whig PartyPartyDivided Northern DemocratsDivided Northern DemocratsSpurred the creation of the Spurred the creation of the Republican Party Republican Party

DouglasDouglas

Bleeding KansasBleeding Kansas Thousands of border crossers from MOThousands of border crossers from MO Swelled KS population from 1,500 to >6,000Swelled KS population from 1,500 to >6,000 Border crossers voted illegally Border crossers voted illegally

Bleeding KansasBleeding Kansas Result: pro-slavery majority in territorial legislatureResult: pro-slavery majority in territorial legislature Immediately legalized slaveryImmediately legalized slavery Outraged free-staters elected own delegatesOutraged free-staters elected own delegates

Constitutional convention in TopekaConstitutional convention in Topeka Enacted constitution excluding slavery Enacted constitution excluding slavery

President Pierce denounced as traitorsPresident Pierce denounced as traitors

Free-Soil IdeologyFree-Soil IdeologyFree-soil = free laborFree-soil = free laborMost white northerners came to believe that theMost white northerners came to believe that the existence of slavery was dangerous not because of existence of slavery was dangerous not because of what it did to blacks but because of what it what it did to blacks but because of what it threatened to do to whitesthreatened to do to whitesHeart of democracy: the right of all citizens to own Heart of democracy: the right of all citizens to own property, to control their own labor and have property, to control their own labor and have access to opportunities for advancementaccess to opportunities for advancementTherefore, the South was the antithesis of Therefore, the South was the antithesis of democracy democracy

Slave-Power Conspiracy Slave-Power Conspiracy Free-Soil IdeologyFree-Soil IdeologySlavery could eventually threaten white Slavery could eventually threaten white

jobs in Northjobs in NorthConspiracy:Conspiracy: Extend slavery throughout the nation and Extend slavery throughout the nation and destroy the openness of northern destroy the openness of northern capitalism and replace it with the closed, capitalism and replace it with the closed, aristocratic system of the Southaristocratic system of the SouthHeart of new Republican PartyHeart of new Republican Party

Nat Turner Rebellion (1831)Nat Turner Rebellion (1831)

Expansion of cotton economy to Deep SouthExpansion of cotton economy to Deep South

Growth of Garrisonian Growth of Garrisonian Abolitionist movement Abolitionist movement

Counter Southern Ideology—Causes Counter Southern Ideology—Causes

Thomas Dew Thomas Dew

Southerners Southerners should stop should stop apologizing forapologizing for slavery as a slavery as a necessary evil necessary evil and defend it and defend it as a positive as a positive goodgoodSlavery was Slavery was good good for the entire for the entire countrycountry

Slavery: basis of the southern way of life Slavery: basis of the southern way of life A way of life superior to any other in the U. S. or A way of life superior to any other in the U. S. or worldworldNorth: greed, debauchery, destructivenessNorth: greed, debauchery, destructiveness Factory system; crowded, pestilential cities filled Factory system; crowded, pestilential cities filled with unruly immigrantswith unruly immigrantsSouth: orderly, stable society operating at a slow South: orderly, stable society operating at a slow and human paceand human pace

Secondly: biological inferiority of African Americans;Secondly: biological inferiority of African Americans; felt unfit to care for themselves, let alone exercise felt unfit to care for themselves, let alone exercise the rights of citizenship the rights of citizenship

Election of 1856 Election of 1856

James James BuchananBuchananDemocrat Democrat

John C. John C. FremontFremont

Republican Republican

Millard Millard FillmoreFillmore

Native Amer. Native Amer.

Dred Scott v. Sandford (Sanford)Dred Scott v. Sandford (Sanford)

The TaneyThe TaneyCourt Court

Fifth Amendment Fifth Amendment forbade Congressforbade Congress from taking from taking property without property without due process due process

Thus, CongressThus, Congress had no authority had no authority to pass a law to pass a law depriving depriving persons of slavepersons of slave property in property in territories territories Made Missouri Made Missouri

Compromise Compromise unconstitutional unconstitutional

Deadlock over KansasDeadlock over KansasBuchanan supported KS Buchanan supported KS admission as slave state admission as slave state Pro-slavery legislature calledPro-slavery legislature called a constitutional convention a constitutional convention in Lecomptonin LecomptonFree staters refused to attendFree staters refused to attendPro-slavery majority created Lecompton Constitution Pro-slavery majority created Lecompton Constitution allowing slaveryallowing slaveryElection for new legislature under the LecomptionElection for new legislature under the Lecomption Constitution, antislavery groups turned out and Constitution, antislavery groups turned out and created an antislavery majoritycreated an antislavery majorityCalled for vote on Lecompton ConstitutionCalled for vote on Lecompton Constitution

Deadlock over KansasDeadlock over KansasLecompton constitution was Lecompton constitution was rejected by >10,000 votesrejected by >10,000 votesClear that the majority of Clear that the majority of people in Kansas rejected people in Kansas rejected slaveryslaveryBuchanan pressured Buchanan pressured Congress to admit KS under Lecompton ConstitutionCongress to admit KS under Lecompton ConstitutionDied in the HouseDied in the HouseApril 1858, Lecompton Constitution again submitted April 1858, Lecompton Constitution again submitted to voters in Kansasto voters in KansasVoters again rejected the Lecompton ConstitutionVoters again rejected the Lecompton ConstitutionKS entered as free state in 1861KS entered as free state in 1861

Lincoln-Douglas Debates Lincoln-Douglas Debates

Douglas: no moral position on slaveryDouglas: no moral position on slaveryLincoln: slavery, if unchecked, could lead to Lincoln: slavery, if unchecked, could lead to denial of rights of others as welldenial of rights of others as well

No other single event had as No other single event had as much influence as the Harper’smuch influence as the Harper’sFerry raid in convincing white Ferry raid in convincing white southerners that southerners that they could not live safely in the Unionthey could not live safely in the Union

John Brown’s Raid on Harpers Ferry, VA John Brown’s Raid on Harpers Ferry, VA

Election of 1860 Election of 1860

Lincoln Douglas Breckenridge Bell Lincoln Douglas Breckenridge Bell