holt, rinehart and winston1 civics in practice holt chapter 2 foundations of government section 1:...

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON11

CIVICSCIVICS IN PRACTICEIN PRACTICEHOLTHOLT

Chapter 2Chapter 2

Foundations of GovernmentFoundations of Government

Section 1:Section 1: Why Americans Have Governments

Section 2:Section 2: The First Government

Section 3:Section 3: A New Constitution



Section 1:Section 1: Why Americans Have GovernmentsWhy Americans Have Governments

The Main IdeaGovernment plays an essential role in every country. A

country’s government affects the lives of its people. Often, it affects people around the world.

Reading Focus What are two main types of government? What are the purposes of government? How does the U.S. government guarantee freedom to

its citizens?



Governments are influenced by:Governments are influenced by:

The people’s beliefs and the country’s historyThe people’s beliefs and the country’s history Dictators or absolute monarchs with Dictators or absolute monarchs with

authoritarian powerauthoritarian power Ceremonial monarchs with separate Ceremonial monarchs with separate

governing bodiesgoverning bodies The “rule of the people” in a democracyThe “rule of the people” in a democracy




Types of Governments Characteristics of Governments

Democracy People rule directly or indirectly

Monarchy Ruled by a king or queen

Dictatorship

A person or small group has absolute power and does not answer to the people.

Absolute Monarchs have total control.

DirectRepresentative

All voters make decisions together.People elect representatives.




DemocraciesDemocracies

There is no absolute ruler or absolute ruling There is no absolute ruler or absolute ruling bodybody

The people rule directly (direct democracy) or The people rule directly (direct democracy) or through elected officials (representative through elected officials (representative democracy or democracy or republicrepublic).).




F

T

T

dictatorrepresentative democracy

monarchdemocracy

direct democracy



Roles of GovernmentRoles of Government

Provides a means for cooperation and unity among Provides a means for cooperation and unity among peoplepeople

Enables groups of people to achieve large goalsEnables groups of people to achieve large goals Provides protection, security, transportation, Provides protection, security, transportation,

monetary assistance, education, and health related monetary assistance, education, and health related servicesservices

Provides Provides lawslaws and a Constitution and a Constitution




It helps people cooperate.

makes life safer and easier

provides services

Services might not be accomplished individually

provides rules through laws

guides and protects citizens

It puts our ideals into practice.

safeguards citizens’ liberty



F

F

T

T

T

T



dictatorrepresentative democracy

monarchdemocracy

direct democracy

lawsrepublic

constitution



The Main IdeaThe American ideals that people should rule themselves and that

government should protect human rights are clearly set forth in the Declaration of Independence.

Reading Focus Why is the Declaration of Independence so important? What were the Articles of Confederation, and what were their

weaknesses? What was the effect of a weak national government on the

United States?

Section 2:Section 2: The First U.S. GovernmentThe First U.S. Government



The Declaration of IndependenceThe Declaration of Independence

Upholds the philosophy on which the United Upholds the philosophy on which the United States is basedStates is based

Is a statement of the American idealsIs a statement of the American ideals Declares that the purpose of government is to Declares that the purpose of government is to

protect human rightsprotect human rights Stresses equality among individualsStresses equality among individuals




Limitations of the Articles of the Confederation:Limitations of the Articles of the Confederation:

Congress had difficulty passing important measures.Congress had difficulty passing important measures. There was no executive branch to ensure that new laws would be There was no executive branch to ensure that new laws would be

carried out.carried out. There were no national courts to interpret the laws and uphold them.There were no national courts to interpret the laws and uphold them. A unanimous vote was required to make changes to the Articles of A unanimous vote was required to make changes to the Articles of

the Confederation.the Confederation. There was no money to pay for expenses or services.There was no money to pay for expenses or services. Each state regulated its own trade and had its own currency.Each state regulated its own trade and had its own currency. Conflicts between the states and Congress developed.Conflicts between the states and Congress developed.





WEAKNESSES OF THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION

difficult to change Articles because unanimous vote was

needed

no means to regulate

trade with foreign

countries

no execu-tive branch to enforce

laws

difficult to pass laws because

9 out of 13 states’ approval

was needed

no judicial branch to interpret

laws

lacked power to collect taxes



Effects of a weak national government:Effects of a weak national government:

Had no power to operate effectively or settle Had no power to operate effectively or settle disputesdisputes

The country lacked a national identity.The country lacked a national identity. The states quarreled over boundary lines and The states quarreled over boundary lines and

trade.trade. The country looked weak to other nations.The country looked weak to other nations.




The Main IdeaThe framers of the U.S. Constitution drew upon a history of

democratic ideals while developing a document that would establish a new, stronger federal government.

Reading Focus What historical principles of government influenced the

delegates to the Constitutional Convention? How did the U.S. government become stronger under the

Constitution? How did the viewpoints of Federalists and Antifederalists

differ, and how were these differences resolved?

Section 3:Section 3: A New ConstitutionA New Constitution



Principles of Great Britain’s government Principles of Great Britain’s government that influenced the delegates:that influenced the delegates:

Magna CartaMagna Carta——free people cannot be arrested without a free people cannot be arrested without a trial by jury of their peers; Parliament’s rights are trial by jury of their peers; Parliament’s rights are protected; English citizens only judged by English lawsprotected; English citizens only judged by English laws

English Bill of RightsEnglish Bill of Rights——right to petition a change of right to petition a change of laws; right to a fair punishmentlaws; right to a fair punishment

Parliamentary governmentParliamentary government——a a bicameralbicameral body; a prime body; a prime minister administers the government and can be replaced minister administers the government and can be replaced by a majority voteby a majority vote




The U.S. government became The U.S. government became stronger under the Constitution.stronger under the Constitution. A federal system was established.A federal system was established. Powers included the coining and printing of Powers included the coining and printing of

money, raising armed forces, trade money, raising armed forces, trade regulations, and levying taxes.regulations, and levying taxes.

Provisions for an executive and a judicial Provisions for an executive and a judicial branch were established.branch were established.





A STRONGER U.S. GOVERNMENT

Powers Dealing with LawsPowers of the National GovernmentPrint moneyRaise armed forcesRegulate tradeSet taxes

Provide a president to carry out the country’s laws

Establish the Supreme Court and other national courts to interpret laws



Differences among Federalists and Differences among Federalists and Antifederalists:Antifederalists: FederalistsFederalists——strong national government would strong national government would

keep the country unitedkeep the country united AntifederalistsAntifederalists——strong national government strong national government

would not protect the people’s freedoms and would not protect the people’s freedoms and would take power from the stateswould take power from the states

A bill of rights was proposed to outline the rights A bill of rights was proposed to outline the rights of the people under the Constitution.of the people under the Constitution.




1. What are two of the major factors that shape a country’s government?

2. How are a democracy and other types of governments different?

3. What were the key purposes of the Declaration of Independence?

4. What were some of the problems the country faced after independence was declared?

5. In what ways did the colonists’ English political heritage influence American ideas about government and individual rights?

6. What was the outcome of the Constitutional Convention?7. What were the arguments of the Federalists and

Antifederalists?

1. What are two of the major factors that shape a country’s government?

2. How are a democracy and other types of governments different?

3. What were the key purposes of the Declaration of Independence?

4. What were some of the problems the country faced after independence was declared?

5. In what ways did the colonists’ English political heritage influence American ideas about government and individual rights?

6. What was the outcome of the Constitutional Convention?7. What were the arguments of the Federalists and

Antifederalists?

Chapter 2 Wrap-Up

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