honors biology review yea!!!!!. steps in the scientific method… observe~ always observing the...
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Honors Biology Honors Biology ReviewReview
Honors Biology Honors Biology ReviewReview
Yea!!!!!Yea!!!!!
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Steps in the Scientific Method…
• Observe~ always observing the world around us!!
• 1. ask questions • 2. form hypothesis• 3. experimentation• 4. analysis• 5. conclusion
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Hypothesis?•If, then
statement (question)…
•An educated guess/ testable
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What is the difference between a control group
and an experimental group?
• Control~ unmanipulated; used as a basis of comparison (sometimes called placebo group)
• Experimental~ a variable has been manipulated
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Words used in a conclusion?
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Compound microscope vs. simple vs. electron?
• Compound~ many lenses working together (magnification & clarity)
• Simple~ magnification only (specimens usually macroscopic)
• Electron~ e- beams, can see viruses and other extreme microscopic specimens.
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KNOW PARTS OF THE MICROSCOPE
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Know your fields of biology:
• ecology – Study of organism interactions with
each other and the environment• genetics
– Study of heredity• cytology
– Study of cells• biology
– Study of LIFE!!!!!!! (YOU BETTER NOT GET THIS ONE WRONG )
• taxonomy– Study of naming organisms
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Know your basic biochemistry:
• Organic elements- CHONPS• Carbohydrates~ COMPLEX SUGARS • lipids~ fats, oils, waxes• proteins~ keratin, actin/myosin, etc.
complex amino acids• nucleic acids~ DNA/RNA• glucose/sucrose/fructose/lactose~
blood sugar, table sugar, fruit sugar, milk sugar
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Know your basic biochemistry: (Define & Give examples)
• Cellulose~ strength & rigidity to plants; cell wall component
• Complimentary base pairing~ DNA= A-T, C-G; RNA= A-U, C-G
• DNA/RNA~ deoxyribonucleic acid (genetic blueprint)/ ribonucleic acid (protein synthesis)
• enzymes/ substrate / lock & key~ enzymes (catalyst to jumpstart a reaction)
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• Hydrolysis- breaking apart macromolecules into monomers by adding water
• Dehydration synthesis/condensation reaction: combining monomers together by removing water
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Know your cellular organelles: What do they look like & what do they
do?• Nucleus~ cellular control center• Mitochondrion~ “powerhouse”
supplies energy• Nucleolus~ makes ribosomes• Ribosome~ makes proteins• lysosome~ garbage disposals;
destroyer • Cell membrane~ semipermeable
layer; allows homeostasis and transport (same stable internal conditions)
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Know your cellular organelles: What do they look like & what do
they do?• Chloroplast~ has chlorophyll allowing
for photosynthesis to occur• endoplasmic reticulum (rough &
smooth~ intracellular highways• Golgi apparatus~ postal office
(packaging and secreting)• Cell wall~ protects and supports
plant cells• Vacuole- stroage of water, enzymes,
waste
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Define the following terms related to movement of
cellular materials: • Diffusion~ movement of molecules
from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration
• Osmosis~ movement of WATER from an area of high to low
• Active transport~ cell expends energy; against concentration gradient
• Hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic solution~ lower, higher, equal
• Plasmolysis~ wilting
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Define the following terms related to movement of cellular materials:
• Passive transport~ no energy input from cell
• Cytolysis~ cell bursting• Endocytosis~ movement into the
cell pinocytosis~ cell drinking, Phagocytosis~ cell eating
• Exocytosis~ movement out of the cell
• Contractile vacuoles~ used by protista to pump out excess water
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Difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic?
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Which cell is in a hypertonic solution? isotonic?
hypotonic?
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Define the concepts of cell division:
• Interphase- G1, S, G2
• Mitosis~ cloning; body cell reproduction• Meiosis~ forms gametes; genetic
recombination• Haploid, diploid~ n, 2n• Gamete~ sperm & egg• Zygote~ union of sperm & egg• Cell plate, cleavage furrow~ occurs during
cytokinesis • Autosomes~ body chromosomes/somatic
chromosomes (44)• Sex chromosomes: XX (girl)or XY (boy) (2)
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Know blood typing!
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Define the concepts of cell division:
•Bacterial reproduction~ binary fission; splitting into two
•Sperm production to egg production~
•4 to 1 (spermatogenesis; oogenesis)
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Define the concepts of cell division:
•Male and female symbols
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Punnett Square Practice
• Want to do these on the board????
TT X tt
Tt X Tt
Tt X tt
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Genetic Terms• Dominant~ overshadows a recessive• Recessive~ is expressed when no
dominant is present• Phenotype~ physical characteristics
(brown, red, etc)• Genotype~ genetic makeup
(represented by letters)• Homozygous~ both are the same
(TT or tt)• Heterozygous~ different genes (Tt)• sex-linked~ found on a sex
chromosome
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Add: Karyotype & Pedigree
• Karyotype:
• Pedigree:
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Genetic Disorders• XO~ Turner Syndrome• Down Syndrome~ Trisomy 21• XXY~ Klienfelters Syndrome• Others?Others? Lots!!Lots!! Look over notesLook over notes!!• Nondisjunction~ failure of chromosomes to
separate during meiosis• Monosomy~ 45 total chromosomes (results
in 1 less)~ Turner Syndrome• Trisomy~ 47 total chromosome (results in 1
too many)~ Down Syndrome & Klienfelters)• Detection: Amniocentesis or chorionic villi
sampling
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Remember Replication, Transcription, Translation ?
• Orig DNA: AAT CCA GTC• Replication: TTA GGT CAG• Transcription: UUA GGU CAG• Translation: AAU CCA GUC
3 BASES= A CODON
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Famous Scientists• Darwin~ theory of evolution• Aristotle~ first to classify organisms• Fleming~ discovered penicillin• Linnaeus~ modern classification
system• Hooke~ named the cell• Lamarck~ acquired traits; evolution• Mendel~ father of genetics• Van Leeuwenhoek~ father of
microscopy
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Taxonomy and Evolution
• 7 levels?• KPCOFGs• Kingdoms?• AnimalAnimal• PlantPlant• FungiFungi• ProtistaProtista• EubacteriaEubacteria• ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria
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Describe these “taxonomy/evolution terms”:
• vestigial structures: no longer needed (appendix, tailbone)
• acquired traits: behavior causes evolution (giraffe stretching neck to reach leaves)
• binomial nomenclature: 2 name naming system (scientific name); Genus species
• Dichotomous key: recipe for classification
• Homologous structures- similar origin but look different
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Describe these “taxonomy/evolution terms”:
• analogous structures- different origin but look similar due to environment)
• Divergent evolution- two organisms becoming more dissimilar over time
• Convergent- two organisms appearing to be closely related but are not
• Artificial selection- mankind speeding up evolution (example- dog breeding)
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Bacteria and Viruses and Fungi
• Draw the three basic bacterial shapes: coccus, bacillus, spirillus
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Bacterial Shapes:• Rod- bacillus• Sphere- coccus• Spiral- spirilli
• Staphylo- clusters• Strepto- chains/filaments
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• What is the difference between archaebacteria and eubacteria?
• “ancient” extreme environments/”true” soil and water
• Good things bacteria do? • Decomposers, make food, antibiotics,
clean up environmental pollutants, others???
• Bacterial Diseases?• Anthrax,Salmonella, Botulism, TB,
Typhus, RMSF, Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, Syphilis, others????
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• What is a virus? • Obligate intracellular parasite (not
technically “living”
• Temperate vs. virulent?• Lysogenic (doesn’t kill host right
away); lytic (kills host immediately)
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What are some viral diseases?
• AIDSAIDS• EbolaEbola• Genital WartsGenital Warts• ColdCold• FluFlu• HerpesHerpes• BSE (mad cow)BSE (mad cow)• KuruKuru• Others????????Others????????
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What are some common fungi?
• MushroomsMushrooms• YeastsYeasts• SmutsSmuts• RustsRusts• MoldsMolds• MildewsMildews• PuffballsPuffballs
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Fungal Diseases?• Corn smutsCorn smuts• AthleteAthlete’’s foots foot• Nail fungusNail fungus• MildewMildew• RustsRusts• RingwormRingworm• Jock itchJock itch• Others???Others???
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Fungus Terminology:
• Hyphae- fungal filaments• Mycelium- mat of hyphae• Fruiting body- reproductive
structure• Miracle Drug?Miracle Drug?
– Penicillin (alexander fleming)Penicillin (alexander fleming)
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Protista: “the very first”List and describe several
protozoans:• LOTS!!! Check out your LOTS!!! Check out your notesnotes on on
animallike, plantlike and animallike, plantlike and funguslike!!funguslike!!
• Hint…Hint…• Those that cause diseasesThose that cause diseases
(trypanosoma, entamoeba, (trypanosoma, entamoeba, Giardia),Giardia), have mutualistic have mutualistic relationshipsrelationships ( (Trichonympha & Trichonympha & termitetermite), ), etc.etc.
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How do some protists move?
• Pseudopodia~• False feet (amoebas)• Cilia~• Hairlike structures (paramecium)
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How do paramecia rid themselves of excess water?
• Contractile vacuoleContractile vacuole
What are some common What are some common diseases caused by protozoa?diseases caused by protozoa?
• Malaria, Giardia, Amebic Dysentery, Malaria, Giardia, Amebic Dysentery, African Sleeping Sickness, African Sleeping Sickness, Leishmania, others????Leishmania, others????
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Photosynthesis Equation
___ CO2 + ___H2O C6H12O6 + ___O2
“Photosynthesis is a series of reactions that uses energy from the sun to convert water and carbon dioxide (reactants) into sugars and oxygen (products)”
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Meiosis~ produces pollen grains
Sticky~ where pollen lands
Eggs are produced
Protect flower while developing
Supports anther
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Know your phyla and classes:• Porifera~ sponges; sessile (don’t move
as adults)• Cnidaria ~ jelly fish, man of wars, corals
and anemones; have cnidocysts & nematocysts
• Nematoda ~ roundworms; most are parasitic
• Platyhelminthes~ flatworms like planaria, tapeworm & flukes
• Annelida~ segmented worms like earthworms, sandworms and leeches
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Continued…
• Amphibia~ metamorphasis; moist skin, lack claws, frogs, salamanders, toads, caecilians
• Mammalia~ have hair, bear live young, 4-chambered hearts, endothermic, mammary glands
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Know some general organ function and structures like:
•pharynx: pharynx: pathway to trachea or pathway to trachea or esophagusesophagus
•crop: crop: storge area for food storge area for food (earthworms)(earthworms)
•gizzard: gizzard: grinds food for grinds food for earthwormearthworm
•heart (chambers in a frog? pig?) heart (chambers in a frog? pig?) : : 3 in frog, 4 in pig3 in frog, 4 in pig
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• Nictitating membrane: 3rd eyelid; protects and moistens
• Tympanic membrane: eardrums• Kidneys: removal of nitrogenous waste• Pinnae: external ear flaps• Eyespots~ both detect light• Lungs: breathing apparatus and gas
exchange• Stomach~ mechanical & chemical food
digection• fat bodies (fat)- insulates organs for
hibernation
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Biological terminology:
• Autotrophic means: Autotrophic means: self-feedingself-feeding• Heterotrophic means: Heterotrophic means: other other
feedingfeeding• Eukaryotic means: Eukaryotic means: true nucleustrue nucleus• Prokaryotic means:Prokaryotic means: before nucleus before nucleus
(lacks a true nucleus)(lacks a true nucleus)• Symbiotic relationships: Symbiotic relationships: two or two or
more organisms living in close more organisms living in close association with each otherassociation with each other
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Biological terminology:
• Mutualism- Mutualism- both organisms benefitboth organisms benefit• Parasitism- Parasitism- one organisms benefits one organisms benefits
while the other is harmed while the other is harmed (ectoparasitism and (ectoparasitism and endoparasitism)endoparasitism)
• Commensalism- Commensalism- one organism one organism benefits while the other is benefits while the other is unaffected)unaffected)
• KNOW EXAMPLES OF EACH!!KNOW EXAMPLES OF EACH!!
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Know levels of organization!
• Species population community ecosystem biome biosphere
• Habitat- where an organism lives
• Niche- the role an organism fulfills
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Distinguish between food chains, & food
webs. • Chain~ flow of energy from producer to top
consumer.• Web~ interrelated food chains• Trophic level- each step in the food chain
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(Be able to identify producers, 1st order
(primary) consumers, 2nd order consumers, etc.)
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• Autotroph~ self feeding• Heterotroph~ other feeding• Decomposer (saprobe/saprophyte)~
recycle energy back into the environment (bacteria and fungus)
• Detritivore~ feed on dead/decaying matter
• Herbivore~ plant eater• Carnivore~ animal eater• Omnivore~ eats both plants and animals
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Know energy transfer! Who feeds at what trophic level? What level of consumerism?
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