Homework• Questions on p.16-19 of the GCSE

Workbook

• Due in monday

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P12-15• Go through last weeks homework and make corrections

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B1 2.4 The Artificial Control of FertilityText p.52-53

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Oral contraceptives1. What does the pill

contain?2. Which female hormone

does the pill inhibit? Why?3. What was in the early

pills?4. Why was this not good?5. What is in the pill now?

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Oral contraceptives1. What does the pill

contain?2. Which female

hormone does the pill inhibit? Why?

3. What was in the early pills?

4. Why was this not good?

5. What is in the pill now? Why?

1. Hormones2. FSH to stop follicles

growing3. Oestrogen4. Side effects e.g.

headaches5. Lower oestrogen or

progesterone; fewer side effects

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Oral contraceptives

• oral contraceptives may contain oestrogen and progesterone to inhibit egg maturation

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Advantages and disadvantages of the contraceptive pill Advantage•Prevent unwanted pregnancies•Less poverty because smaller families•Controls population growth

Disadvantage•Does not protect from STD•Has to be taken regularly to be effective•Not available to everyone due to lack education, money, doctors etc.•Can cause health problems (linked to breast cancer and thrombosis)•Some religious groups say it denies life so not acceptable

Artificial control of fertility – Match the pairs and add to your notes.

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Answers

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How do we treat infertility n women?• Read p.52/3

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How does IVF work?

Fertility treatments

1. How can FSH be used?2. What is IVF?3. Make out a simple flow

chart to show the stages of IVF

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IVF involves giving a mother FSH and LH to stimulate the maturation and release of several eggs.

The eggs are collected from the mother and fertilised by sperm from the father.

The fertilised eggs develop into embryos.

At the stage when they are tiny balls of cells, one or two embryos are inserted into the mother’s uterus (womb).

IVF and multiple births

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Why does IVF increase the chances of multiple births?

Multiple births and the risks of IVF

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Multiple births are more likely with IVF because more than one embryo is implanted into the uterus to increase the chance of a successful pregnancy.

Multiple births are the biggest risk of IVF for both the mother and babies. They are more likely to result in premature births, miscarriages, and long-term disability and ill health.

Around 20% of IVF births are twins (compared with 1.25% of normal births), and 0.5% are triplets. The number of triplets was much higher 15-20 years ago because more embryos were implanted at the same time.

The cost of IVF

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About 25% of IVF treatments are funded by the NHS. Women aged between 23 and 39 years can get one free IVF cycle on the NHS.

IVF is expensive – around £3,000 for the treatment itself, plus extra costs for consultation with doctors, drugs and tests. Freezing embryos for further attempts at IVF also costs extra.

Couples may need to try IVF several times (each attempt is called a cycle) before it is successful.

Should IVF treatment be free?

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Advantages and disadvantages of fertility treatment

Advantage•Helps couples who can’t conceive a baby

Disadvantage•Health risks for mother•Expensive for society•Multiple birth risks•Costs money to keep premature babies alive•Ethical issues for society e.g. what to do with unwanted embryos

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Extension• Answer summary questions on p.53Louise Brown• Louise was the first test-tube baby born in 1978• Discuss what it might be like to be the first person born from a

new treatment• Write a paragraph about how this might feel

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Syllabuse) The uses of hormones in controlling

fertility include: ■ giving oral contraceptives that contain hormones to inhibit FSH production so that no eggs mature

– oral contraceptives may contain oestrogen and progesterone to inhibit egg maturation

– the first birth-control pills contained large amounts of oestrogen. These resulted in women suffering significant side effects

– birth-control pills now contain a much lower dose of oestrogen, or are progesterone only

– progesterone-only pills lead to fewer side effects

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■ giving FSH and LH in a ‘fertility drug’ to a woman whose own level of FSH is too low to stimulate eggs to mature, for example in In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) treatment

– IVF involves giving a mother FSH and LH to stimulate the maturation of several eggs. The eggs are collected from the mother and fertilised by sperm from the father. The fertilised eggs develop into embryos. At the stage when they are tiny balls of cells, one or two embryos are inserted into the mother’s uterus (womb).