HOMEWORK

Type of Work:Individual

Date/Time of Submission :Sunday, November 25, 2012/5:00 P.M.

Group No.:A4

Name:Zefanya Merryani

ID No (NIM):10 2012 308

Text Title :The dangers of Cramming

Thesis Statement

Thesis Statement: Cramming and the effect of cramming ___________________________________________________________Topic: The Dangers of Cramming by Keith Ablow_________________________________________________________________________________________

Controlling Idea(s): Cramming can disruption the regular sleep cycle and can cause temporary intellectual lapses or stimulants severe side effects._________________________________________________________________

Paragraph Structure/Outline

Introductory ParagraphA. Opening(s): Midnight, and the spiral notebook barely half full. The rest of its pages, scribbled with organic chemistry equations, litter the dorm-room floor

B. Hook(s) / Bridge(s): Every few minutes the figure hunched over the desk tears away another page, having memorised as much as he can, and passes it on to his friend. C. Thesis Statement: And thus the two roommates continue all night, dropping the pages to the carpet after each has absorbed his fill. Paragraph 2

A. Topic Sentence: Welcome to the all-night cramming session, which most students resort to at some desperate point in their college careers.B. Supporting Sentence 1: Armed with the energy of youth, they simply ignore their bodies' cries for sleep, trying to fend off fatigue with doses of coffee or, occasionally, drugs..C. Concluding Sentence: Teachers and parents have long argued that cramming does more harm than good -- and the latest research into sleep needs and patterns suggests that they are right Paragraph 3A. Topic Sentence: For some people, disruption in the regular sleep cycle can cause temporary intellectual lapses and stimulants can set off severe side effects ______________________________________________________B. Supporting Sentence 1: _ Thus, for every student who manages to memorise the chemical synthesis of bona-S-rubber at 5 a.m. and then triumphantly finds that precise question on his test at 9, there are more than a few who lament the "obvious" answers they blew on a multiple-choice exam because they "just couldn't focus."Paragraph 4A. Topic Sentences: The outcome of all-nighters is unpredictable because the impact of sleep loss varies so widelyB. Supporting Sentence 1: . "Some people are markedly impaired by even a small decrease in sleep time," says David Buchholtz, a neurologist and sleep therapist at The Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, "while others can go without sleep for a few nights without any demonstrable loss of performance.C. Supporting Sentence 2: People also have vastly different minimum requirements: a full night's rest can range from 4 to 10 hours

D. Concluding Sentence: It is critical, experts stress, for each person to know how much sleep he needs.Paragraph 5

A. Topic Sentences: Heavy use of stimulants can compound the problemB. Supporting Sentence 1: . Many students assume that large quantities of coffee or a few amphetamines will increase alertness; they don'tC. Supporting Sentence 2: In fact, stimulants merely disguise -- briefly -- a reduced capacity to grasp, retain, and retrieve information.D. Supporting Sentence 3: "Caffeine does not correct the cognitive impairment caused by lost sleep," Buchholtz says. "A person may be awake, but he'll have to deal with an intellectual deficit, and his concentration won't be there. He can actually have 'microsleeps' and stare at the same word for five minutes.

Paragraph 6

A. Topic Sentence: Nor are unpredictable naps the only penalty of substance abuseB. Supporting Sentence 1: Coffee drinkers should watch out for Caffeine Intoxication Syndrome, an onset of anxiety, panic, headaches and a frustrating inability to sleepC. Supporting Sentence 2: Most people would have to drink about 10 cups to fall into this condition, but some are so sensitive that it can hit them after only 2 to 3 cups.D. Supporting Sentence 3: Speed [an amphetamine] is far more hazardousE. Supporting Sentence 4: Overdoses can lead to auditory hallucinations and paranoia. In addition, according to Larry Alessi, assistant professor of psychiatry at The Johns Hopkins Medical School, "if someone uses speed for many weeks and then stops, he may 'crash' into severe depression."Paragraph 7

A. Topic Sentence: Unless a person abuses his body with stimulants, he should be able to snap back fairly quickly form an all-nighterB. Supporting sentence 1: One full night of rest will usually produce complete recovery from up to 48 hours of sleep deprivation; normal, healthy people have been known to stay awake for as long as a week without lasting ill effects.C. Supporting Sentence 2: On the second night, there is usually an increase in REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, the phase in which dreaming occurs.D. Sub- supporting sentence 1 : Normally, REM sleep is beneficial, but some people report particularly graphic and disturbing nightmares associated with a sudden increase in REM.Paragraph 8A. Topic Sentence: Then there are the problems of students who want to get a good night's sleep before an exam but just can't

B. Supporting Sentence 1: Stress often promotes insomnia

C. Sub suppoting sentence 1: It may cause the reticular activating system, the structure in the brain that is responsible for alertness, to stay on too long; this prevents sleep-inducing mechanisms from doing their job

D. Supporting sentence 2: What do experts advise a student who finds himself tossing and turning for a half hour or so on the eve of a test?

E. Sub supporting sentence 1: He should get up and try an ordinarily relaxing activitiy, like snacking or watching television, until he is tired

F. Sub supporting senttence 2: He should get up and try an ordinarily relaxing activitiy, like snacking or watching television, until he is tiredParagraph 9A. Topic sentence: Sleeping too much, authorities agree, should not worry most people.

B. Supporting sentence 1: Even after an extended night of "rebound" sleep, the brain arouses itself when its needs have been fulfilled.

C. Supporting sentence 2: Clinically depressed people do often retreat into slumber to avoid the waking hours, but true clinical depression is accompanied by other noticeable symptoms such as loss of appetite, decreased self-esteem and even thoughts of suicide.

Concluding Paragraph

A. Restatement of Thesis Statement: In the end, the best formula to follow when finals arrive is one that students have been taught for years moderation _______________________________________

B. Summary of the main ideas stated in the body paragraphs:

There will surely by times when excelling, or perhaps just passing, requires pushing bedtime back, but any major changes in sleep patterns should be made cautiously._____________________________________________________________________

C. Suggestions/Predictions:As Buchholtz suggests, "The key is keeping perspective and not ever overdoing it."

SUMMARY

Not a few people who feel bored when he is required to do many tasks, but they are trying to do their job in a timely manner. While they are having their saturation point to find a friend to talk to. If they have to do their job until late at night, they overcome their sleepiness by drinking coffee, but not many people know that coffee has side effects that cause health problems.

Another impact of task demands a lot of that is, lack of sleep because they have to do the work until late at night. And the side effects of sleep deprivation is, in the morning when a lot of students who attended the sleepy and cause them not to focus on the current majors.

In addition, students often do the work until late at night they also experience stress, and the stress resulted in them experiencing insomnia. It may cause the reticular activating system, the structure of the brain responsible for alertness, to stay too long, this prevents the sleep-inducing mechanism of doing their jobs. And the result of giving too many tasks that students always feel overwhelmed by the task, and the symptoms of clinical depression which was accompanied by noticeable symptoms such as loss of appetite, decreased self-esteem and even suicidal thoughts.

Measures to overcome these things by providing a longer period of time for students to work on a given task, so that the negative impacts of the above actions can be resolved.

Academic Words& MeaningsExamples in Sentences

1. Adaptation Meaning : the action or process of adapting or being adapted.Living in groups is an adaptation to increase the efficiency of hunting

2. AvailableMeaning : able to be used or obtained; at someones disposalThe nurse is only available at certain times.

3. Beneficial Meaning : Lawrelating to rights to the use or benefit of property, other than legal title.The beneficial effect on the economy side is very high.

4. Energy

Meaning : a healthy capacity for vigorous activity; the strength and vitality required for sustained physical or mental activityWe need much energy for jogging

5. Ignore Meaning : refuse to acknowledge (verb.communication)The man ignored the doctor's advice that the disease is getting worse

6. Research

Meaning : systematic investigation to establish facts (noun.act)

The students had to research the history of the Second World

7. Cycle

Meaning : an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs; a periodically repeated sequence of eventsThe never-ending cycle of the seasons

8. Temporary

Meaning : not permanent; not lasting (adj.all)Lasting for a time only; existing or continuing for a limited time; not permanent; as, the patient has obtained temporary relief.Employed on a temporary basis.

9. Chemical

Meaning : relating to or used in chemistry (adj.pert); of or made from or using substances produced by or used in reactions involving atomic or molecular changesChemical is a branch of science of compound

10. Precise Meaning :sharply exact or accurate or delimited (adj.all); Having determinate limitations; exactly or sharply defined or stated; definite; exact; nice; not vague or equivocal; as, precise rules of morality. (adjective)Diagnosis given by the doctor is very precise

11. Obvious Meaning : easily perceived by the senses or grasped by the mind (adj.all)Expected by the patient's desire was expressed clearly

12. Focus

Meaning : the concentration of attention or energy on something (noun.cognition)The controversy brought clearly into focus an important difference of opinion.

13. Outcome

something that results (noun.event)The outcome obtained from the sale of the bag is very profitable

14. Impact

Meaning : the striking of one body against another (noun.event)The impact of any changes in the current environment is a lot of people with the disease

15. Minimum

Meaning : the smallest possible quantity; the point on a curve where the tangent changes from negative on the left to positive on the rightAvailability of medical equipment in the hospital is very minimum

16. Range

Meaning : the limits within which something can be effective (noun.location)A piano has a greater range than the human voice.

17. Expert Meaning : a person with special knowledge or ability who performs skillfully (noun.person); having or showing knowledge and skill and aptitude (adj.all)Dangerous disease that should be handled by someone who is an expert

18. Stress

Meaning : (psychology) a state of mental or emotional strain or suspense (noun.state);

special emphasis attached to something (noun.state)The stress was more on accuracy than on speed.

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19. Compound

Meaning : Composed of two or more elements, ingredients, parts; produced by the union of several ingredients, parts, or things; composite; as, a compound word. (adjective)Compound leaves are composed of several lobes.

20. Assume

Meaning : take to be the case or to be true; accept without verification or proof Terjemahan (verb.cognitiontake to be the case or to be true; accept without verification or proof verb.cognition)The gods assume human or animal form in these fables.

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