holistic waste management plan for kota - un...

Holistic Waste Management Plan for Kota

Page ii of viii

Abbreviations

AFR Alternative Fuels and Raw material

ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials

BMW Bio-medical Waste

CBOs Community Based Organization

CBWTF Common Biomedical Waste Management Facility

CPCB Central Pollution Control Board

CPHEEO Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization

EIA Environment Impact Assessment

EPR Extended Producer Responsibility

GIS Geographic Information System

GPS Global Positioning System

HDPE High-Density Polyethylene

HIGs High Income Groups

IEC Information, Education and Communication

ISWM Integrated Solid Waste Management

KNN Kota Nagar Nigam

KLD Kilo Litre per Day

LCV Light Calorific Value

HDPE High-density polyethylene

LIGs Lower Income Groups

MIGs Middle Income Groups

MSMED Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development

MTA Metric Tonnes Annum

MoEFCC Ministry of Environment and Forests & Climate Change

MoUD Ministry of Urban Development

MSW (M&H) Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling)


Page iii of viii

NGO Non- Government Organization

NPC National Productivity Council

PCC Pollution Control Committee

PPE Personal Protection Equipment

PVC Polyvinyl chloride

RDF Refuse Derived Fuel

RWA Resident Welfare Association

SHGs Self Help Groups

SLF Sanitary Landfill Facility

SPCB State Pollution Control Board

TPD Tons per Day

TSDF Treatment, Storage & Disposal Facility

UCCI Udaipur Chamber of Commerce and Industries

WHO World Health Organization


Page iv of viii

Table of Contents

1. Municipal Solid Waste ........................................................................................... 1

1.1. Baseline Assessment ........................................................................................................... 1

1.1.1 City Profile ............................................................................................................. 1

1.1.2 Administrative Set up ............................................................................................. 2

1.1.3 Institutional Capacity ............................................................................................. 3

1.1.4 Present Scenario of MSWM in Kota ...................................................................... 5

1.1.5 Prevailing Practices Pertaining to MSWM in Kota City ........................................ 8

1.1.6 Primary Collection of Municipal Solid Waste ....................................................... 8

1.1.7 Street Sweeping and Drain Cleaning ...................................................................... 8

1.1.8 Secondary Storage Bins and Points ...................................................................... 10

1.1.9 Transportation of Waste ....................................................................................... 14

1.1.10 Processing and Disposal of Waste ........................................................................ 16

1.1.11 Potential Sources of Finance for MSWM in Kota ................................................ 17

1.1.12 Legislative Framework governing MSWM Service Provision ............................ 18

1.1.13 Role of Stakeholders ............................................................................................ 20

1.2. Gap Analysis in the Existing MSW Management in Kota ................................................ 32

1.2.1. Storage at Source .................................................................................................. 32

1.2.2. Primary Collection: Manpower & vehicle requirement for Door to Door

Collection, Street sweeping and Drain Cleaning .................................................. 32

1.2.3. Sufficiency of Secondary Collection Bins ........................................................... 36

1.2.4. Sufficiency of Secondary Collection Vehicles ..................................................... 41

1.2.5. Sufficiency in treatment, processing & disposal facilities ................................... 41

1.3. Proposed Action Plan for Municipal Solid Waste Management in Kota .......................... 42

1.3.1. Waste Minimization ............................................................................................. 43

1.3.2. Storage of Segregated Waste at Source ................................................................ 43

1.3.3. Primary collection of municipal solid waste ........................................................ 44

1.3.4. Sweeping of streets and public spaces ................................................................. 45

1.3.5. Litter Management ............................................................................................... 46

1.3.6. Secondary collection of municipal solid waste .................................................... 47

1.3.7. Transportation of municipal solid waste .............................................................. 48

1.3.8. Transfer Station .................................................................................................... 49

1.3.9. Processing and Disposal of waste: ....................................................................... 49

1.3.10. Sanitary Landfill Facility...................................................................................... 60

1.3.11. Proposed Institutional Framework ....................................................................... 71

2. Biomedical Waste Management in Kota............................................................ 75

2.1. Introduction: Bio-Medical Waste Management ................................................................ 75

2.2. Present Status: Bio-Medical Waste Management in Kota ................................................. 75

2.2.1. Number of Health Care Facilities (HCFs) ............................................................ 75

2.2.2. Quantification and Characterization of Bio-medical Waste in Kota .................... 77


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2.2.3. Segregation & Storage of Bio-medical Waste in Kota: ........................................ 78

2.2.4. Transportation of Bio-medical Waste: ................................................................. 78

2.2.5. Treatment of Biomedical Waste in Common Bio-Medical Waste Treatment

Facility in Kota: .................................................................................................... 78

2.2.6. Gap Analysis ........................................................................................................ 80

2.3. Regulatory Framework Governing Biomedical Waste Management ................................ 82

2.4. Proposed Strategies for management of biomedical waste in Kota .................................. 82

2.4.1. Inventory of bio-medical waste produced ............................................................ 82

2.4.2. Segregation of Biomedical Waste ........................................................................ 82

2.4.3. Storage of Biomedical Waste at the HCFs ........................................................... 83

2.4.4. Collection of Municipal Solid Waste from HCFs ................................................ 84

2.4.5. Transportation of bio-medical waste .................................................................... 84

2.4.6. Establish and Institute a Sharps Management System ......................................... 85

2.4.7. Waste Reduction .................................................................................................. 85

2.4.8. Stringent Measures on Waste-picking and Reusing ............................................. 85

2.4.9. Compliance with BMW Rules, 2016 ................................................................... 85

2.4.10. Operational plans for each HCFs and Hospitals................................................... 86

2.4.11. Treatment and Disposal Options for Bio-medical Waste: .................................... 86

3. Industrial Waste Management ........................................................................... 94

3.1. Industrial Profile of the city of Kota .................................................................................. 94

3.2. Number of Industries in Kota City .................................................................................... 95

3.3. Categorization of Industries (Based on Pollution Index) .................................................. 98

3.4. Hazardous Waste Units in Kota District ......................................................................... 100

3.4.1. Hazardous Waste Generated in Kota City .......................................................... 101

3.4.2. Treatment and Disposal of Hazardous Waste in Kota ........................................ 102

3.4.3. Common Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facility at Udaipur ......................... 103

3.4.4. Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal Practice in Kota City ...................... 103

3.5. Regulatory Framework for Managing Hazardous Waste ................................................ 109

3.6. Proposed Strategies to Manage Hazardous Waste in Kota: ............................................ 109

3.6.1. Inventory of hazardous waste generation: .......................................................... 109

3.6.2. Detailed Scientific Assessment of Industrial Process ........................................ 110

3.6.3. Focus on waste from small industries ................................................................ 110

3.6.4. Planning for TSDF Facility ................................................................................ 110

3.6.5. Strict Monitoring of Industries ........................................................................... 111

3.6.6. Waste avoidance and waste minimization at source ..................................... 111

3.6.7. Recycling and Reprocessing of Hazardous Waste ............................................. 111

3.6.8. Compliance with the Regulatory Framework..................................................... 112

3.6.9. Use of Cement Kilns for Hazardous Waste Incineration ................................... 112

3.6.10. Illegal dump sites and remediation: .................................................................... 112

3.6.11. Incentives, Disincentives and Clean up Fund ..................................................... 113

3.6.12. Industrial ecosystem or metabolism ................................................................... 113


Page vi of viii

List of Tables

Table 1.1: Distribution of Ward Wise Population ............................................................................ 1

Table 1.2: Municipal Staff in Kota involved in MSWM .................................................................. 4

Table 1.3: SWM Workers involved in Door to Door Collection and Street Cleaning ..................... 4

Table 1.4: Sources of Waste and Quantity of Waste Generated....................................................... 6

Table 1.5: Physical Composition of Waste in Kota .......................................................................... 6

Table 1.6: Chemical Composition of Waste Collected from Different Sources .............................. 7

Table 1.7: Composition of Waste from Street Sweeping ................................................................. 9

Table 1.8: Composition of Waste from Drain Cleaning ................................................................. 10

Table 1.9: Number of Bins with Capacity and Open Dumping Points in each Ward .................... 10

Table 1.10: Number of Vehicles and their Capacity ...................................................................... 15

Table 1.11: Physical Composition of Waste at the Landfill ........................................................... 16

Table 1.12: Chemical Composition of Waste at the Landfill Site .................................................. 17

Table 1.13: Important Policies and Initiatives by the Government of India on MSWM ............... 19

Table 1.14:No. of bins required for storage of waste ..................................................................... 32

Table 1.15: Primary Collection Vehicles and Manpower Required ............................................... 33

Table 1.16: Infrastructure and Manpower Required for Primary Collection in Future Years ........ 35

Table 1.17: Sufficiency of Secondary Collection Bins in Kota...................................................... 37

Table 1.18: Biodegradable & Non-biodegradable waste fractions ................................................. 44

Table 1.19: Material flow of waste treated/recycled in short time frame .................................. 51

Table 1.20: Proposed treatment and processing solution for waste (Year 2016-2018) .................. 51

Table 1.21: Material flow of waste (Biomethanization + Composting + RDF) ............................. 53

Table 1.22: Material flow of waste (Biomethanation + Waste to Energy) ..................................... 57

Table 1.23: Criteria for Identifying Suitable Land for Sanitary Landfill Sites .............................. 62

Table 1.25: Proposed Manpower Requirement for Kota Nagar Nigam (Cities between 5 and 20

Lakh Population) ..................................................................................................... 72

Table 2.1: HCFs and Number of Beds in Kota............................................................................... 76

Table 2.2: Gaps in the Biomedical Waste Management in Kota .................................................... 80

Table 2.3: Common Bio-Medical Waste Treatment Facility in Kota ............................................ 81

Table 2.4: Bio-medical Wastes Categories and their Segregation, Collection, Treatment,

Processing and Disposal Options............................................................................. 83

Table 2.5: Treatment and Disposal Options for Bio-Medical Waste as per the Type of Waste ..... 86

Table 2.6: Comparison of Treatment Technologies for Bio-medical Wastes ................................ 92

Table 3.1: Industrial Process and Emissions in Kota City ............................................................. 97

Table 3.2: Types and Number of Industries Generating Hazardous Waste in Kota District ........ 100

Table 3.3: Hazardous Waste Generation and Disposal in Kota District ....................................... 102

Table 3.4: Hazardous Waste Generation and Disposal in industries in Kota City ....................... 105


Page vii of viii

List of Figures

Figure 1.1: Administrative Setup for Municipal Solid Waste Management in Kota ....................... 3

Figure 1.4: Street Cleaning in Kishorepura ...................................................................................... 9

Figure 1.6: Vehicles Used for Waste Transportation ..................................................................... 16

Figure 1.7: Integrated Solid Waste Management Hierarchy .......................................................... 42

Figure 1.8 Types of litter bins ....................................................................................................... 47

Figure 1.9: Essential Components of Sanitary Landfill ................................................................. 63

Figure 1.10: Base Liner .................................................................................................................. 65

Figure 1.11: Surface Liner System ................................................................................................. 67

Figure 2.1: Distribution of Hospitals and HCFs with beds ............................................................ 76

Figure 2.2: Distribution of beds across Hospitals and HCFs ......................................................... 76

Figure 2.3: Composition of Bio-medical Waste ............................................................................. 77

Figure 2.4: Incineration and Equipment Units inside the CBMWTF in Kota ................................ 79

Figure 3.1: Distribution of Industries based on size ....................................................................... 95

Figure 3.2: Location of Major Industries in Kota City ................................................................... 98

Figure 3.3: Distribution of Industries based on Pollution Index .................................................... 99

Figure 3.4: Hazardous Waste Generated in Kota (MTA) ............................................................. 101

Figure 3.5: Relative Production of Hazardous Waste in Kota City .............................................. 101

Figure 3.6: Hazardous Waste Disposal Practices in Kota District ............................................... 103

Figure 3.7: Status of Hazardous Waste Management in Kota ...................................................... 104


Page 1 of 120

1. Municipal Solid Waste

1.1. Baseline Assessment

1.1.1 City Profile

Area & Population

The city covers an area of 527 Sq. Km. (i.e. 3.63% of the State of Rajasthan). The population of

Kota is as per Census 2011 is 10,01,365. Recently, the city has restructured its wards to 65 from

60. Ward-wise distribution of population (Census 2011) is given below. Average size of a

household is 4.39 persons.

Table 1.1: Distribution of Ward Wise Population

Ward No. Household Number Population (Census 2011)

1. 3399 16990

2. 3093 15466

3. 3108 15544

4. 2771 13858

5. 2795 13979

6. 3281 16407

7. 3167 15835

8. 3347 16738

9. 3338 16693

10. 3086 15430

11. 3250 16242

12. 3110 15553

13. 2269 16846

14. 3348 16741

15. 2790 13950

16. 2700 13498

17. 3013 15065

18. 3136 15680

19. 3460 17299

20. 3187 15935

21. 2983 14915

22. 2796 13982

23. 2919 14595

24. 2824 14121

25. 3037 15186

26. 3221 16109

27. 3035 15177

28. 3010 15049

29. 3356 16781

30. 3350 16751

31. 3370 16853

32. 3321 16605

33. 3212 16064

34. 2989 14947

35. 2760 13807


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Ward No. Household Number Population (Census 2011)

36. 2748 13738

37. 14022 2804

38. 15119 3023

39. 3060 15303

40. 2770 13853

41. 2760 13802

42. 3306 16531

43. 2789 13949

44. 3282 16413

45. 2760 13801

46. 2937 14687

47. 3327 16631

48. 2983 14916

49. 3223 16118

50. 2829 14147

51. 2788 13942

52. 2860 14304

53. 3140 15703

54. 3169 15847

55. 2887 14439

56. 3363 16816

57. 2869 14349

58. 2854 14274

59. 2791 13957

60. 3088 15399

61. 3235 16179

62. 3162 15811

63. 3241 16209

64. 2813 14067

65. 2797 13987 (Source: Kota Nagar Nigam, 2015)

1.1.2 Administrative Set up

Kota City is divided into 65 wards,15 sectors and 3 zones i.e. Rampura, Vigyan Nagar and Head

Office. Each sector comprises of about 4 to 5 wards.

The city administration is under Kota Municipal Corporation (KMC), which is headed by a

Municipal Commissioner. Management of Municipal Solid Waste System is an obligatory

function of KMC and is managed by the Health and Sanitation department of KMC. This

department is headed by the Senior Health Officer. Figure 1.1 provides administrative set up for

municipal solid waste management in Kota.


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Figure 1.1: Administrative Setup for Municipal Solid Waste Management in Kota

1.1.3 Institutional Capacity

The Health Department is responsible for the provision of solid waste management services in the

city of Kota. The Health officer heads the department and reports to the Commissioner and the

Additional Commissioner.

The overall role of the Health Officer is to ensure the functioning and to monitor the overall

municipal waste management system in the entire city.

The Health Officer is supported by 3 Chief Sanitary Inspectors who are responsible for

monitoring activities at the ward level.

The sanitary inspectors at the ward level are responsible for door to door collection and

transportation of waste at the ward level.

1031 permanent sanitary workers in the city are responsible for door to door collection of

waste, street sweeping and drain cleaning and transportation. They are supported by 1974

contractual workers who are hired for the purpose of street sweeping. Each sweeper is

responsible for 500 m road length.

In addition to the municipal workers mentioned above, approximately 1133 informal waste

collectors called are also involved in door to door collection of waste in Kota.

The table no. 1.2 below gives the details of the designated staff, number of sanctioned posts and

no. of workers on rolls.


Page 4 of 120

Table 1.2: Municipal Staff in Kota involved in MSWM

Designation No of Sanctioned posts No. on rolls Vacant

Senior Health Officer 1 1 -

Health Officer 2 2 -

Chief Sanitary

Inspectors 3 - -

Sanitary Inspector 17 9 6

Zamadar 61 13 48

Permanent Sanitary

workers 3136 1031 2105

Contractual Sanitary

Workers 1974

Bhisti 81 58 23

(Source: Kota Nagar Nigam, 2015)

The table no. 1.3 below provides information on municipal workers and informal workers

involved in door to door collection, street sweeping and drain cleaning.

Table 1.3: SWM Workers involved in Door to Door Collection and Street Cleaning

Temporary Permanent Mixed Informal Total

Workers involved

in Door to Door

Collection

- - - 1133 1133

Workers involved

in Street Sweeping /

Road Cleaning

1341 489 - - 1830


Page 5 of 120

Workers involved

in Drain Cleaning 676 286 - - 962

Total 2017 775 1133


1.1.4 Present Scenario of MSWM in Kota

Waste Generation Quantity and its Composition

Since reliable data on solid waste management was not available in the city, ICLEI SA conducted

quantification and characterization study for MSW. Preliminary studies were conducted in the

month of May-June 2015, but were halted due to local political issues. A more robust study was

conducted for a week in the month of September 2015.

After a general recce of the city, along with the Kota Nagar Nigam, areas for the study were

selected based on different income levels (figure 1.2). It was ensured that household samples

represent Lower Income Group (LIG), Middle Income Group (MIG), Higher Income Group

(HIG) housing and slums. Simultaneously samples from institutions, markets, slaughter house,

canteen (mess) and commercial areas was collected and assessed for physical and chemical

characterization. Waste samples were collected for a period of 8 days from a consistent set of

houses in order to assess the per capita generation of waste and variations in quantity generated.

Quartering Method was used for characterization of the collected samples.

Figure 1.2: Characterization of Waste Collected from Shakti Nagar Residential Area

Currently, it is found that the total municipal waste generated in the city is 273 TPD. The gross

per capita generation in the city based on the total waste generated is considered to be 273 gram

per capita per day (g/c/d). The municipal waste is primarily generated by domestic households,


Page 6 of 120

commercial markets, hotels, institutional areas, vegetable markets, fruit markets and slaughter

houses. The table 1.4 below tabulates the sources and quantity of waste generated.

Table 1.4: Sources of Waste and Quantity of Waste Generated

S. No. Sources of Waste

Generation Quantity (kg) Quantity (tonnes)

1. Households 225307 225

2. Commercial 5398 5

3. Institutional 11725 12

4. Hotel 961 1

5. Mess 8570 9

6. Slaughter House 11250 11

7. Vegetable Market 10193 10

Total 273403 273

(Source: Survey Conducted by ICLEI South Asia in September, 2015)

Physical Composition

The composition of waste collected from different sources like households, commercial areas and

hotels are tabulated below (table 1.5). Organic waste constitutes the major portion of waste i.e.

51% which implies that exploring different types of composting might be a feasible idea in the

city.

Table 1.5: Physical Composition of Waste in Kota

Waste Type Households

(%)

Commercial

(%) Hotel (%)

Organic 51 90

Recyclables

Plastic 3 1 2

Polythene 8 26 4

Paper 7 30 4

Rubber/Leather 2

Textiles 3 8

Metals 1

Glass 3

Cardboard 3 33

Combustibles 4

Inert 12

Biomedical 3

Hazardous 0 1

E waste 0

Thermocol 0 (Source: Survey Conducted by ICLEI South Asia in September, 2015)


Page 7 of 120

Figure 1.3: Physical Characterization of Waste from LIG Households

Chemical Composition

The chemical composition of waste collected from different sources is tabulated below. Proximate

and Ultimate Analysis of garb samples were conducted to derive chemical composition of waste

(table 1.6).

Table 1.6: Chemical Composition of Waste Collected from Different Sources

Parameters Residential

HIG

Residential

MIG

Residential

LIG

Commerci

al

Vegetabl

e Market

Hote

l

Proximate

Moisture (%) 55 54 61 26 39 68

Ash (%) 26 17 13 18 21 1

Volatile

Combustible

Matter (%)

4 5 4 52 28 13

Fixed Carbon 15 24 22 4 13 18

Ultimate

Carbon (%) 84 52 44 62

Hydrogen (%) 3 5 5 3

Oxygen (%) 7 23 29 32

Nitrogen (%) 2 1 1 2

Sulphur (%) 0 0 0 0


Page 8 of 120

Ash (%) 4 18 21 1

Total Carbon (%) 84 52 44 62

Total Nitrogen (%) 2 1 1 2

C/N Ratio 51 46 42 35

Net Calorific

Value 815 2999 1229 1576

Phosphorous

(P2O5)(mg/kg) 535 305 1418 1261

Potassium (mg/kg) 2995

126 53712 1104

7

Chlorides (mg/kg) 563

647 12337 3122

1


1.1.5 Prevailing Practices Pertaining to MSWM in Kota City

Storage of domestic waste at source

There is no source segregation taking place at the household level in the city. Waste is usually

stored in a bin or polythene bags. Mixing of inert with the kitchen waste is a usual practice with

the household. Plastic bottles, glass bottles, tubelights etc. are also thrown along with waste;

however, newspapers are sold off to kabadiwalas.

1.1.6 Primary Collection of Municipal Solid Waste

Primary Collection of Domestic Waste

Door to door collection of waste is primarily carried by 1,133 dera workers (informal workers) in

the entire city. These informal workers have been involved in collection activities since last many

years and have monopoly over the areas. Usually, the dera workers are not well-equipped and not

in good terms with the Nagar Nigam. Some of the households do pay user fee to the workers but it

is not uniform throughout the city. This has resulted in lack of synchronization between the

primary and secondary collection of waste.

Primary Collection of Waste from Hotels

Private waste collectors/ Dera workers have been hired for waste collection from hotels and

restaurants who collect waste and dump at secondary storage points. These workers are paid

around INR 3000-5000 per month.

1.1.7 Street Sweeping and Drain Cleaning


Page 9 of 120

Street sweeping is done on the basis of ‘beats’. In the high density areas, 300m is allocated to

each beat worker while it is 500m in less populated areas. There are about 2,792 workers involved

in street sweeping and drain cleaning activities in the city. Road cleaning waste is transported to

the secondary storage points through about 200 wheelbarrows and 11 small autorickshaws having

a capacity of 0.5 tonnes. Road sweeping waste is often mixed with waste from households, shops

and restaurants.

Physical and chemical characterization of waste samples from street sweeping and drain cleaning

was also conducted during the 8 days survey period. Tables below (table 1.7 & table 1.8) give the

analysis of waste.

Table 1.7: Composition of Waste from Street

Sweeping


Waste

Type

Waste

Type

Fraction

(%)

Organic 3.21

Recyclabl

es

Plastic 1.95

Polythene 4.68

Paper 1.13

Rubber/Le

ather

Textiles 3.6

Metals

Glass 0.9

Cardboard 1.08

Combusti

bles 3.15

Inert 80.32


Parameters

Proximate

Moisture (%) 6.10

Ash (%) 43.22

Volatile

Combustible

Matter (%)

45.77

Fixed Carbon 4.91

Ultimate

Carbon (%) 34.11

Hydrogen (%) 4.95

Oxygen (%) 16.39

Nitrogen (%) 1.32

Sulphur (%) 0.01

Ash (%) 43.22

Total Carbon

(%) 34.11

Total

Nitrogen (%) 1.32

C/N Ratio 25.84

Net Calorific

Value 3568

Phosphorous

(P2O5)(mg/kg)

1033.

64

Potassium

(mg/kg)

6977.

25

Chlorides

(mg/kg)

2586.

82


Figure 1.2: Street Cleaning in

Kishorepura


Page 10 of 120

Table 1.8: Composition of Waste from Drain Cleaning


Waste Type

Waste Type

Fraction

(%)

Organic

Recyclables

Plastic

Polythene 1.6

Paper

Rubber/Leather

Textiles

Metals

Glass 0.16

Cardboard

Combustibles

Inert 98.23


Parameters Drain Silt

Proximate

Moisture (%) 40

Ash (%) 53.01

Volatile Combustible

Matter (%) 1.35

Fixed Carbon 5.64

Ultimate

Carbon (%) 36.85

Hydrogen (%) 2.32

Oxygen (%) 7.56

Nitrogen (%) 0.17

Sulphur (%) 0.09

Ash (%) 53.01

Total Carbon (%) 36.85

Total Nitrogen (%) 0.17

C/N Ratio 216.7

Net Calorific Value 516

Phosphorous (P2O5)(mg/kg) 121.06

Potassium (mg/kg) 75.69

Chlorides (mg/kg) 49.17


1.1.8 Secondary Storage Bins and Points

The waste collected from households and commercial areas, is dumped either in community bins

or at open kachra points. A total of 105 bins are placed across the city with the total capacity of

142.24 tonnes or 355.6 cum. With the waste being generated at the rate of 273 TPD, the capacity

of the bins in the city is exactly half of the waste being generated. The city needs support to

strengthen its infrastructure to meet the demands of storage of MSW. There is a need to buy new

bins and reallocate the placement to avoid open dumping of waste around the corners of the street.

The table below provides the zone wise allocation of bins and also the presence of open dumping

points (table 1.9).

Table 1.9: Number of Bins with Capacity and Open Dumping Points in each Ward

Ward No. Size of

Bins (cum)

No. of

Bins

Capacity

(cum) Tonnage

Open Dumping

Points

1 1.1 4 4.4 2.2

Yes

2 - - - -

Yes

3 - - - -

-


Page 11 of 120

Ward No. Size of

Bins (cum)

No. of

Bins

Capacity

(cum) Tonnage

Open Dumping

Points

4 - - - -

Yes

5 1.1 2 2.2 1.1

Yes

6 2.5 2 5 2.5

Yes

7 - - - -

Yes

8 1.1 2 2.2 1.1

Yes

9 4.5 1 4.5 2.25

Yes

10 - - - -

-

11 - - - -

-

12 - - - -

Yes

13 - - - -

Yes

14 1.1 2 2.2 1.1

Yes

15 7 1 7 3.5

Yes

16 1.1 2 2.2 1.1

Yes

17 - - - -

Yes

18 2.5 3 7.5 3.75

Yes

18 3 1 3 1.5

-

18 4.5 1 4.5 2.25

-

19 - - - -

-

20 2.5 2 5 2.5

Yes

21 2.5 1 2.5 1.25

Yes

21 4.5 2 9 4.5

-

22 - - - -

Yes


Page 12 of 120

Ward No. Size of

Bins (cum)

No. of

Bins

Capacity

(cum) Tonnage

Open Dumping

Points

23 7 1 7 3.5

Yes

24 2.5 2 5 2.5

Yes

25 - - - -

Yes

26 - - - -

Yes

27 - - - -

Yes

28 3 3 9 4.5

Yes

29 2.5 1 2.5 1.25 Yes

30 - - - -

-

31 - - - -

Yes

32 7 1 7 3.5

Yes

33 3 1 3 1.5

Yes

34 1.1 1 1.1 0.55

Yes

35 - - - -

-

36 - - - -

-

37 - - - -

-

38 2.5 3 7.5 3.75

Yes

38 4.5 1 4.5 2.25

-

39 1.1 2 2.2 1.1

Yes

40 7 1 7 3.5

Yes

41 - - - -

-

42 - - - -

-

43 - - - -

Yes


Page 13 of 120

Ward No. Size of

Bins (cum)

No. of

Bins

Capacity

(cum) Tonnage

Open Dumping

Points

44 - - - -

Yes

45 7 1 7 3.5

Yes

46 1.1 5 5.5 2.75

Yes

46 2.5 4 10 5

-

47 7 1 7 3.5

Yes

48 2.5 1 2.5 1.25

yes

48 7 1 7 3.5

Yes

49 2.5 2 5 2.5

Yes

49 4.5 1 4.5 2.25

-

49 7 1 7 3.5

-

50 2.5 2 5 2.5

-

50 7 4 28 14

-

51 2.5 1 2.5 1.25

Yes

52 2.5 1 2.5 1.25

Yes

53 4.5 4 18 9

-

53 7 1 7 3.5

Yes

54 7 3 21 10.5

Yes

55 2.5 1 2.5 1.25

Yes

55 7 1 7 3.5

-

56 2.5 2 5 2.5

Yes

57 2.5 3 7.5 3.75

Yes

58 2.5 4 10 5

Yes


Page 14 of 120

Ward No. Size of

Bins (cum)

No. of

Bins

Capacity

(cum) Tonnage

Open Dumping

Points

59 1.1 4 4.4 2.2

Yes

59 4.5 2 9 4.5

-

59 7 2 14 7

-

60 1.1 2 2.2 1.1

Yes

61 - - - -

Yes

62 7 1 7 3.5

-

63 - - - -

Yes

64 4.5 1 4.5 2.25

Yes

64 7 2 14 7

-

65 2.5 3 7.5 3.75

Yes

65 4.5 1 4.5 2.25

Total

105 355.6 173.28


Figure 1.5: Secondary Storage Bins

1.1.9 Transportation of Waste

Waste is transported from secondary storage points to the disposal point through the use of

dumpers, dumper placers, compactors and small auto rickshaws.


Page 15 of 120

7 dumpers having capacity of 4.5 tonne each. These dumpers carry about 126 tonnes of

waste daily in about 4 trips.

14 dumper placers are deployed in the city. 4 out of these can carry two bins of 2.5 cum.

each, 3 dumper placers can carry two bins of 3 cum. capacity, 3 dumper placers can

carry one 4.5 cum. bin each and four can carry one 7 cum. bin each. The total capacity

these dumper placers can carry in average 2 trips is about 79.5 tonnes.

4 compactors are mainly used to carry waste from hostel mess.

11 Auto tippers are also available with the city and can be used for secondary collection

based on need.

Apart from the above mentioned vehicles, 12 dumpers and 60 tractor trolleys are hired

on contractual basis for transporting the waste

Table 1.10: Number of Vehicles and their Capacity

Vehicle Type

Nos. of Vehicles

Capacity

of

Vehicles

(Tonnes)

Average

Trips in a

day

Total

Capacity of

Vehicles

Total Amount of

Waste

Transported

(tonnes)

Ow

ned

by N

agar

Nig

am

Con

tract

JCB 5 6 -

- - -

Dumper 7 12 5 2 95 190

Tractor Trolley 0 60 1.5 2 90 180

Auto Rickshaws 8 0 0.5 1 Need based

Dumper Placer

(2.5 cum.) 4 4

1 2 8 16

Dumper Placer

(3 cum.) 3 3

1.2 2 7.2 14.4

Dumper Placer

(4.5 cum.) 3

1.8 2 5.4 10.8

Dumper Placer

(7 cum.) 4

2.8 2 11.2 22.4


Page 16 of 120

Total waste

transported

(TPD)

433.6

Figure 1.3: Vehicles Used for Waste Transportation

1.1.10 Processing and Disposal of Waste

Presently, there is absolutely no processing of waste taking place in the city. Recyclables are

taken away from the secondary storage points and sold off by the informal sector. While the left

over, mixed garbage is dumped at the landfill site near Nanta. The composition of waste at the

landfill site is tabulated below (table 1.11):

Table 1.11: Physical Composition of Waste at the Landfill

Waste Type Waste Type

Fraction (%)

Organic 2.3

Recyclables

Plastic 8.59

Polythene 2.56

Paper 1.6

Textiles 1.18

Metals

Glass 0.16

Combustibles 14.69

Inert 69.06



Page 17 of 120

Table 1.12: Chemical Composition of Waste at the Landfill Site

Parameters Amount

Proximate

Moisture (%) 15.16

Ash (%) 48.34

Volatile Combustible Matter (%) 9.76

Fixed Carbon 26.74

Ultimate

Carbon (%) 35

Hydrogen (%) 4.52

Oxygen (%) 11.41

Nitrogen (%) 0.6

Sulphur (%) 0.13

Ash (%) 48.34

Total Carbon (%) 35

Total Nitrogen (%) 0.6

C/N Ratio 58.33

Net Calorific Value 2343

Phosphorous (P2O5)(mg/kg) 541.5

Potassium (mg/kg) 4777.45

Chlorides (mg/kg) 10757.28


1.1.11 Potential Sources of Finance for MSWM in Kota

The extent of service provision by the ULBs is determined largely by the availability and

allocation of finances to different services and functions. ULBs are empowered to derive their

income from several sources such as taxes, fines, penalties and remunerative enterprises. Apart

from the above mentioned sources, local bodies also depend upon grants and loans to meet their

financial needs. .

The traditional sources of finance for municipal solid waste management activities in Kota

include:

Local taxes for sanitation that can be included in the property tax.

User charges

Grants from State and Central Government (newly launched Swachh Bharat Mission,

State Finance Commission Grants)

Loans from Capital Market, Government/ Financial Institutions (HUDCO/NABARD)

Loans from International agencies like the World Bank, ADB , JBIC, KfW

Public Private Partnerships

Revenue from sale of products from waste processing plants (if owned by the ULB)


Page 18 of 120

1.1.12 Legislative Framework governing MSWM Service Provision

National and Local Policies

The Government of India has undertaken a number of initiatives to address MSWM issues in

recent years. The High Powered Committee on Urban Solid Waste Management headed by the J.S

Bajaj Committee constituted in October 19942, by the Planning Commission immediately post

the Surat plague outbreak, made wide ranging recommendations including waste segregation at

source, primary collection, levy of user charges, use of appropriate equipment and vehicles, focus

on composting and landfilling. Parallel to this, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

initiated a National Mission on Environmental Health and Sanitation while the Central Public

Health and Environmental Engineering Organization (CPHEEO) under the Ministry of Urban

Development (MoUD) prepared a draft policy paper that detailed funding issues and requirements

for MSWM.

The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) notified the Municipal Waste (Management

and Handling) Rules in September 2000. The Rules provide detailed guidelines on various aspects

of Municipal Solid Waste Management and identify the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)

and the State Pollution Control Boards (SPCB) as nodal agencies to monitor its implementation

directly in the Union Territories and the States respectively. The MSW (M&H) Rules, 2000 have

been revised and updated as MSW (M&H) Rules, 2015.

Other policy initiatives which inform and guide provision of MSWM services include the

recommendations of the Technical Advisory Group on MSWM (2005) and the Inter-Ministerial

Task Force on Integrated Plant Nutrient Management (2005), the Hazardous Waste (Management,

Handling & Transboundary Movement Rules (1989, 2008), Bio-Medical Waste (Management &

Handling) Rules (1998, draft 2011 and 2015), the Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2015 and the

E-waste Management Rules, 2011 and 2015, all of which cover specific types of waste generated

in Urban Local Bodies, but which are not regulated by the SWM Rules, 2015. However, they

provide guidance to the management of certain streams of waste which may otherwise

inadvertently find their way into the municipal waste streams.

The National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP) introduced in 2008 broadly covers aspects of urban

sanitation. Municipal solid waste management is an important focus area in the NUSP. The NUSP

stipulates that MSWM should also be covered in the State Sanitation Strategy (SSS) and the City

Sanitation Plan (CSP). This requires close linkages between the waste management and the

sanitation planning in a particular ULB. The National Mission on Sustainable Habitat (NMSH)

approved in 2008 under the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) highlights the

importance of adopting recycling strategies in order to avoid greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

There are the Rules/Regulations/Policies/ Reforms which guide the municipal solid waste


Page 19 of 120

management service delivery. Provisions for floating tax free bonds by ULBs, income tax relief to

waste management agencies, introduction of double accounting system in ULBs, development of

Model Municipal Bye-Laws are other major policy/ regulatory directives which guide ULBs in

certain aspects of planning for and operationalizing MSW services.

The Swachh Bharat Mission launched on 2nd October, 2014 with an aim to achieve a ‘Clean India’

by 2019. It consists of two sub-missions – SBM (Gramin) for rural areas and SBM (Urban) for

urban areas. The mission focusses on promoting modern and scientific municipal solid waste

management system along with affecting behavioural change regarding healthy sanitation

practices. It also aims at capacity augmentation of ULB’s and creating an enabling environment

for private sector participation. The mission requires ULB’s to prepare detailed project reports

(DPRs) having a viable financial model. ULBs are entitled to Central Government Grant in the

form of maximum of 20% Viability Gap Funding (VGF) for each project. ULBs shall also get

INR 214 per person based on Census 2011 population. Table 1.13 mentions all the important

policies and initiatives on MSWM.

Table 1.13: Important Policies and Initiatives by the Government of India on MSWM

Year Rules/Policies/Schemes/Financial Plans

1989 The Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Rules

1994-95

MSW Management- Strategy Paper by NEERI

J.S. Bajaj Committee (The High Powered Committee on Urban Solid Waste

Management)

1998

Bio-medical Waste Handling Rules, 1998

Hon. Supreme Court Appointed Barman Committee

2000

MSW (Management & Handling) Rules, 2000

CPHEEO Manual on MSW, 2000

2005

Report of the Technology Advisory Group on Solid Waste Management, 2005

JNNURM (2005-12)- 40 MSW Projects of INR 2186 Cr sanctioned so far-65 cities

covered

UIDSSMT (2005-12)- 51 MSW Projects of INR 327 Cr sanctioned so far-632 cities


Page 20 of 120

covered

12th Finance Commission (2005-10)- INR 2500 Cr for 423 Class I Cities

2006 Strategy & Action Plan-Use of compost in cities

2007 11th Five Year Plan (2007-12)- Recommendation investing INR 2210 Cr for MSWM

2008

National Urban Sanitation Policy

Service Level Benchmarking in MSWM

Hazardous Waste (management, Handling & Transboundary Movement) Rules,

2008

National Mission on Sustainable Habitat, 2008

2010 13th Finance Commission (2010-2015)- Establishing standards for delivery of

essential services

2011

Plastic Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2011

The E Waste (management & Handling) Rules, 2011

Draft Bio-medical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2011

2014 Swachh Bharat Mission

2015 Revised Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2015

1.1.13 Role of Stakeholders

While the onus of providing municipal solid waste management services in urban areas lies with

the ULBs, Central and State Governments have a significant role to play in defining the

frameworks within which service provision can be planned and executed by ULBs. The following

are identified as prescribed authorities under the Rule and their roles and responsibilities vis-à-vis

ensuring the implementation of the provisions of the Municipal Solid Waste (Management and

Handling) Rules,2015 are also specified:

Level of

Government

Role


Page 21 of 120

Central

Government

Legal & Policy Framework:

A. As per the draft SWM Rules, 2015, the Ministry of Environment Forest &

Climate Change (MoEF & CC):

1. Shall be responsible for enforcement of these rules in the country.

2. Shall monitor the activities undertaken by central pollution control

board, state pollution control boards and the pollution control committee

committees for enforcement of the provisions of the rules.

3. shall constitute a central monitoring committee under the chairmanship

of secretary (environment, forest and climate change) comprising of

ministry of urban development, central pollution control board and at

least three representatives each from state pollution control boards, urban

development departments of state governments/ union territories, urban

local bodies and subject experts to monitor and review the

implementation of the rules and the committee constituted so shall meet

at least once a year.

B. As per the draft MSW (M&H) Rules, 2015, the Ministry of Urban

Development (MoUD) shall:

a. take periodic review of the measures taken by the states and urban local

bodies for improving solid waste management practices and execution of

solid waste management projects funded by the Ministry and external

agencies at least once in a year and give advice on taking corrective

measures;

b. formulate National Policy and Strategy on Solid Waste Management in

consultation with stakeholders;

c. guide and facilitate States and Union Territories in formulation of state

policy and strategy on solid management based on national solid waste

management policy and national urban sanitation policy;

d. promote research and development in solid waste management sector and

disseminate information to States and urban local bodies;

e. undertake training and capacity building of urban local bodies and other

stakeholders; and

f. provide technical guidelines and project finance to states, UTs and urban

local bodies on solid waste management to facilitate meeting timelines

and standards.


Page 22 of 120

C. Duties of Department of Fertilisers, Ministry of Chemicals and

Fertilisers:-

The Department of Fertilisers through appropriate mechanisms may,-

a. incentivize the sale of city compost; and

b. ensure promotion of co-marketing of compost with chemical fertilizers in

the ratio of 3 to 4 bags: 6 to 7 bags by the fertilizer companies or

whatever quantity is made available to the companies.

D. Duties of Central Pollution Control Board.-

The Central Pollution Control Board shall:

a. co-ordinate with the State Pollution Control Boards and the Pollution

Control Committees for implementation of these rules and adherence to

the prescribed standards by urban local bodies;

b. formulate the standards of ground water, ambient air, leachate in respect

of all solid waste processing facilities including composting, incineration,

landfilling;

c. review environmental standards and norms prescribed for solid waste

processing facilities or treatment technologies and update them as and

when required;

d. review through state pollution control boards or pollution control

committees, at least once in a year, the implementation of prescribed

environmental standards for solid waste processing facilities or treatment

technologies and compile the data monitored by them;

e. review the proposals of state pollution control boards or pollution control

committees on use of any new technologies for processing, recycling and

treatment of solid waste and prescribe performance standards, emission

norms for the same;

f. monitor through State Pollution Control Boards or Pollution Control

Committees the implementation of these rules by urban local bodies;

g. prepare an Annual Report on implementation of these rules on the basis of

reports received from State Pollution Control Boards and Committees and

submit to the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change and

the report shall also be put in public domain;


Page 23 of 120

h. publish indicative guidelines for maintaining buffer zone restricting any

residential, commercial or any other construction activity from the outer

boundary of the waste processing and disposal facilities for different sizes

of facilities handling more than 5 tons per day of solid waste;

i. publish guidelines, from time to time, on environmental aspects of

processing and disposal of solid waste to enable urban local bodies to

comply with the provisions of the rules; and

j. provide guidance to States or Union Territories on inter-state movement

of waste.

The Model Municipal Law, circulated to all states by MoUD, specifies

guidelines for the drafting municipal laws covering all aspects relating to

managing the civic affairs, good governance, provision of essential

infrastructure & services and raising financial resources for providing the

services.

The National Municipal Accounting Manual gives guidance for

municipal accounting purposes. Sanitation and municipal solid waste

management are categorized as separate functions, with a specific

function code for solid waste management.

Financial Support: The MoUD, through various schemes and missions, provide

support to ULBs for providing MSW Management services, as per the Rules.

The Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) and the Ministry of New & Renewable

Energy (MNRE) are also playing an active role in promoting and providing

financial support for composting of municipal solid waste and waste-to-energy

projects, respectively.

State

Government

A. The SWM Rules, 2015 indicate that the Secretary-in charge of the

Department of Urban Development/ Local Self Government department of

the concerned State or the Union territory, as the case may be, shall have the

overall responsibility for the enforcement of the provisions of these rules in

the metropolitan cities. The Urban Development Department in charge of

municipal authorities in the State or Union Territory shall:

a. prepare a state policy and solid waste management strategy for the state

or the union territory in consultation with stakeholders including

representative of waste pickers, which shall be consistent with these

rules, national policy on solid waste management and national urban

sanitation policy of the ministry of urban development within one year


Page 24 of 120

from the date of notification of these rules;

b. shall lay emphasis on waste reduction, reuse, recycling, recovery and

optimum utilization of various components of solid waste to ensure

minimization of waste going to the landfill and minimize impact of solid

waste on human health and environment in the state policy and solid

waste management strategy;

c. ensure implementation of provisions of these rules by all urban local

bodies;

d. delegate powers to Commissioner/ Director of Municipal

Administration/ Director of Local Bodies to monitor the performance of

local bodies under their control;

e. ensure identification and allocation of suitable land to the urban local

bodies within one year for setting up of processing and disposal facilities

for solid wastes and incorporate them in the master plans (land use plan)

of the state/cities through Metropolitan and district planning committees

or town and country planning department;

f. direct the town planning department of the state and urban local bodies

to ensure that a separate space for segregation, storage and decentralized

processing of Solid Waste is demarcated in the development plan for

group housing or commercial, institutional or any other non-residential

complex exceeding 200 dwelling or having a plot area more than 10,000

square meter;

g. facilitate establishment of common regional sanitary landfill for a group

of cities and towns falling within 50 km (or more) radius from the

regional facility on a cost sharing basis and ensure professional

management of such sanitary landfills;

h. direct the town planning department of the state to ensure that master

plan of every city in the State or Union Territory has provisions for

setting up of solid waste processing and disposal facilities except for the

cities who are members of common waste processing facility or regional

sanitary landfill for a group of cities; and

i. arrange for training and capacity building of urban local bodies in

managing solid waste.

B. Duties and Responsibilities of Commissioner/ Director of Municipal

Administration/Director of Local Bodies: Under the supervision and


Page 25 of 120

control of Secretary-In-Charge of Urban Development/Local Self

Government, he shall:

a. ensure implementation of these rules by all urban local bodies falling

under his control;

b. undertake training and capacity building of urban local bodies for

management of solid waste; and

c. facilitate establishment of common regional sanitary land fill for a group

of cities and towns falling within a radial distance of 50km or more from

the regional facility on a cost sharing basis and ensure professional

management of such sanitary landfills.

C. Duties of State Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control Committee:

The SPCB/PCC shall enforce these rules in their State through urban local

bodies in their respective jurisdiction and monitor implementation of these

rules at least twice a year in close coordination with concerned Directorate of

Municipal Administration or Secretary-in-charge of State urban Development

Department;

a. monitor, environmental standards and adherence to condition as

specified under the Schedule I and Schedule II;

b. examine the proposal and make such inquiries as deemed fit, after the

receipt of the application for the same in Form I from the urban local

body;

c. take into consideration, while examining the proposal the requirement of

consent under Water and Air Acts, views of other agencies like the State

Urban Development Department, the Town and Country Planning

Department, district planning committee or metropolitan area planning

committee as may be applicable, Airport or Airbase Authority, the

Ground Water Board and any other agencies as deemed appropriate who

shall be given four weeks time to give their views, if any;

d. issue authorisation within a period of sixty days in Form II to the urban

local body or an operator of a facility stipulating compliance criteria and

standards as specified in Schedules I and II including other conditions, as

may be necessary.

e. the authorisation issued under clause (d) shall initially be valid for a

period of three years to enable the urban local body or operator of the

facility to demonstrate the operation of the plant as per the conditions of


Page 26 of 120

grant of authorisation, environmental clearance, consents for

establishment, and contract conditions with the urban local body.

f. the authorisation issued under clause (e) shall be suspended or cancelled

by the state pollution control board any time, if the urban local body or

operator of the facility fails to operate the facility as per the conditions

stipulated

g. Provided that no such authorisation shall be suspended or cancelled

without giving notice to the urban local body or operator, as the case may

be.

h. on receipt of application for renewal, renew the authorisation for next five

years, after examining every application on merit and subject to the

condition that the operator of the facility has fulfilled all the provisions of

the rules, standards or conditions specified in the authorisation, consents

or environment clearance;

1. The State Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control Committee may, after

giving reasonable opportunity of being heard to the applicant and for reasons

thereof to be recorded in writing, refuse to grant or renew an authorisation.

2. In case of new technologies, where no standards have been prescribed by the

Central Pollution Control Board, State Pollution Control Board or Pollution

Control Committee, as the case may be, shall approach Central Pollution

Control Board for getting standards specified.

3. The State Pollution Control Board or the Pollution Control Committee, as the

case may be, shall monitor the compliance of the standards as prescribed or

laid down and treatment technology as approved and the conditions

stipulated in the authorisation and the standards specified in Schedules I and

II under these rules as and when deemed appropriate but not less than once in

a year; and

4. The State Pollution Control Board or the Pollution Control Committee shall

give directions to urban local bodies for safe handling and disposal of

domestic hazardous waste deposited by the waste generators at hazardous

waste deposition facilities.

5. The State Pollution Control Board or the Pollution Control Committee shall

regulate Inter-State movement of waste.

District Level Duties of District Magistrate or District Collector or Deputy Commissioner:


Page 27 of 120

The District Magistrate or District Collector or Deputy Commissioner shall:

a. Facilitate identification and allocation of suitable land for setting up

solid waste processing and disposal facilities to urban local bodies in

his district in close coordination with the Secretary-in-Charge of State

Urban Development Department within one year from the date of

notification of these rules

b. Extend support to Secretary-in-charge of State Urban Development in

implementation of these rules by all urban local bodies; and

c. Review the performance of urban local bodies, at least once in a

quarter and take corrective measures in consultation with

Commissioner or Director of Municipal Administration or Director of

local bodies and Secretary-in-charge of the State Urban Development

Urban Local

Bodies

The urban local bodies shall,-

a. prepare a solid waste management plan as per State Policy And Strategy

On Solid Waste Management within six months from the date of

notification of state policy and strategy and get it approved from the

State Government or Union Administration or agency authorised by the

State Government or Union Administration;

b. frame bye-laws, incorporating the provisions of these rules and ensure

timely implementation;

c. prescribe from time to time user fee as deemed appropriate and collect

the fee from the waste generators for the sustainability of collection,

transportation, processing and disposal of solid waste;

d. direct waste generators not to litter, to segregate the waste at source as

prescribed under these rules and hand over the segregated waste to the

waste collector;

e. give direction to waste generators, from time to time, to deposit domestic

hazardous wastes at waste deposition centre established by urban local

bodies for its safe disposal at hazardous waste disposal facility;

f. develop infrastructure for segregation, collection, transportation, storage,

processing and disposal of solid waste in their respective jurisdiction

either at its own or through public private partnership mode;

g. arrange for day to day Collection of segregated bio-degradable and non

bio-degradable solid waste or wet waste or dry waste from the door step

of all households including slums and informal settlements, commercial,


Page 28 of 120

institutional and other non- residential premises;

h. collect waste from markets in waste of vegetable, fruit, meat and fish

market on day to day basis and promotion of setting up of decentralised

compost plant or bio-methanation plant at suitable locations in the

markets;

i. separately collect waste from sweeping of streets, lanes and by-lanes

daily, or on alternate days or twice a week depending on the density of

population, commercial activity and local situation. Such waste shall not

be mixed with the wet, dry or any other form of solid waste;

j. separately collect horticulture, parks and garden waste with focus on on-

site processing in the parks and gardens;

k. transport segregated bio-degradable (wet waste) to the processing

facilities like compost plant, bio-methanation plant or any such facility;

l. transport non-bio-degradable (dry waste) including wrapped sanitary

waste to the respective processing facility or material recovery facilities

(MRF) or secondary storage facility;

m. transport inert waste (non- recyclable, street sweepings and silt collected

from the surface drains) directly to disposal facility;

n. transport horticulture and garden waste to the appropriate processing

facility;

o. transport construction and demolition waste as per the provisions

contained un chapter 2 of these rules;

p. provide easy access to waste pickers and recyclers for collection of

segregated recyclable waste such as paper, plastic, metal, glass, textile

from the source of generation or from material recovery facilities;

q. establish domestic hazardous waste deposition or delivery centres in city

or town in a manner that one centre is set up for the area of twenty

square kilometers or part thereof and notify the timings of receiving

domestic hazardous waste at such centres;

r. ensure safe storage, transportation of the domestic hazardous waste to the

hazardous waste disposal facility or as may be directed by the state

pollution control board/ committee;

s. involve communities in municipal waste management and promotion of

decentralised processing of waste;

t. facilitate construction, operation and maintenance of solid waste

processing facilities and associated infrastructure in house or with private


Page 29 of 120

sector participation or through any agency for optimum utilization of

various components of solid waste adopting any of the following

technologies and adhering to the guidelines issued by the ministry of

urban development and central pollution control board from time totime

and standards prescribed by central pollution control board and

preference shall be given to decentralise processing to minimise cost and

environmental impacts:

i. bio-methanation, microbial composting facility, vermicomposting,

anaerobic digestion or any other appropriate processing for bio-

stabilisation of wet biodegradable wastes;

ii. waste to energy processes for conversion of dry non- recyclable

combustible fraction of waste into energy or supply as feedstock to

solid waste or refused derived fuel based power plants or cement

kilns or like; and

iii. construction and demolition waste processing facility for optimum

utilization of construction and demolition waste making

aggregates, bricks, paver blocks or any other useful product.

v. undertake in house or through any other authorised agency, construction,

operation and maintenance of Sanitary landfill and associated infrastructure

as per Schedule 1 for disposal of residual wastes as permitted under the rules

and the CPCB guidelines issued from time to time;

w. make adequate provision of funds for capital investments as well as

operation and maintenance of solid waste management services in the annual

budget ensuring that funds for discretionary functions of the urban local

body have been allocated only after meeting the requirement of necessary

funds for solid waste management and other obligatory functions of the local

body as per these rules;

x. make an application in Form-I, for grant of authorisation for setting up waste

processing, treatment, recycling or disposal facility including landfills from

the State Pollution Control Board or the Pollution Control Committee, as the

case may be;

y. submit application for renewal of authorisation at least sixty days before the

expiry of the validity of authorisation;

z. close down, remediate wherever feasible and cap the existing dumpsites,


Page 30 of 120

which are not engineered landfill sites as per the provision of these Rules

within the time frame prescribed under rule 8;

za. prepare and submit annual report in Form IV on the status of

compliance of these rules during the calendar year on or before the

30th April of the succeeding year to the Commissioner or Director

Municipal Administration who in turn shall send the same to the

Secretary-In-charge of State Urban Development Department and to

the respective State Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control

Committee by the 31st May of every year;

zb. educate workers including contract workers and supervisors for door

to door collection of segregated waste and transporting the unmixed

waste during primary and secondary transportation to processing or

disposal facility;

zc. ensure that the operator of a facility provides personal protection

equipment namely uniform, fluorescent jacket, hand gloves,

appropriate foot wear and masks to all workers for handling solid

waste and its use by the workforce shall be ensured;

zd. prior to the approval of building plan of a group housing society or

market complex, ensure that the plan has provisions for setting up of

waste collection centers for segregated collection and storage of

wastes; and

ze. frame bye-laws and prescribed criteria for levy of spot fines to person

who litters or fails to comply with the provisions of these rules and

delegate powers to appropriate officers or urban local bodies to levy

spot fines as per the bye laws framed; and

zf. create public awareness through Information, Education and

Communication (IEC) campaign and educate the waste generators on

the following:

i. not to litter;

ii. minimise generation of waste;

iii. reuse the waste to the extent possible;

iv. practice segregation of wet bio–degradable waste, dry

recyclable and combustible wastes and domestic


Page 31 of 120

hazardous wastes at source;

v. wrap securely used sanitary waste as and when generated

in a newspaper or suitable bio-degradable wrapping

material and place the same in the domestic bin meant

for non bio-degradable waste;

vi. storage of segregated waste at source;

vii. handover segregated waste to waste pickers, recyclers or

waste collection agencies; and

viii. pay monthly user fee or charge to waste collectors or

urban local bodies or any other person authorized by the

urban local body for sustainability of solid waste

management.


Page 32 of 120

1.2. Gap Analysis in the Existing MSW Management in Kota

1.2.1. Storage at Source As discussed in the previous sections, in the absence of door to door collection of waste, open

dumping is prevalent in Kota. In order to sensitize citizens and motivate them to segregate and

store waste separately, it is recommended that Kota Nagar Nigam (KNN) should conduct

consistent and intense awareness generation activities. Distributing bins initially in the first phase

is also proposed to generate interest and responsibility among citizens. Table No. 1.14 provides

the numbers of bins that will be required in Kota.

Table 1.14:No. of bins required for storage of waste

No. of Households 246060 As per projected population in 2015

No. of bins (2 each) 492120 2 bins to each household to propagate segregation of

waste into two categories: wet and dry

1.2.2. Primary Collection: Manpower & vehicle requirement for Door to

Door Collection, Street sweeping and Drain Cleaning

Currently door to door collection of waste is being practiced in very few wards by informal sector

(dera workers) which is also not uniform in the city. There is a need to institutionalize door to

door collection of waste in the city to prevent open dumping and littering.

In order to provide the service of door to door collection of waste and ensure regular service, the

following infrastructure and manpower requirement is proposed:

Push carts with 4 bins of 50 litre capacity for slums and narrow congested areas

Auto tippers (with a capacity of 1. cum) for other residential areas (MIGs and HIGs),

vegetable and fruit market, hotels canteen waste and slaughter house waste

E rickshaws (capable of transporting 800 Kg of waste) for collecting waste (mostly dry

recyclables) from commercial and institutional areas.

Table 1.15 below summarizes the proposed requirements based on projected population and waste

generation in Kota for year 2015. The projections are based on the following:

Population: 1001365 (Census, 2011)

Average household size: 4.39

Population of slum (31.54%): 315831 (Year 2011)

Average Household size in slums: 5

Annual growth rate: 4.79

Per capita waste generation rate (2015): 273 g/c/d

Projected Population (2015): 1080202

Projected Waste generated (2015): 295 TPD

Per capita waste generation rate is projected using the factor of 1.5% for changes in life

style and socio-economic conditions of the city


Page 33 of 120

Table 1.15: Primary Collection Vehicles and Manpower Required

Primary Collection

Vehicles

Capacity

of Vehicles

(tonnes)

No. of trips

made by

Vehicles

(average)

No. of

Vehicles

required

Manpower

Required

Properties

Catered by

Vehicles

Further Explanation

YEAR 2015

Push Carts with 4 bins

of 50 litre capacity

0.1 2 292 292 68139

Households in

LIGs/Slums

Push carts will be used in slums and areas

with narrow congested roads. Considering that

there will be secondary bins in vicinity, the

push carts will be able to make at least 2 trips.

However, it is also realized that 1 Push Cart

will not be able to cover more than 100

Households.

Each push cart will need 1 worker

Auto Tipper 0.6 3 112 224 168453

Households

(MIGs and

HIGs +

Vegetable and

Fruit Market

+Slaughterhou

se Waste)

Auto tippers will be used for collection of

waste from the rest of the city except slums

At least 12 Auto Tippers should be used

specially for vegetable waste and mess and

hotel waste (20 TPD)

At least 7 Auto Tippers should be used for

collection of waste from slaughterhouses

Each auto tipper will need 1 driver and 1

helper


Page 34 of 120

Primary Collection

Vehicles

Capacity

of Vehicles

(tonnes)

No. of trips

made by

Vehicles

(average)

No. of

Vehicles

required

Manpower

Required

Properties

Catered by

Vehicles

Further Explanation

E rickshaws 0.8 3 7 14 Commercial

and

Institutional

Areas

E rickshwas will be used only for collecting

waste (mostly dry recyclables) from

commercial and institutional areas.

In 2016, 18 TPD of waste can be transported

by E rickshaws

Each E Rickshaws will need 1 driver and 1

helper

Presently, KNN has only 100 pushcarts available; which are used as need based. hence there is a gap of 192 push carts; 224 auto tippers

and 14 E rickshaws

Around 528 sanitary workers are required for primary collection of waste. Either the work is reallocated among the existing municipal

sanitary staff or the outsourced staff (2134 in numbers) should be delegated for the above task.

KNN should also look into the possibility of engaging Self Help Groups (SHGs)/NGOs who can provide manpower for primary

collection. Also SHGs/NGOs can simultaneously conduct awareness generation and IEC activities for promoting segregation at source.

Following table no. 1.16 provides the numbers of each type of vehicle that are required for primary collection based on waste projection for years

2020, 2025, 2030 and 2035 (considering parameters mentioned in table 1.15 above).


Page 35 of 120

Table 1.16: Infrastructure and Manpower Required for Primary Collection in Future Years

Primary Collection Vehicles Year

2020

Manpower

Required

Year 2025 Manpower

Required

Year

2030

Manpower

Required

Year

2035

Manpower

Required

Push Carts with 4 bins of 50 litre

capacity

547 547 425 425 751 751 855 855

Auto Tipper 132 264 154 308 177 355 206 412

E rickshaws (only for

commercial +institutional areas)

9 17 10 20 12 23 14 27


Page 36 of 120

1.2.3. Sufficiency of Secondary Collection Bins

The baseline assessment for Kota suggests that the current capacity and number of bins being provided in

the city is far lower than the requirement, to be able to store the waste being generated. Presently, there

are 105 bins with capacity of 173.8 TPD. Also, it is found that there is a need for relocation and

optimization of sizing of bins as per the population of each ward and waste being generated in each ward.

Briefly summarizing the present capacity vis a vis required capacity of bins in Kota:

Waste being produced in the city: 295 TPD1

Number of bins: 105

Present capacity of bins: 173.8 TPD2

Kota Nagar Nigam is planning to buy 25 bins of 7.5 cum capacity; augmenting the capacity:

93.75 TPD

Gap (additional numbers of bins with capacity) to meet store generation of waste: 27.45 TPD

Also, as per the CPHEEO norms, KNN should be able to provide for 200% more storage capacity than

the expected waste generation daily. Therefore, to meet the requirements:

Capacity of secondary storage to be provided considering an additional 200% storage : 590 TPD

(200% of 295 TPD)

Gap considering 200% more storage capacity: 322 TPD

Ward wise assessment of sufficiency of secondary storage is given in the table no. 1.17 below. The table

also indicates wards where there is a potential for optimization of bin placement.

1 Projected for year 2015 2 As provided by Kota Nagar Nigam


Page 37 of 120

Table 1.17: Sufficiency of Secondary Collection Bins in Kota

Ward

No.

Size of

Bins (cum)

(A)

No. of Bins

(B)

Capacity

(cum)

(C)

Capacity

of Bins

(Tonnage)

(D)

Open

Dumpin

g Points

Amount of

waste being

produced in

each ward

(TPD) (E)

GAP (TPD)

(F=E-D)

Proposed Measures

1 1.1 4 4.4 2.2 Yes 5.00 2.803440689

2 - - 0 0 Yes 4.55 4.554632943

3 - - 0 0 - 4.58 4.577603418

4 - - 0 0 Yes 4.08 4.081087762

5 1.1 2 2.2 1.1 Yes 4.12 3.016721448

6 2.5 2 5 2.5 Yes 4.83 2.331751112

7 - - 0 0 Yes 4.66 4.66330096

8 1.1 2 2.2 1.1 Yes 4.93 3.829228385

9 4.5 1 4.5 2.25 Yes 4.92 2.665976188

10 - - 0 0 - 4.54 4.544031185

11 - - 0 0 - 4.78 4.783159722

12 - - 0 0 Yes 4.58 4.580253858

13 - - 0 0 Yes 4.96 4.961033658

14 1.1 2 2.2 1.1 Yes 4.93 3.830111865

15 7 1 7 3.5 Yes 4.11 0.608181143

16 1.1 2 2.2 1.1 Yes 3.98 2.875070184

17 - - 0 0 Yes 4.44 4.436541141

18 2.5+3+4.5 3 7.5 3.75 Yes 4.62 (-)0.867654503 Optimization of bin locations

19 - - 0 0 - 5.09 5.09443911

20 2.5 2 5 2.5 Yes 4.69 2.192750287

21 2.5+4.5 1+2 2.5+9 5.5 Yes 4.39 (-)1.10763285 Optimization of bins location

and sizing is required

22 - - 0 0 Yes 4.12 4.117604927


Page 38 of 120

Ward

No.

Size of

Bins (cum)

(A)

No. of Bins

(B)

Capacity

(cum)

(C)

Capacity

of Bins

(Tonnage)

(D)

Open

Dumpin

g Points

Amount of

waste being

produced in

each ward

(TPD) (E)

GAP (TPD)

(F=E-D)

Proposed Measures

23 7 1 7 3.5 Yes 4.30 0.798129303

24 2.5 2 5 2.5 Yes 4.16 1.658539492

25 - - 0 0 Yes 4.47 4.472174827

26 - - 0 0 Yes 4.74 4.743992117

27 - - 0 0 Yes 4.47 4.469524387

28 3 3 9 4.5 Yes 4.43 (-)0.068170751 Optimization of bin numbers

29 2.5 1 2.5 1.25 Yes 4.94 3.691891595

30 - - 0 0 - 4.93 4.933056797

31 - - 0 0 Yes 4.96 4.963095111

32 7 1 7 3.5 Yes 4.89 1.39006078

33 3 1 3 1.5 Yes 4.73 3.23073992

34 1.1 1 1.1 0.55 Yes 4.40 3.851790935

35 - - 0 0 - 4.07 4.066068605

36 - - 0 0 - 4.05 4.045748569

37 - - 0 0 - 0.83 0.825759134

38 2.5+4.5 3+1 7.5+4.5 6 Yes 0.89 (-)5.109746839 Optimization of bin locations

as the amount of waste being

produced is much more than

bins capacities provided

39 1.1 2 2.2 1.1 Yes 4.51 3.40663054

40 7 1 7 3.5 Yes 4.08 0.579615295

41 - - 0 0 - 4.06 4.064596139

42 - - 0 0 - 4.87 4.868268278


Page 39 of 120

Ward

No.

Size of

Bins (cum)

(A)

No. of Bins

(B)

Capacity

(cum)

(C)

Capacity

of Bins

(Tonnage)

(D)

Open

Dumpin

g Points

Amount of

waste being

produced in

each ward

(TPD) (E)

GAP (TPD)

(F=E-D)

Proposed Measures

43 - - 0 0 Yes 4.11 4.10788665

44 - - - 0 Yes 4.83 4.833518071

45 7 1 7 3.5 Yes 4.06 0.564301645

46 1.1+2.5 5+4 5.5+10 7.75 Yes 4.33 (-)3.424777316 Optimization of bin locations

and numbers

47 7 1 7 3.5 Yes 4.90 1.397717605

48 2.5+7 1+1 2.5+7 4.75 yes 4.39 (-)0.357338357 Optimization of bin locations

and numbers

49 2.5+4.5 2+1+1 5+4.5+7 8.25 Yes 4.75 (-)3.503357444 Optimization of bin locations

and numbers

50 7+7 2+4 5+28 16.5 - 4.17 (-)12.33380368 Optimization of bin locations

and size

51 2.5 1 2.5 1.25 Yes 4.11 2.855825197

52 2.5 1 2.5 1.25 Yes 4.21 2.962431761

53 4.5+7 4+1 18+7 12.5 - 4.62 (-)7.875572152 Optimization of bin locations

54 7 3 21 10.5 Yes 4.67 (-)5.83316512 Optimization of bin size

55 2.5+7 1+1 2.5+7 4.75 Yes 4.25 (-)0.497811647

56 2.5 2 5 2.5 Yes 4.95 2.45219886

57 2.5 3 7.5 3.75 Yes 4.23 0.475683958

58 2.5 4 10 5 Yes 4.20 (-)0.796403037 Optimization of bin locations

59 1.1+4.5+7 4+2+2 4.4+9+14 13.7 Yes 4.11 (-)9.589757404 Optimization of bin locations.

Too many bins in one ward.

60 1.1 2 2.2 1.1 Yes 4.53 3.434901894


Page 40 of 120

Ward

No.

Size of

Bins (cum)

(A)

No. of Bins

(B)

Capacity

(cum)

(C)

Capacity

of Bins

(Tonnage)

(D)

Open

Dumpin

g Points

Amount of

waste being

produced in

each ward

(TPD) (E)

GAP (TPD)

(F=E-D)

Proposed Measures

61 - - 0 0 Yes 4.76 4.764606646

62 7 1 7 3.5 - 4.66 1.156233122

63 - - 0 0 Yes 4.77 4.773441444

64 4.5+7 1+2 4.5+14 9.25 Yes 4.14 (-)5.107363144 Optimization of bin sizing

and locations

65 2.5+4.5 3+1 7.5+4.5 6 Yes 4.12 (-)1.880922606 Optimization of bin locations

Total 105 355.6 173.8 285.5671808

It is suggested that Kota Nagar Nigam should immediately provide for bins to meet the entire capacity of waste being generated i.e 295

TPD.

It is suggested to procure the following to provide for 28 TPD of waste:

o 5 bins of 4.5 cum capacity (9 TPD)


Further, it is also recommended that KNN should also work plan towards providing more 200% more storage capacity than the expected

waste generation to meet the CPHEEO norms.

It is suggested to procure the following to provide for 322 TPD of waste:


o 25 bins of 7.5 cum capacity (187.5 TPD)


Page 41 of 120

1.2.4. Sufficiency of Secondary Collection Vehicles The baseline assessment clearly indicates that there is no infrastructure gap as far as transportation

of waste is concerned in Kota. KNN has enough number of vehicles which could transport double

the quantity of waste being produced. KNN needs to reformulate routing of its vehicles to ensure

regular evacuation of waste. Transportation of waste is also one of the major sectors where

maximum cost is involved. Hence, monitoring and improving its efficiency will also lead to a

major cost saving for the Nagar Nigam. The proposed strategies are discussed in the next chapter.

1.2.5. Sufficiency in treatment, processing & disposal facilities Presently, there is no treatment and processing facility available at Kota Nagar Nigam. All the

waste being produced is usually dumped at the unlined landfill site/solid waste dump site. Further

actions for treatment and disposal facilities are discussed in the next chapter.


Page 42 of 120

1.3. Proposed Action Plan for Municipal Solid Waste

Management in Kota

The overall objective of this holistic waste management plan is to achieve a safe, healthy and

sustainable environment by managing waste generated from all the sources viz. households,

commercial, industrial and hospitals by integrating technical, managerial, institutional and

financial interfaces. The idea of holistic approach to waste management is to shun the traditional

“silo” approach towards sectoral management of waste and promote maximum resources

utilization, improved efficiency and hence a step towards circular economy. The proposed plan

for the city of Kota is based on the following premises:

Holistic approach to all the waste streams will not only maximize benefits in terms of

health, hygiene, environment but will also have economical advantages

Holistic approach to waste will also maximize the opportunities for resources recovery at

all stages of waste management- from generation to disposal

Facilitates greater resources use efficiency thereby promoting circular economy

Integrates different aspects of waste management like technical, institutional, financial,

policy etc. to maximize the benefits

Based on the above philosophy and also with the goal of meeting the compliance with the revised

Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2016, the plan for Kota Nagar Nigam

(KNN) encompasses the principles of Integrated Solid Waste Management Hierarchy (figure1.7).

Figure 1.4: Integrated Solid Waste Management Hierarchy3

3 CPHEEO, Manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management, 2016


Page 43 of 120

1.3.1. Waste Minimization Waste minimization forms the core of the Holistic Waste Management Strategy to ensure that

health and environmental impacts of waste can be minimized as well as the land required for

disposal of waste can be optimized over the long-term. At the local level, Kota Nagar Nigam

needs to promote waste minimization by framing rules and local bye laws and enacting local

ordinances banning use and/or sale of certain types of products and packaging that cannot be

reused, repaired, recycled, or composted.

Proposed Actions

Conduct awareness generation and education programs with focus on ‘at source’

reduction programs like household level composting; yard waste composting etc.

Conduct campaigns for reducing the use of specific non-recyclable, non-reusable or

toxic material like promoting the use of rechargeable batteries instead of single use

batteries

Replacing disposable materials and products with recyclables and reusable materials and

products (e.g. banning the use of plastic bags).

Introduce incentives for communities practicing 3Rs i.e Reduce, Reuse and Recycle

Apart from individual citizen participation, there is also a need for the local stimulation

of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)-financed, voluntary industry initiatives

which are also linked to the social responsibility policies of companies. Kota Nagar

Nigam needs to promote these partnerships through active information, education and

meetings with key producers/businesses to introduce, facilitate and enable waste

minimization.

1.3.2. Storage of Segregated Waste at Source As per the revised MSW (Management & Handling) Rules, 2016, it is the duty of waste

generators to segregate waste into at least 3 types viz. dry waste, wet waste and domestic

hazardous waste and store it separately. Citizens need to be made aware and sensitized towards

segregation. It is recommended for KNN to distribute bins in the city and promote segregation at

source. Segregating waste at source will ensure that waste is less contaminated and can be

collected and transported for further processing.

Proposed Actions

Intense IEC activities to sensitize citizens to segregate waste at source

Distribution of at least 2 bins to each and every household, training the citizens to

segregate waste into three types i.e dry waste, wet waste and domestic hazardous waste.

Blue colored bins to be used for dry waste while wet waste should be stored in green

colored bins

KNN should provide for a collection centre for domestic hazardous waste


Page 44 of 120

KNN should also focus on bulk waste generators like hostels, mess, canteens, restaurants

and hotels and ensure waste segregation is practiced.

KNN should introduce and implement an incentive/disincentive program to promote

segregation at source

Also, KNN should look into the possibility of imposing fines/penalty against open

dumping and littering

Table 1.18 lists indicative constituents of each of the three segregated fractions.

Table 1.18: Biodegradable & Non-biodegradable waste fractions

Bio-degradable Waste/

Wet Waste

(GREEN BINs)

Food wastes of all kinds, cooked and uncooked, including eggshells

and bones, flower, fruit and

waste including juice, vegetable peels and household garden/plant

wastes. Soiled tissues, Food wrappers, Paper towels

Non-biodegradable

Waste/ Dry Waste with

further sub-

segregation

(BLUE BINS)

Paper, cardboard and cartons

Containers & packaging of all kinds excluding those containing

hazardous materials Compound packaging

(tetrapack, blisters etc.) Plastics

Rags, Rubber, Wood, Discarded clothing, Furniture

Metals, Glass (all kinds), Inerts, House sweepings and

inerts (not garden, yard or street sweepings)

Domestic Hazardous

Waste

Discarded paint drums, pesticide cans, CFL bulbs, tube lights,

expired medicines, broken mercury thermometers, used batteries etc.

1.3.3. Primary collection of municipal solid waste In the absence of any systematic primary collection of municipal solid waste from household,

people have been practicing open dumping and littering since long time. In some of the wards,

informal sector (dera workers) is collecting waste from households but this practice is also not

uniform throughout city.

Providing for primary collection of waste is the first step towards an effective waste management

system and KNN needs to build its capacity in terms of infrastructure as well as manpower to be

able to provide for this service. The primary waste collection system in residential areas can be a

mix of motorized door to door collection (auto), manual waste collection in areas inaccessible by

vehicles and individual disposal at the community waste bins. The commercial establishments

including hotels, restaurants, mess and canteens should be covered by door to door collection.

The vegetable and meat waste needs to be collected separately as well.

Proposed Actions

An appropriate system of primary collection of waste should be designed by the KNN

which should synchronize with transportation of waste ensuring that the waste collected

reaches the processing or disposal site through a containerized system.

Door to door collection of waste from residential, commercial, institutional and

vegetable markets should be provided on a daily basis.


Page 45 of 120

As per the CPHEEO Norms, following is suggested:

o Pushcarts with 4 bins of 50 litre capacity each to be provided to collect waste from

slums and higher density areas with narrow, congested roads

o Auto tippers should collect waste from residential areas like HIGs and MIGs.

Biodegradable waste is collected in the auto tipper and separate bags are using for

collecting dry recyclables.

Few auto tippers (12 in nos4.) should be dedicated to collect waste from vegetable

market and hotels/restaurants and mess and deposit at the decentralized biomethanation

plant.

E rickshaws (18 in nos.)should be used for collection of dry waste from commercial and

institutional areas

Infrastructure and manpower that is required for primary collection of waste is already

proposed in the previous chapter.

Self Help Groups (SHGs)/NGOs and Community Based Organizations (CBOs) should

be mobilized to generate awareness among citizens towards segregation of waste as

sources and avoid open dumping.

KNN should also train and capacitate informal sector to augment the existing municipal

workforce in providing for door to door collection. Informal sector can be

institutionalized and provided with necessary infrastructure.

Domestic hazardous/ toxic waste material should be deposited by the waste producers in

special bins that may be provided by the KNN at various places in the city for depositing

such wastes.

KNN should also levy user charges for providing the primary collection of waste in

order to ensure financial sustainability of the system. Levying of user charges can be

done in phases based upon the socio-economic conditions of the wards and cross-

subsidization should be considered for slums and LIGs.

1.3.4. Sweeping of streets and public spaces Street sweeping should be done on daily basis. All SWM services are to be provided daily,

including Sunday and public holidays. It is necessary to have a well-planned, time-bound daily

system for street sweeping including adequate staffing and equipment.

Proposed Actions:

A list of roads and streets together with their length and width should be prepared and a

program for their daily cleaning needs to be worked out by KNN keeping in view the

norms of work (yardsticks) prescribed:

o High density roads: 1 person per 300-350 running meter road length

o Medium density roads: 1 person per 500 running meter of road length

o Low density roads: 1 person per 750 to 1000 meter of road length

Roads and streets sparse habitation which do not require daily cleaning may be put in a

separate group and may be taken up for need-based cleaning on alternate days, twice a

4 As calculated in Table No.1.2


Page 46 of 120

week, once a week or occasionally, as considered appropriate.

The sweepers also should be assigned for cleaning the streets in slums and unauthorized

settlements to ensure hygienic conditions in the city and prevent the problems of health

and sanitation arising in such areas. Depending upon the density of slums, length of the

street may be allotted to the sweepers keeping in view the above yardsticks.

A timetable should be prepared for cleaning of open public spaces daily or periodically

to ensure that they do not become dump yards and remain clean.

Use of appropriate tool plays an important role in improving the efficiency of the work

force. Presently most of the tools utilized by the sanitation workers are inefficient and

outdated and need to be replaced by efficient tools and equipment.

Each sweeper engaged in street sweeping should be given dedicated handcarts/wheel

barrows for ease of transporting waste. Such vehicles should be lockable with a chain

arrangement.

Each street sweeper shall also in parallel continue drain cleaning to remove silt from

underground drains / manholes to ensure that street sweeping is not dumped into drains.

It needs to be ensured that street sweepings and drain silt are not mixed with household

wastes to avoid contamination. This needs focus especially when the segregated waste

from households will be further processed in biomethanation and composting plants.

Sweepers shall be sensitized not to burn waste on the street and in each ward the

Sanitary Inspector will be responsible for ensuring availability of equipment – metal

plate/tray and long handle brooms on a regular basis.

1.3.5. Litter Management Litter bins should be provided in public areas like markets, bus stands etc to avoid littering and

open dumping.

Proposed Actions

KNN needs to procure litter bins with capacity of 100 litres to be provided in public

areas

Twin litter bins will be provided for separate collection of biodegradable waste and

recyclable waste.

It should be ensured that litter bins are emptied regularly at scheduled time in order to

avoid spillage and odor issues.

The figure below (Figure 1.8) provides few models of litter bins that can be used for Kota.


Page 47 of 120

Figure 1.5 Types of litter bins5

1.3.6. Secondary collection of municipal solid waste Currently waste collected from households is either deposited in street corner community bins or

open ‘kachra’ points leading to unhygienic conditions. Though the ultimate goal of the city should

be to become a “bin-less” city, the short term goals should focus on providing for community bins

of adequate capacity and at locations to prevent open dumping.

Proposed Actions

KNN needs to identify the locations where community bins should be placed based on

the density of population and the quantities of waste to be deposited at each location.

All open dumping sites should be cleaned expeditiously and all unhygienic dust bins and

other cement and masonry bins, if any, should also be replaced; in a phased manner.

Most of the bins are open and are in a dilapidated condition presently; these bins need to

be replaced immediately. The adequate capacity of bins required for the city is

calculated and provided in the previous chapter.

In slums and areas with narrow congested roads, community bins of suitable size

ranging from 4 cum to 7.5 cum capacity shall be placed at suitable locations to facilitate

the storage of waste generated by them.

The distance between the bins can be determined on the basis of the load of

garbage/refuse that is likely to be received at the container from the area concerned.

However, presently looking at the number of open dumping points in Kota, it is

suggested that the distance between 2 bins should not exceed 500 meters.

It should be ensured that the secondary waste storage containers are synchronized to the

5 India Mart. Available at: http://dir.indiamart.com/

http://dir.indiamart.com/


Page 48 of 120

design of transportation vehicles to minimize waste spillage and manual handling

A detailed study of route planning will be required to assess the location of C&D bins,

transfer stations and street corner bins.

The long term goal for the city of Kota should be to synchronize primary collection and

secondary collection, thereby avoiding the need for secondary storage bins/depots.

1.3.7. Transportation of municipal solid waste Waste is transported from secondary storage points to the disposal point through the use of

dumpers, dumper placers, compactors and small auto rickshaws. As highlighted in the previous

chapters, the numbers and capacity of vehicles transporting waste is almost twice the amount of

waste being produced. However, since the vehicles are not used to their optimum capacity, they

remain underutilized resulting in waste strewn all over the city. Since the collection and

transportation of MSW usually accounts for more than 50 percent of the municipal budget, it is

necessary to plan and design the system.

Proposed Actions

KNN needs to plan and design the frequency of transportation of waste to prevent

overflowing of waste from the containers/trolleys and dustbins.

The transportation of waste from the secondary bins should be planned in accordance

with the frequency of containers becoming full. The locations where the containers are

placed may be grouped into four categories as under:

o Containers which are required to be cleared more than once a day.

o Containers which are required to be cleared once a day.

o Containers to be cleared on alternate days.

o Containers which take longer time to fill and need clearance twice a week.

In order to improve the efficiency of waste collection, it is necessary to ensure route

optimization. Collection routes should be effectively planned to minimize transport

distances and ensure an equitable distribution of workload amongst staff.

All the vehicles may be utilized in at least two shifts, depending on waste generation, to

lift all containers, to ensure full utilization of the fleet of vehicles and to limit the size of

the fleet in total.

Fleet management is another area that needs attention in Kota. Since waste-transport

vehicles have a useful life of 8-10 years, financial planning must ensure timely

replacement of vehicles older than 10 years to minimize down time and repair costs.

The implementation of advanced spatial tools such as Geographic Information Systems

(GIS) teamed up with Global Positioning Systems (GPS) can work as an effective

methodology for monitoring and tracking of fleet movement.

The workshop, public or private, should have adequate technical staff, spares and

preventive maintenance schedules to ensure that at least 80% of the vehicles remain on

the road each day and the down time of repair/maintenance is minimized to the extent


Page 49 of 120

possible.

Spare assemblies should be kept available which could be given as replacements until

necessary repairs are carried out.

1.3.8. Transfer Station Waste transfer stations act as an intermediate step between door step garbage collection and

transport to the final treatment/disposal site. Waste transfer stations are sized and designed on the

basis of distance between the processing plant and the city. As a general thumb rule, the need for

transfer station will be assessed only if the one-way travel distance to disposal site or processing

is more than 15 km or over 30 minutes from the collection areas. The basic objective of transfer

station is to serve as the principal link between collection, consolidation and compression of

garbage from multiple sources and its subsequent economical transportation to its final disposal

site. Typically, at a waste transfer station, garbage is received, compacted and then further loaded

into larger, long haul vehicles or rail carts as the case may be, for their transportation to their final

disposal site. The final disposal site could be a landfill or a waste to energy plant or a recycling or

composting facility. Thus a waste transfer station acts as a temporary holding area for the

collected garbage and hence it does not require large area. Compaction allows collection crews to

make fewer trips for the same volume of wastes, thus giving them more time to collect wastes

from individual communities/ areas. Consequently, fuel and vehicular maintenance costs are

reduced and inconvenience caused by traffic and generated noise pollution is diminished.

Depending on the location of the upcoming Waste to Energy Plant for Kota, requirement of

transfer stations can be assessed in future.

1.3.9. Processing and Disposal of waste: Presently, there is no processing of waste taking place in Kota. Informal sector segregates

recyclables and sells them off while the rest of the waste is dumped at the dumping site at Nanta.

Realizing that the waste can be recycled and also the paucity of land and environmental hazards

of continued dumping in near future, it is recommended that Kota Nagar Nigam should take a step

ahead to process the waste based on the techno-economical suitability of the treatment

technology.

KNN has already finalized the bids for a mixed waste to energy plant, capable of tackling all the

mixed waste generated in Kota. In the meanwhile, mixture of decentralized and centralized

solutions for waste treatment is proposed for KNN as follows:

Decentralized: biomethanation plant for waste from vegetable and fruit market, hotels,

restaurants, canteens and mess

Decentralized: biomethanation plant for slaughter house waste

Centralized: Composting along with Refuse Derived Fuel Plant

Centralized: Waste to Energy (Mass burn incineration)

Landfill for inert material and rejects from processing plant


Page 50 of 120

Based on the analysis of baseline situation of the Kota, the following measures are proposed for

the city which is divided into short term and long term.

Short Term Solutions (Within 1-2 years i.e 2016-2018)

Decentralized Biomethanation Plant for biodegradable waste from vegetable and fruit

market

Biomethanation Plant for wastes from slaughter house

Recyclables to be segregated and sold off to the kabadiwalas. Kota has a huge market

where recyclables are bought and further sold off to traders outside the city for

reprocessing.

Rest to be dumped at the dump site due to lack of processing and treatment facility.

Medium Term Solutions (Next 2-5 years i.e 2020-2025)

(In addition to biomethanation plants mentioned above)

Integrated Solid Waste Management Plant( Composting Plant along with RDF) OR

Waste to Energy plant based on thermal technologies (e.g. mass incineration/pyrolysis)

Landfill for inert material and rejects (20% of total waste generated) for next 20 years

Short Tem Solutions

There is an immediate need for setting up a decentralized waste treatment plant to process the

incoming waste.

The immediate solution could be setting up of decentralized biomethanation plant for

biodegradable waste from vegetable and fruit market, hotels, restaurants and slaughter

house waste. Being smaller in capacity, the decentralized plants will not be cost intensive

and can be managed at the local level by involving community.

Recyclables should be segregated and sold off to generate additional income

Rest of the waste will be dumped on the dumpsite

The table below (Table no.1.19) gives material flow of biodegradable waste that can be treated /

processed and recyclables that can be sold off to generate income in the coming years. Table 1.20

indicates the amount of waste that can be processed through decentralized biomethanation in next

few years.


Page 51 of 120

Table 1.19: Material flow of waste treated/recycled in short time frame

Table 1.20: Proposed treatment and processing solution for waste (Year 2016-2018)

Amount of Waste (TPD) Year 2016 Year 2018 Year 2020 Year 2025

Total amount of waste produced 295 325 347 405

Organic Waste (51% of total waste) 150.4 165.8 176.8 206.3

Waste to be sent for biomethanation (vegetable

waste+hotels+canteen i.e 7.6% of total waste

generated)

22 24 26 30

Waste to be sent for biomethanation (slaughterhouse i.e

4% of total waste)

12 13 14 16

Waste to be recycled (TPD) 88.5 97.5 It is considered that RDF

Plant will be functional by

this time

It is considered that RDF

Plant will be functional by

this time

S.

No.

Waste to be handled (TPD) Proposed Treatment Plant Capacity

(TPD)

Numbers Total

Capacity

of Plant

Remarks

1. 7.3% of total waste constitutes waste

from vegetable & fruit market, hotels

and canteen/mess.

Decentralized

Biomethanation Plant for

Vegetable and Fruit Market

20 TPD 2 40 TPD Initially 1 Plant of 20 TPD capacity

should be set up to treat the waste till

2016-2018 (upto 24 TPD)

In coming years another plant at a

suitable location should be set up to

treat waste till year 2025 (upto 30

TPD)

2. 4% of total waste (295 TPD) is

generated from slaughter house waste

Decentralized

Biomethanation Plant for

Slaughter house waste

20 TPD 1 20 TPD Waste from slaughterhouse should

not be mixed and treated in a

separate


Page 52 of 120

Decentralized Biomethanation Plant

As directed by MSW Rules, 2016 all resident welfare and market associations should segregate

waste into biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste. The bio-degradable waste needs to be

processed and treated through composting or biomethanation within the premises.

The availability of pure organic waste from hotels and markets makes it suitable for digestion in a

bio-methanation unit. A 10 KLD bio-digestor which can co-digest around 20 MTD of organic

solid waste may be used. The output of the bio-digestor can be fed into a gas electric generator.

About 1200 KWH of electricity may be produced which could be used for captive use in the plant

and excess can be sold to the electricity board.

It is proposed to install first plant of capacity 20 TPD immediately later followed by another plant

of 20 TPD to provide for the increased quantum of waste in next 5 years.

Similarly a dedicated biomethanation plant with capacity of 20 TPD for waste from slaughter

house should be installed to meet the capacity of waste till 2025.

The general process of biomethanation includes:

pre-treatment

anaerobic fermentation

collection of biogas and its usage

residue treatment

Pre-treatment: Segregated wet/biodegradable wastes generated from hotels/restaurants, fruit &

vegetable markets, canteen and mess etc. is being collected and brought it to the plant site. Pre-

processing or segregation of wet waste is conducted to avoid any contamination. The waste is

shredded before it is fed into the digester for better fermentation especially when the incoming

material has large pieces or whole items

Anaerobic Fermentation: Segregated wet wastes get mixed with water in 1:1 proportion and

then fed to the primary digester. The slurry is then treated in closed vessels called as anaerobic

digesters (Primary & Secondary Digesters) where, in the absence of oxygen, microorganisms

break down the organic matter into a stable residue, and generate a methane-rich biogas in the

process.

Collection of biogas: The generated biogas is being cleaned with the help of scrubbers. During

scrubbing process, the moisture and H2S contents and to certain extent CO2 gets removed to the

acceptable level and then purified biogas is stored in a biogas balloon, which is made up of

Neoprene rubber. The purified biogas is then supplied to the indigenized biogas engine to

generate electricity.

Residue Treatment: The solid residue which remains after biomethanation process comprises

solid / fibrous material and liquid, which can be separated through the Slurry Drying Beds. About

50% of the liquid manure is then re-circulated in to the system, as it contains nitrogen and some

active anaerobic microorganisms. The fiber represents an effective organic material, which is

being used as manure.


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Medium Term Solutions: The medium term solutions are proposed for the city considering the

quantum of waste being generated in 2020-2025. There are two scenarios considered for the city

of Kota:

Scenario 1:

Integrated Solid Waste Management Plant (Composting Plant +RDF) along with

decentralized biomethanation plant

Landfill for inert material and rejects (20% of total waste generated and rejects from

processing plant) for next 20 years

Considering the Scenario 1:

Segregated waste will be brought to the Integrated Solid Waste Management Plant

(ISWM) where the biodegradable waste will be sent for composting while dry recyclables

along with combustible will be sent to RDF plant.

Decentralized biomethanation plant continue to work to their full capacity

Tender for setting up ISWM facility should be called soon (year 2017) so that the plant is

functional in next two years (2019 onwards)

Inert and rejects from processing plant will be sent to landfill

Table 1.21 below gives material flow of waste as per the Scenario 1

Table 1.21: Material flow of waste (Biomethanization + Composting + RDF)

S.

No.

Amount of Waste

(TPD)

2015 2018 2020 2025 Proposed

Plant

Capacity*

1. Total Waste Produced 295 325 347 405

2. Total Organic Waste

(51% of total waste)

150.4 165.87 176.80 206.39

3. Decentralized Plant

3.1 Biomethanation Plant

(Vegetable Market

Waste+ Slaughterhouse

Waste)

33.5 36.93 39.37 45.95 60 TPD (3

Plants for

20 TPD

capacity

each)

4. Centralized Plant

4.1 Composting (47% of

organic waste as 4% of

slaughterhouse waste is

strictly segregated and

treated separately)

116.9 128.9 137.4 160.4 184.5

4.2 RDF plant (recyclables

+ combustibles)

100.26 110.6 117.9 137.6 158.2

Landfill (15% inert

+rejects from

processing plant)

44.23

+rejects

48.79

+rejects

52.0

+rejects

60.0

+rejects

(*includes 15% of additional waste than waste generated in year 2025)


Page 54 of 120

Integrated Solid Waste Management Plant:

Integrated Solid Waste Management Plant will consist of a compost plant and a RDF. The unit

activities will comprise of the following:

(i) Pre-processing: A pre-processing section will be made viable in the ISWM plant in order

to segregate the incoming waste, until such time that household segregation is not

ensured. The pre-processing section is designed on the basis of average composition of

the incoming waste, quantity, space available for presorting and whether only composting

is targeted or a combination of compost and RDF is targeted. Sorting in a well-designed

compost cum RDF plant consist of hand sorting on a sorting belt followed by mechanical

sorting in one or more trommel(s), which is a sophisticated rotating sieve.

Mixed waste is fed on to a slow moving (5 metres/minute) conveyor belt. Items not

suitable for the trommel, such as glass bottle, metal container, any hazardous material like

containers of paint etc. are taken out by hand and put in appropriate bins. The workers

should be provided with hand gloves to avoid injury.

The thickness of the moving waste pile on the conveyor belt should be less than 15cms

(for better manual sorting) and the removed material is stored in segregated vats/large

containers.

This is usually recyclable material or material with high calorific value, which can be

further processed to recover the energy content.

Metals are then removed from the waste by either a suspended magnet system or a

magnetic pulley.

Remaining mixed waste is subjected to mechanical separating devices such as a

segregating trommel, where material passing through the screen (80-100 mm) is utilized

for compost production.

The purpose of a trommel is to segregate materials on the basis of size through cascading

action. For effective segregation it is necessary that the material undergoes sufficient

number of turns inside the trammel and at the same time gets sufficient fall depth for

good cascading action. Therefore, the length and the diameter of the trommel are very

important. Normally for MSW, a trommel with a length of 10m and a diameter of 2.5 m

and above would be desirable. At the same time there should be no axle passing through

the trommel in the middle, the drive for the trommel has to be external.

Unit Operations in Windrow Composting

The waste characterization in Kota suggests the installation of a microbial composting plant for

roughly 47% of the generated and collected waste as only part of the collected waste is of

biological origin. Typically plant size of 130 TPD should be installed initially and additional

module can be added in later years depending upon the efficiency of the plant.

(i) Placement of Waste on Compost Pad: The pre-processed municipal solid waste is

placed in long narrow piles called windrows that are turned on a regular basis for boosting

passive aeration. The windrows are stacked on an area called compost pad.

The compost pad is constructed with appropriately designed combination of RCC and

PCC so that it is stable, durable and impervious.


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The compost pads have a slope of about 1% to drain the excess water (storm water or

leachate) into the leachate tank which is placed in the lowest corner of the compost pad

area

(ii) Windrow Formation: The MSW is formed into trapezoidal heaps of base width 6-8m,

top width 2.0 – 4.0m and height of 2.5m to 3.5m, called windrows. Space is created for

forming 32 windrows.

(iii) Windrow Turning: Windrows are turned frequently to maintain aerobic conditions

inside the pile. Generally, pay loaders or tractors with backhoe are used for turning the

material.

Generally, the schedule for turning is set based on the rate of decomposition, moisture

content, porosity of the material, and the desired composting time (often a function of

land availability). Normally, once a week turning is done but more frequent during rainy

season (once in 3–4 days). Fresh water or leachate stored in the leachate tank should be

sprinkled during the turning process to maintain the moisture content of the waste.

Proprietary inoculum is sprayed to accelerate the decomposition process.

(iv) Biological Process: The aerobic composting occurs when the Carbon:Nitrogen (C:N)

ratio is below 50, the moisture content is between 40-45% and pH between 6-8. A

temperature build-up of 60-65°C occurs during the process of decomposition, which helps

is destruction of pathogens, helminth eggs and inactivation of weed seeds.

Leachate which would be generated during the process is recirculated for maintaining the

moisture content and also the microbial levels. Excess leachate needs to be treated in the

leachate treatment plant.

The decomposed waste after 28 days is spread in the yard to allow maturation and drying.

The matured waste which has a C:N ratio between 20-25 is taken up for screening.

The waste is passed through successive rotary screen (trommel) of reducing size- 100mm,

40mm, 16mm, 8mm and 4mm.

(v) Curing: Screened material coming out of the coarse segregation section requires further

maturation and moisture control for producing a product that is beneficial for plants and

soil.

The compost passing 4mm is bagged and sold as Ist grade compost while that which is

rejected in the 4mm is sold as second grade compost.

The rejects from the sieves is sent to the RDF plant for further processing or the Sanitary

landfill.

The rejects from the 16mm sieve is spread over excessive leachate or over the raw waste

as they help in controlling foul odor and also accelerate the decomposition process.

It is assumed based on past experiences that a compost plant usually has 20% process efficiency.

While 20% efficiency is possible under good operational conditions, the typical efficiency of a

windrow compost plant receiving segregated organic solid waste is around 18%–20%, i.e., for an

input feedstock of 130 TPD of segregated waste, it should be able to produce 23-26 tonnes of

finished compost. Where mixed waste is received as input feedstock, compost yield of 10%–15%

is expected.


Page 56 of 120

Refuse Derived Fuel:

The MSW Rules, 2016 defines refuse derived fuel (RDF) as fuel derived from combustible waste

fraction of solid waste like plastic, wood, pulp or organic waste, other than chlorinated materials,

in the form of pellets or fluff produced by drying, shredding, dehydrating and compacting of solid

waste.

Considering the strategic location of industries within the city and nearby the city, the RDF can be

used as a fuel for either steam or electricity generation or as alternate fuel in industrial furnaces or

boilers (co-processing or co-incineration of waste in cement, lime, and steel industry and for

power generation).

Unit Process in RDF Plant:

The RDF production line consists of several unit operations in series to separate unwanted

components and condition the combustible matter to obtain required RDF characteristics. In

general, segregation and processing may include:

sorting or mechanical separation (in case of effectively source segregated feed material,

this process may not be required);

size reduction (shredding, chipping, and milling);

drying (where required);

separation;

screening;

air density separation (for removing fine inert material);

blending;

packaging; and

storage

The type and configuration of unit operations selected depend on the type of secondary material

that will be recovered and on the desired quality of the recovered fuel fraction. The end use of the

RDF determines the necessary characteristics of RDF (size, moisture, ash content, calorific value,

chloride, heavy metals, etc.).

Scenario 2:

Waste to Energy Plant (mass incineration) + Biomethanation

Landfill for inert material and rejects (20% of total waste generated and rejects from

processing plants) for next 20 years

Considering the Scenario 2:

Since Kota Nagar Nigam has already finalized the bid for waste to energy plant, the proposed

scenario will include mass burning or incineration of most of the waste except the waste going to

decentralized biomethanation plant and recyclables like glass and metals.

Table 1.22 below gives a material balance of waste flow in incineration and biomethanation plant

for the next 20 years. Additional module can be added to the plant depending on the efficiency of

plant in later years.


Page 57 of 120

Table 1.22: Material flow of waste (Biomethanation + Waste to Energy)

S.

No.

Amount of Waste

(TPD)

2015 2018 2020 2025 Proposed

Plant

Capacity*

1. Total Waste Produced 295 325 347 405

2. Total Organic Waste

(51% of total waste)

150.4 165.87 176.80 206.39

3. Decentralized Plant

3.1 Biomethanation Plant

(Vegetable Market

Waste+ Slaughterhouse

Waste)

33.5 36.93 39.37 45.95

4. Centralized Plant: Waste to Energy (feed stock: combustibles+organic waste)

4.1 Recyclables (26% of

total waste +

Combustibles*

88.47 97.57 104 121.40

4.2 Organic Waste 116.9 128.94 137.44 160.44 240

* Glass and metals constitute 4% of recyclables which are removed

**Organic waste going to waste to energy plant is the amount of waste after biomethanation

Waste to Energy (Incineration): Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves

combustion of waste at very high temperatures in the presence of oxygen and results in the

production of ash, flue gas, and heat. Incineration is a feasible technology for combustion of

unprocessed or minimum processed refuse and for the segregated fraction of high calorific value

waste. In practice, about 65%–80 % of the energy content of the organic matter can be recovered

as heat energy, which can be utilized either for direct thermal applications or for producing power

via steam turbine generators.

In the event that waste to energy plant is commissioned, entire waste including organics should be

sent to the incineration plant.

The CPHEEO Manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management has provided some criteria that

need to be considered very sincerely, in order to make the incineration plant financially viable.

Incineration is especially relevant for the dry bin content in a two-bin system. For

unsegregated waste, pre-treatment is necessary;

The lower calorific value (LCV) of waste must be at least 1,450 kcal/kg (6 MJ/kg)

throughout all seasons. The annual average LCV must not be less than 1,700 kcal/kg (7

MJ/ kg);

The furnace must be designed in line with best available technologies to ensure stable and

continuous operation and complete burnout of the waste and flue gases. MSW is usually

incinerated in a grate incinerator.

The supply of waste should be stable and amount to at least 500 TPD of segregated waste;

produced electricity or stream can be sold on a sustainable basis (e.g., feeding into the

general grid at adequate tariffs).


Page 58 of 120

It is possible to absorb the increased treatment cost through management charges and

tipping fees.

Skilled staff should be recruited and maintained.

Considering the high capital investment, the planning framework of the community

should be stable enough to allow a planning horizon of 25 years or more.

Pre-feasibility study for the technology lead to positive conclusions for the respective city

Strict monitoring systems are proposed and should be followed.

Overview of the Incineration Process

Incineration of municipal solid waste comprises of the following processing steps:

siting of the plant;

waste reception and handling (storage, on-site pre-treatment facilities);

combustion and steam generation system;

flue gas cleaning system;

energy generation system (steam turbine and generator in case the unit is equipped for

WTE recovery);

residual hauling and disposal system; and

monitoring and controlling incineration conditions.

Siting of Plant

The location of a MSW incineration plant is determined based on both economic and

environmental issues. Some of the key criteria for siting an incineration facility include:

MSW incineration plants should be at least 300–500 meters from residential zones;

A controlled and well-operated landfill must be available for disposing residues (bed and

fly ash);

MSW incineration plants should be located in land-zones dedicated to medium or heavy

industry;

In case of steam production, the plants should be located near suitable energy consumers.

Waste Reception and Handling

The incoming waste is piled on a waterproof concrete bed and mixed in the bunker using

cranes equipped with grapples. The mixing of waste helps to achieve a balanced heat

value, size, structure, composition, etc. of the material dumped into the incinerator filling

hoppers.

The bunker (storage area) must have a storage capacity for at least 3–5 days depending on

the plant’s operational capacity. The storage area will also depend on local factors and the

specific nature of the waste.

Waste Feeder

The waste feeder system is designed to supply exactly the right amount of fuel to the

grate that is necessary to achieve minimum negative pressure and desired temperature for

stable combustion and energy generation.


Page 59 of 120

Consistent feeding also ensures minimal environmental pollution, especially as it fosters

optimal controllable combustion.

The waste is discharged from the storage bunker into the feeding chute by an overhead

crane, and then fed into the grate system by a hydraulic ramp or other conveying systems.

The grate moves the waste through the various zones of the combustion chamber in a

tumbling motion.

It is recommended to divide the total plant capacity into two or more identical

incineration lines to improve the plant’s flexibility and availability—e.g., when one line is

closed for maintenance. This is required since the plant needs to be shut down for

mandatory maintenance and inspection of boilers for a minimum of 4–6 weeks.

Combustion and Steam Generation System

Combustion takes place above the grate in the incineration chamber. As a whole, the

incineration chamber typically consists of a grate situated at the bottom, cooled and non-

cooled walls on the furnace sides, and a ceiling or boiler surface heater at the top.

The design of the incineration chamber depends on the following:

o Form and size of the incineration grate.

o Complete mixing and homogeneity of flue gas flow.

o Sufficient residence time for the flue gases in the hot furnace.

o Partial cooling of flue gases.

The detailed design of a combustion chamber is usually linked to the grate type. Grate

incinerators are the most widely used for the incineration of mixed municipal wastes and

can be used for untreated, non-homogenous, and low calorific municipal waste.

Incinerator Air Feeding

The incineration air fulfills the following objectives:

o provision of oxidant

o cooling

o avoidance of slag formation in the furnace

o mixing of flue-gas

Air is added at various places in the combustion chamber; depending on the location, it is

described as primary and secondary air. Tertiary air and re-circulated flue gases may also

be used.

Flue Gas Recirculation

Flue gas recirculation is an integral part of the furnace design. After passing through the

dust filter, part of the flue gas is retained and recirculated through an insulated duct to the

furnace. The recirculated flue gas is injected through separate nozzles in the furnace. The

main advantages of flue gas recirculation are the following:

o 10%–20% of secondary combustion air can be replaced with flue gas.

o Mono-nitrogen oxides (NOx) reduction is achieved because the supplied re-circulated

flue gases have lower oxygen concentration and, therefore, lower flue gas temperature,

which leads to a decrease of the nitrogen oxide levels.

o It stabilizes and improves the flow and turbulence conditions, particularly at partial load.


Page 60 of 120

Residual Haulage and Disposal System

The amount of slag generated from incinerator depends on the composition of the waste

and amounts to 20%–25% by weight of the waste combusted.

The flue gas cleaning process also produces residues, either directly (fly ash) or by the

subsequent treatment of the spent scrubbing liquids, depending on the flue gas cleaning

method applied. Fly ash from filter systems is highly contaminated and, hence, care must

be taken to collect bottom ash and fly ash separately. Bottom ash can be treated for

further ruse.

Bottom ash may be treated either on-site or off-site by a dry system or wet system

suitably combined with or without ageing.

Wet bottom ash treatment system in the ash quench tank allows the production of a

material for recycling with minimal leachability of metals. Revenue can be generated by

the sale of nonferrous and ferrous metals fractions.

The fly ash generated in the boilers (approximately 1%–2% of input MSW quantity) and

air pollution control equipment is highly contaminated and must be disposed

appropriately in a Treatment, Storage, Disposal Facility (TSDF). If TSDF is not available,

then solidified and stabilised fly ash blocks should be disposed in an identified cell of

municipal sanitary landfill.

1.3.10. Sanitary Landfill Facility The MSW (M& H) Rules, 2016 defines sanitary landfilling as a means for the final and safe

disposal of residual solid waste and inert wastes on land in a facility designed with protective

measures against pollution of ground water, surface water and fugitive air dust, wind-blown litter,

bad odour, fire hazard, animal menace, bird menace, pests or rodents, greenhouse gas emissions,

persistent organic pollutants slope instability and erosion.

This term encompasses other terms such as ‘secured landfill’ and ‘engineered landfills’ which are

also sometimes applied to MSW disposal units. The term ‘landfill’ can be treated as synonymous

to ‘sanitary landfill’ of MSW, only if the latter is designed on the principle of waste containment

and is characterized by the presence of a liner and leachate collection system to prevent ground

water contamination.

The non-biodegradable inert waste and rejects from the processing and treatment plant will be

disposed in a scientifically engineered landfill as per the MSW (Management and Handling)

Rules, 2016.

Open dumping site at Kota

Currently there is no sanitary landfill at Kota. All the waste that is being collected is dumped at

dumpsite Nanta which is located at Industrial area. The present dumpsite is having an area of

52.28 Hectares.

It is suggested that KNN should contract the tender for designing and constructing the sanitary

landfill immediately. The landfill should be designed for next 20 years (2036) for disposal of inert

waste and for disposal of 20% of rejects from waste processing. The area required for sanitary


Page 61 of 120

landfill is calculated based on the cumulative volume of the waste that will be dumped for next 20

years. The landfill space required until 2035 is 808220 m3.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Year Population

Daily

Waste

Amount (t)

Annual

Waste

Amount (t)

Calculation of Landfill Volume

Po

pu

latio

n a

t

4.7

9 %

an

nu

al

gro

wth

rate

Per C

ap

ita

Wa

ste

Gen

eratio

n

Do

mestic W

aste

Do

mestic W

aste

Wa

ste for

lan

dfillin

g

To

tal L

an

dfill

Vo

lum

e (with

10

0 7

50

kg/m

3)

Cu

mu

lativ

e

La

nd

fill Volu

me

Inhabitants grams Tons / day Tons / year

Tons /

year m³ / year m3

2015 1080202 273 295 107637 21527 28703

2016 1099912 277 305 111245 22249 29665 58368

2020 1178749 294 347 126534 25307 33742 158402

2025 1277296 317 405 147709 29542 39389 343200

2030 1375843 341 470 171402 34280 45707 558818

2035 1474389 368 542 197874 39575 52766 808220

2040 1592646 396 631 230264 46053 61404 1097587

Types of Waste Suitable for Landfill

Kota Nagar Nigam needs to ensure that only following categories of waste should be send for

landfilling:

non-biodegradable and inert waste and residual inert waste from processing plants

commingled waste (mixed waste) not found suitable for waste processing;

pre-processing and post-processing rejects from waste processing sites; and

non-hazardous waste not being processed or recycled.

Planning and Design of a sanitary Landfill

The basic steps to design, implement and operate a sanitary landfill will include:

1. Site Selection

2. Design of Sanitary Landfill

3. Implementation of Sanitary Landfill

4. Operation of Sanitary Landfill

5. Closure and post closure measures

Criteria for Selection of Site for Sanitary landfill as per the MSW (M&H) Rules, 2016

The MSW (Management & Handling) Rules, 2016, mandate that each municipal authority shall

set up an engineered landfill for the disposal of waste. The criteria for selection of site for

developing a sanitary landfill as per the Rules are:


Page 62 of 120

The department responsible for of land allocation shall provide suitable site for setting up

of the solid waste processing and treatment facilities and notify such sites.

The sanitary landfill site shall be planned, designed and developed with proper

documentation of construction plan as well as a closure plan in a phased manner. In case a

new landfill facility is being established adjoining an existing landfill site, the closure

plan of existing landfill should form a part of the proposal of such new landfill.

The landfill sites shall be selected to make use of nearby wastes processing facilities.

Otherwise, wastes processing facility shall be planned as an integral part of the landfill

site.

Landfill sites shall be set up as per the guidelines of the Ministry of Urban Development,

Government of India and Central Pollution Control Board.

The existing landfill sites which are in use for more than five years shall be improved in

accordance with the specifications given in this Schedule.

The landfill site shall be large enough to last for at least 20-25 years and shall develop

‘landfill cells’ in a phased manner to avoid water logging and misuse.

The sites for landfill and processing and disposal of solid waste shall be incorporated in

the Town Planning Department’s land-use plans.

A buffer zone of no development shall be maintained around solid waste processing

(more than 5TP D capacity) and disposal facility. This will be maintained within the total

area of the solid waste processing and disposal facility. The buffer zone shall be

prescribed on case to case basis by the local body in consultation with concerned State

Pollution Control Board.

Temporary storage facility for solid waste shall be established in each landfill site to

accommodate the waste in case of non- operation of waste processing and during

emergency or natural calamities.

The CPHEEO Manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management provides following criteria for

identifying suitable land for landfill site (table 1.23):

Table 1.23: Criteria for Identifying Suitable Land for Sanitary Landfill Sites6

S. No. Place Minimum Siting Distance

1. Coastal regulation, wetland, critical

habitat areas, sensitive eco-fragile

areas, and flood plains as recorded

for the last 100 years

Sanitary landfill site not permitted within

these identified areas

2. Rivers 100 m away from the flood plain

3. Pond, lakes, water bodies 200 m

4. Non-meandering water channel (canal,

drainage etc.)

30 m

5. Highway or railway line, water supply wells 500 m from center line

6. Habitation All landfill facilities: 500 m

7. Earthquake zone 500 m from fault line fracture

6 CPHEEO Manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management, 2016


Page 63 of 120

8. Flood prone area Sanitary landfill site not permitted

9. Water table (highest level) The bottom liner of the landfill should be

above 2m from the highest water table

10. Airport 20 km

The final selection of the site should be decided after considering the following:

Environmental impact

Social acceptance

Land availability

Transportation costs, and

Sanitary landfilling costs

Design & Standards for Sanitary Landfill

Figure 1.9 illustrates the essential components of a MSW landfill.

Figure 1.6: Essential Components of Sanitary Landfill7

The essential components of a MSW landfill include:

A liner system at the base and sides of the landfill which prevents migration of leachate or

gas to the surrounding soil.

A leachate collection and control facility which collects and extracts leachate from within

and from the base of the landfill and then treats the leachate.



Page 64 of 120

A gas collection and control facility (optional for small landfills) which collects and

extracts gas from within and from the top of the landfill and then treats it or uses it for

energy recovery.

A final cover system at the top of the landfill which enhances surface drainage, prevents

infiltrating water and supports surface vegetation.

A surface water drainage system which collects and removes all surface runoff from the

landfill site.

An environmental monitoring system which periodically collects and analyses air, surface

water, soil-gas and ground water samples around the landfill site.

A closure and post-closure plan which lists the steps that must be taken to close and

secure a landfill site once the filling operation has been completed and the activities for

long-term monitoring, operation and maintenance of the completed landfill.

Area Requirement for Sanitary Landfill in Kota

Until, Kota Nagar Nigam can set up any waste processing facilities like composting or recycling

or mass incineration, the waste will be sent to the sanitary landfill. In such a case, it is suggested

that the landfill cell shall be covered at the end of each working day with minimum 10 cm of soil,

inert debris or construction material. Waste dumped at the landfill site should be compacted in

thin layers using heavy compactors to achieve high density of the waste.

Based on the amount of inerts (20% of total MSW) that will be brought to the landfill site from

pre-processing and processing plants; the total area of landfill that will be required in the next 20

years is calculated to be.

The landfill is a combination of below and above ground landfill in order to economize on space.

The landfill will have an overall height of 15 m. It is proposed to be placed in an excavation of 3

m deep.

The bottom of the SLF would be lined with 900 mm of mineral sealing system with clay

of permeability k< 1x 10 -9m/s/. It would be overlaid with at least 2.0 mm of HDPE geo-

membrane and protected by 2000 gsm geotextile. Over this a 300 mm thick gravel layer is

laid for drainage of leachate.

Perforated HDPE pipes of would be placed at relevant spacing to intercept and divert any

leachate generated.

The secondary leachate collection pipes are placed at slope as per the site.

All the leachate collection pipes are connected to a main HDPE header pipe. This header

pipe would lead the leachate to the leachate jack well from where it shall be pumped to

the leachate treatment plant.

Construction details and Quality Control

(i) Earth Work: The design of the layout should be planned to provide unhindered run off

of leachate and storm water. Required cover material need to be considered and has to be

made available. Filling and compacting must be carried out in layers of up to 40 cm

maximum.


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(ii) Base Sealing System: The sealing system has to fulfill the guidelines and technical

requirements as defined in the EIA and in the MSW Rules, 2016.

a. Mineral Sealing Layer: The mineral sealing layer of 30 cm thickness each shall be

installed in three layers of clay or equivalent amended soil. A suitable binding material

(suitable combination of coarse and fine particles) should be used in case clay is not

available. This material must be installed during favorable weather conditions. The

following qualities are required:

at least 10 mass % of clay particles with a high adsorptive capacity,

maximum 5 mass % of organic substances and

maximum 15 mass-% of carbonate

The permeability of the mineral sealing layer must be less than kf ≤1 x 10-7 cm has to be ensured.

For the material and its installation the following requirements must be considered:

homogenous material that has a homogenous water content and homogenous

incorporation of the material,

proctor density (DPR) of each layer of DPR 95 %, and

Water content (w) must be higher than the proctor water content (WPR)

Alternatively, Geo-synthetic clay liner and may also be used along with 600mm of native soil as

the mineral sealing layer.

Figure 1.7: Base Liner8

b. HDPE Geo-Membrane: The second sealing liner will be a High-density polyethylene

(HDPE) geo-membrane with a minimum thickness of 1.5 mm. The geo-membrane can

only be installed during favourable weather conditions. For the constructing of the layer

the following items have to be considered:

Welding of the HDPE layer is only possible if the sun does not shine directly on the

HDPE layer in summer time (danger of blistering),

Water is not allowed on the landfill base of the HDPE layer,

Before work starts the way of placing has to be defined in a plan,



Page 66 of 120

The placed HDPE layer must be fixed (e. g. sandbags),

No equipment must drive on the welded HDPE layers (only the necessary equipment for

welding),

Every welding seam has to be double checked (stability, density with under pressure

method, thickness, visual inspection), and

Only HDPE geomembranes that comply with the requirements of American Society for

Testing and Materials (ASTM) or corresponding standards should be used.

c. Protection Layer (Geotextile): A protection layer (silt soil) should be 20-30 cm thick

or, alternatively, a protection layer (geotextile) should be used. For incorporation of the

layer, the following items have to be considered:

Weight of geo-textile should be 400 g/m² for bottom liner and 200 g/m2 for top

cover, depending on the landfill height.

Proof of stamp pushing through force,

Proof of strip tensile strength,

Static proof, and

Proof of stability and resistance to sliding during building and final state

Laying of geo-textile is carried out after acceptance of the layers lying underneath.

No vehicles must drive on the geo-textile; no equipment or machines should be stored on

this layer.

The position of the layer must be secured by appropriate measures to prevent them from

getting lifted up (e. g. sand bags).

d. Drainage (Leachate) Layer: A drainage layer, consisting of gravel with a grain size of

16/32 mm will be applied to assist drainage of leachate. Gravel will consist of uniform

sizes and be washed to ensure a high permeability. Perforated HDPE leachate collection

pipes will be embedded in the drainage layer to further assist leachate collection.

Leachate will drain towards the leachate pond.

The thickness of the drainage layer will be at least 30 cm. The gravel has to fulfill the

following quality standards:

o Permeability kf 1 x 10-3 m/s

o maximum 20 mass-% of carbonate

Top Sealing System

To avoid negative impact of the landfill a surface sealing system should be provided once the

landfill is completely filled or parts of it is filled. The sealing system has to fulfill the guidelines

and technical requirements as defined in the EIA and in the MSW Rules, 2016

The final cover shall meet the following specifications (as per figure no.1.11), namely:--

The final cover shall have a barrier soil layer comprising of 60 cm of clay or amended soil

with permeability coefficient (k) less than 1 x 10-7 cm/sec.

On top of the barrier soil layer, there shall be a drainage layer of 15 cm.

On top of the drainage layer, there shall be a vegetative layer of 45 cm to support natural

plant growth and to minimize erosion.


Page 67 of 120

Figure 1.8: Surface Liner System

Sanitary Landfill Operation

Before the sanitary landfill is made operational, it is necessary to for Kota Nagar Nigam to

develop operating rules and methodologies which should be documented as a guide for future

activities. The operation manual should comprise of the following:

Controlling and recording of landfilled waste

Guidance to use the remaining capacity in an optimized way

Basic health and safety measures

Maintenance and documentation of landfill facilities and landfill equipment

Quality Assurance

Tests and Samples during Construction of the Sealing Systems: The tests and samples during

construction of the sealing system to ensure the quality and avoid any future hazards to public

health and environment will include:

a. Aptitude Test: The fundamental suitability (aptitude test) of the used materials provided

for the mineral base and surface sealing system must be proven before construction works

start. The suitability tests of the used mineral sealing material have to be approved by

laboratory tests and a test field. The following laboratory testing is required:

Grain-size distribution

Water content

Consistency of material

Water absorption of material


Page 68 of 120

Portion of organic materials

Portion of carbonate

Density

Proctor density

Water permeability

Homogeneity

The suitability of the used drainage material has to be also approved by laboratory tests. The

following tests are required:

Grain-size distribution

Content of organic materials

Content of carbonate

b. Test Field: Test field will help to ensure the suitability of the clay under the supposed

site conditions.

Construction of the test field should start on the surface with 3 layers of clay. Visual tests have to

be performed by trial pits. The test fields have to be constructed outside of the sealing areas and

should be retained and protected for the entire duration of construction. The results from the test

field (including the results of the laboratory tests) must be evaluated and documented including

the following statements with regard to the design of the mineral sealing system:

Compacting methods

Compacting equipment

Number of compacting transitions

Operation speed of compacting equipment

Thickness of un-compacted layers (before compaction)

Type of homogenization

The test field must be at least 20 m in length, the minimum width must be 2 machine

widths plus the required ramps 1: 10 and the embankments 1: 5 as well as the distance of

acceleration and deceleration with driving tracks as wide as the equipment, which are

arranged alongside.

The test fields should be located at the bottom and embankment area of the landfill.

They should represent the same slopes as landfill.

After the mineral sealing material has been tested, the application of the other sealing

compounds, protection layer and drainage layer will be tested in the test field accordingly.

This will be done for the base sealing as well as for the surface sealing.

c. Quality Assurance during Construction Works

For the quality assurance during construction works the requirements are as follows:


Page 69 of 120

The mineral sealing layers must be built under weather conditions which are in

compliance with required conditions (water content, degree of compression, coefficient of

permeability; example: no construction during heavy rain fall)

The top of each completed layer of the mineral sealing system must be dewatered

sufficiently. Shrinkage cracks must be avoided by taking technical measures.

Soil lumps, which are bigger than 32 mm, shall not be used for construction the mineral

sealing.

The sealing material must be homogenous and show regular placement water content. The

layers must achieve a homogenous sealing mass. The layers shall overlap.

After completion of each compacted layer an acceptance test must be carried out before

starting the next layer.

During and after incorporation the following tests and checks must be carried out

especially for the mineral-sealing layer (for re-cultivation layer, drainage layer and

compensation layer the test has to be done similar):

o Density

o Thickness of each layer

o Flatness of each layer

o Grain-size distribution

o Water content

o Consistency of material

o Water absorption of material

o Proctor density

o Permeability

o Content of organic parts

o Content of carbonate

These tests should be carried according a defined scheme. The size of testing area should be 1000

m². The laboratory test for the aptitude test and the quality assurance during construction works

have to be carried out by a qualified geo-technical institute.

d. Slope Stability Aspects and Seismic Aspects : The stability of a landfill should be

checked for the following cases :

Stability of excavated slopes

Stability of liner system along excavated slopes

Stability of temporary waste slopes constructed to their full height (usually at the end of a

phase)

Stability of slopes of above -ground portion of completed landfills

Stability of cover systems in above -ground landfills.

The stability analysis should be conducted using the following soil mechanics methods depending

upon the shape of the failure surface: (a) failure surface parallel to slope; (b) wedge method of

analysis; (c) method of slices for circular failure surface and (d) special methods for stability of

anchored geo-membranes along slopes. In preliminary design of a landfill section, the following

slopes may be adopted:


Page 70 of 120

o Excavated soil slopes (2.5 Hor : 1 Vertical)

o Temporary waste slopes (3.0 Hor : 1 Vertical)

o Final cover slopes (4.0 Hor : 1 Vertical)

Slopes can be made steeper, if found stable by stability analysis results.

Acceptable factors of safety may be taken as 1.3 for temporary slopes and 1.5 for

permanent slopes. In earthquake prone areas, the stability of all landfill slopes will be

conducted taking into account seismic coefficients as recommended by BIS codes.

Environmental Monitoring System for Sanitary Landfill

The environmental monitoring programme of landfill is an essential component of the

management plan for a sanitary landfill. It provides the city with information to assess the effects

of the landfill on the surrounding environment and assists in ensuring that the landfill is operated

and controlled to the specific standards.

The environmental monitoring of landfills should be performed as per MSWM Rules, 2016.

A monitoring program must specify:

(i) a properly selected offsite testing laboratory capable of measuring the constituents at

correct detection levels,

(ii) a methodology for acquiring and storing data; and

(iii) a statistical procedure for analyses of the data.

Monitoring at a landfill site will be carried out in four zones:

1. on and within the landfill;

2. in the unsaturated subsurface zone (vadose zone) beneath and around the landfill;

3. in the groundwater (saturated) zone beneath and around the landfill; and

4. in the atmosphere/local air above and around the landfill.

The parameters to be monitored regularly are:

(i) Leachate head within the landfill;

(ii) Leachate and gas quality within the landfill;

(iii) Long-term movements of the landfill cover;

(iv) Quality of pore fluid and pore gas in the vadose zone;

(v) Quality of groundwater in the saturated zones and

(vi) Air quality above the landfill, at the gas control facilities, at buildings on or near

(vii) The landfill and along any preferential migration paths.

Frequency of Monitoring:

The frequency of monitoring needs to be fixed that in a manner that it is capable of

detecting unusual events and risks in the initial phases enabling to precautionary measures

to be taken as soon as possible steps for containment or remediation.

Usually a monthly or a bimonthly monitoring frequency is considered suitable during the

operational phase of a landfill as well as 3 to 4 years after closure; this frequency can be

decreased to 2-3 times a year in later years, if all systems perform satisfactorily.


Page 71 of 120

The monitoring frequency may have to be increased if higher concentrations than

expected are detected, if control systems are changed or if drainage systems become

clogged/non-functional. The frequency of monitoring may also be increased during those

periods in which gas generation or leachate generation is higher, such as during the

monsoon periods.

Closure and Post-Closure Maintenance Plan

Determination of the end-use of a landfill site is an essential part of the plan for landfill closure

and post-closure maintenance. Some possible uses of closed landfill sites near urban centres

include parks, recreational areas, golf courses, vehicle parking areas and sometimes even

commercial development. A closure and post-closure plan for landfills involves the following

components:

Plan for vegetative stabilization of the final landfill cover.

Plan for management of surface water run-off with an effective drainage system.

Plan for periodical inspection and maintenance of landfill cover and facilities.

1.3.11. Proposed Institutional Framework Effective and successful municipal solid waste management system depends as much on the

institutional capacity of the local government as on technology available for processing and

disposal. Kota Nagar Nigam needs to restructure its department which is managing solid waste

currently.

Presently, the health officer who is also a medical practitioner heads the solid waste

department. His work also includes supervision of health department along with solid waste

department. The two different departments of solid waste and health require two different

technical abilities and has put considerable pressure on health officer.

There is a need to create two separate wings in the Nigam to clearly demarcate the role of

health and solid waste activities.

The department should be headed by senior officer who has a sound understanding of

process related to solid waste management and who can take well-informed decisions in the

absence of commissioner

Adequate number of sanitary workers needs to be hired immediately. Presently there are

only 1130 permanent sanitary workers and 2134 workers on contract who are assigned on

work as need arise.

There is an immediate need to establish a system to organize informal sector into

cooperatives/group or societies thus augmenting the present work staff in door to door

collection of waste

Identity cards should be provided to all the sanitary workers and the informal sector that is

responsible for collection of waste from houses, communities and commercial areas.


Page 72 of 120

Sanitary workers and the informal sector should be provided with protective gears (PPE i.e

personal protective equipment) such as uniforms, shoes and other implements.

Provision of social security and welfare benefits to waste pickers should also be considered

The contribution of informal waste collection workers may be significantly improved

through appropriate organizational measures

Sanitary inspectors should be trained and capacitated to handle activities related to solid

waste management.

Sanitary inspectors should be responsible for inspecting and marinating records on the

extent of service provision

KNN has to ensure through strict measures (regulations and fines, if applicable) that

citizens and sweepers do not dispose waste into drains. One of the measures should be to

make the same staff responsible for cleaning streets as well as adjacent drains.

Involve community in designing the primary collection system to ensure success.

Strict monitoring in terms of attendance of the workers should be established.

In the absence of sanitary workers, SHGs/NGOs should be hired to provide manpower for

the services

An integrated solid waste management cell (ISWM) should be established, if possible. The

cell should have representatives from solid waste management department, RWAs, private

sector (contractors, operators of plant and others), biomedical waste plant operator and

other stakeholders. The cell should meet at least once a month to take cognizance of the

status and further plans.

As appropriate, institutional capability for training and human resources development for

MSWM should be established at the city.

Table 1.25 provides the requirement of manpower in Kota Nagar Nigam vis-à-vis norms as per

CPHEEO.

Table 1.24: Proposed Manpower Requirement for Kota Nagar Nigam (Cities between 5 and

20 Lakh Population)9

S.

No

Manpower Requirement as per

CPHEEO norms

Existing

Manpower at

KNN

Proposed

Requirement



Page 73 of 120

1. Public Health or Environmental

Engineer or Civil Engineer having

training in environmental or public

health engineering of the level of

Executive Engineer to be in-charge

of SWM department.

None at present. To be hired in

consonance with

CPHEEO norms





Assistant Executive Engineer per 5

lakh population.

1 -





Assistant Engineer per 2.5 lakh

population.

None at present To be hired in

consonance with

CPHEEO norms (at

least 4 Junior

Engineers)

4. One experienced Junior Engineer,

per 2.5 lakh population.

None at present To be hired in

consonance with

CPHEEO norms (at

least 4 Junior

Engineers)

5. Qualified sanitation diploma holder

Chief Sanitary Inspector or

Sanitation Officer to look after the

collection, transportation, processing

and disposal of waste: 1 per 1 lakh

population or part thereof; or 1 per 2

Sanitary Inspectors, whichever is

less.

10 -


Sanitary Inspector: 1 per 50,000

population or part thereof; or 1 per

80 sweepers, whichever is less.

9 To be hired in

consonance with

CPHEEO norms (at

least 13 more sanitary

inspector)


Sanitary Sub-inspector: 1 per 25,000

population or part thereof; or 1 per

40 sweepers, whichever is less.

None To be hired in

consonance with

CPHEEO norms (at

least 30 sanitary sub-

inspector)


Page 74 of 120

8. Sanitary Supervisors (a person who

can read, write, and report): 1 per

12,500 population or part thereof; or

1 per 20 sweepers, whichever is less.

12 To be hired in

consonance with

CPHEEO norms (at

least 44 more sanitary

supervisor)


Page 75 of 120

2. Biomedical Waste Management in Kota

2.1. Introduction: Bio-Medical Waste Management

"Bio-medical waste" is defined as any waste, which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment

or immunization of human beings or animals or research activities or in the production or testing

of biological or in health camps10. Biomedical waste (BMW) management has emerged as an

issue of major concern as a part of the waste stream generated in hospitals, nursing homes, health

care institutes is infectious or potentially infectious and poses a potential hazard to public health

and the environment

Moreover, in the absence of segregation practices biomedical waste is being dumped along with

the municipal solid waste and constitutes almost 1 to 2% of the total municipal solid waste

stream11.The quantification and characterization study carried out in Kota revealed that

BMW constituted 3% of the total municipal solid waste being generated, which is a high

alert that needs to be taken in cognizance of by the local authority and other concerned

authorities. The mixing of biomedical waste with MSW is hazardous to municipal staff and other

formal and informal sector workers associated with handling waste, including the risk of exposure

to infectious diseases.

Consequent to the above concerns regarding ill-managed biomedical waste, discussed at various

national and international fora, the Government of India notified the Biomedical Waste

(Management and Handling) Rules, 1998 which were later amended in 2000 and 2003. The rules

have been amended recently in 2016 and expanded to address biomedical waste from vaccination

camps, blood donation camps, surgical camps and other healthcare activities.

2.2. Present Status: Bio-Medical Waste Management in Kota

The section below gives a baseline status with respect to generation, collection, transportation and

disposal of bio-medical waste in the city of Kota.

2.2.1. Number of Health Care Facilities (HCFs) The city of Kota has 203 health care facilities (HCFs), registered with the State Pollution Control

Board (March, 2016). As per the information provided by the SPCB, out of 203 HCFs, 59 Units

(blood banks, diagnostic centers and clinics) are without patient beds and the rest of the HCFs

with patient beds are as follows:

43 government units

100 private units

10 Bio-medical Waste Rules, 2016 11 Manadal, S.K & Dutta, J. (2009). Integrated Bio-Medical Waste Management Plan for Patna City.

Insitutue of Town Planners, India Journal 6 (2), pp (1-25)


Page 76 of 120

Figure 2.1: Distribution of Hospitals and HCFs with beds

The total numbers of beds in the HCFs in Kota are approximately 3983. Table No. 2.1 gives a

break up of HCFs in Kota vis-à-vis the number of beds.

Table 2.1: HCFs and Number of Beds in Kota

S. No. Number of Beds Units

1. More than 500 beds 1

2. More than 200 and less than 499 beds 3

3. More than 50 and less than 199 beds 14

4. Less than 50 beds 126

5. Without beds 59

(Source: Regional Office, SPCB, 2016)

Figure 2.2: Distribution of beds across Hospitals and HCFs

Government

Units Without

Beds

23%

Private Units

With Beds

56%

Government

Units With Beds

21%

Distribution of HCFs with Beds

1 314

126

59

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

More

tha

n 5

00

bed

s

More

tha

n 2

00

an

d

less

th

an

49

9 b

eds

More

tha

n 5

0 a

nd

less

th

an

19

9 b

eds

Les

s th

an

50 b

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Wit

hou

t b

eds


Page 77 of 120

2.2.2. Quantification and Characterization of Bio-medical Waste in Kota As per the study by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB, 2016), the rate of biomedical

waste generation in India is estimated to be in the range of 1-2 kg/bed/day12. For the cities of

Rajasthan, it is estimated that the rate of biomedical waste generation is approximately 0.200

kg/bed/day (CPCB, 2013)13. Considering the growth trend of the city and number of new

hospitals being registered, the rate of biomedical waste generation in Kota is assumed to be

0.3 kg/bed/day.

Though as per World Health Organization (WHO) only 15% of the waste generated in HCFs is

hazardous and infectious, due to the absence of segregation practices as much as 50% of waste

generated is infected and needs special treatment.

Based on the above generation rates, it is estimated that Kota generates an average of 1195 kg of

waste per day, out of which as much as 600 kg of waste needs to be handled as per the BMW

Rules, 2016.

The figure 2.3 below gives the composition of bio-medical waste.

Figure 2.3: Composition of Bio-medical Waste14

12 MoEF (2016), New Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules Notified. Available at:

http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=138353 13 CPCB (2015). Annual Report on biomedical waste management, 2013. 14 Mathur et al (2012). Need of Biomedical Waste Management System in Hospitals- An Emerging Issue- A

Review. Current World Environment 7(1), pp 117-124. Available at:

http://www.cwejournal.org/pdf/vol7no1/CWEVO7NO1P117-124.pdf

Bio-Medical Waste

Non- Hazardous Waste (85%)

Infectious (10%) Non Infectious but

Hazardous (5%)

Hazardous Waste (15%)

Non-sharps

Sharps

Plastic

Disposables

Liquid

Radioactive Wastes

Discarded Glass

Chemical Waste

Cytotoxic Waste

Incinerator Ash

Collected and

treated as

MSW

Recycled

Landfilled

http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=138353%20

http://www.cwejournal.org/pdf/vol7no1/CWEVO7NO1P117-124.pdf


Page 78 of 120

2.2.3. Segregation & Storage of Bio-medical Waste in Kota: Kota city is serviced by a private contractor “Rajdeep Biotech”, operational since 2013 and is

responsible for collection, transportation and treatment of bio-medical waste from Kota. Many of

the HCFs registered with the SPCB in Kota collect and store segregated bio-medical waste in

sealed containers/sturdy bags, which are handed over to this contracted agency, responsible for

transporting biomedical waste to the common treatment/disposal facility.

Usually red colour bins are used for storage of bio-medical waste in HCFs.

As per the Bio-medical Rules, 2016 the HCFs should ensure that the bio-medical waste generated

is not mixed with other wastes and segregated into bags/containers as per Schedule I of the Rules.

However, it is observed that segregation of wastes in HCFs is not practiced efficiently in Kota and

many of the hospitals and HCFs do not meet basic minimum requirements of segregation.

2.2.4. Transportation of Bio-medical Waste: Presently, the collection and transportation system is not systematic and is need based, with the

private operator providing transport and treatment services as and when approached by the HCFs.

Biomedical waste is not being collected every day from HCFs. The transportation of waste takes

place in a closed three-wheeler vehicle and brought to the Common Bio-medical Waste Treatment

Facility (CBWTF). There is an immediate need to supervise and monitor the collection and

transportation of biomedical waste to ensure regular services and prevent illegal dumping.

2.2.5. Treatment of Biomedical Waste in Common Bio-Medical Waste

Treatment Facility in Kota: A Common Bio-medical Waste Treatment Facility (CBWTF) is a set up where bio-medical waste,

generated from a number of HCFs, is collected and brought to be treated. The treated waste may

finally be sent for disposal in a landfill or for recycling purposes. Since the installation of

individual treatment facilities by small healthcare units would have required comparatively higher

capital investment, separate manpower and infrastructure development for proper operation and

maintenance of treatment systems it was realized that one common treatment facility can be

economical and beneficial. Also, it reduces the monitoring pressure on regulatory agencies. By

running the treatment equipment at CBWTF to its full capacity, the cost of treatment of per

kilogram is significantly reduced.

As per the annual report of CPCB, only 75% of biomedical waste being generated in the State of

Rajasthan is being treated. There are no HCFs with on-site biomedical waste treatment facilities;

however, the State has the following facilities:

12 functional CBWTFs and 3 CBWTFs under construction

Typical equipment found in each of the 12 functional CBWTFs includes an incinerator,

an autoclave and a shredder

The agency “Rajdeep Biotech” has been contracted by the SPCB to operate a Common Bio-

Medical Waste Treatment Facility (CBWTF) in Kota since 2013.


Page 79 of 120

As per the CPCB (2013)15, one CBWTF is allowed to cater up to 10,000 beds at rates approved

by the SPCB. The Rules states that a CBWTF shall not be allowed to cater to healthcare units

situated beyond a radius of 150 km. However, in an area where 10,000 beds are not available

within a radius of 150 km, another CBWTF may be allowed to cater to the healthcare units

situated outside the said 150 km.

Following the above mentioned norms, the agency “Rajdeep Biotech” has been contracted for

managing biomedical waste from two cities of Bundi and Kota which are located at distance of 40

kms. The agency covers approximately 2510 beds in both the cities which is far less when

compared to the number of beds registered.

The agency has the following treatment facilities installed at the CBWTF:

One Incinerator with a capacity of 50 Kg/Hr

One Autoclave with a capacity of 40 ltrs/batch

One Shredder with a capacity of 20 Kg/Hr

One Sharp Pit

Figure 2.4: Incineration and Equipment Units inside the CBMWTF in Kota

The ash from incineration is usually landfilled while sharps are put into the sharp pit.

15 CPCB. BMW Treatment Facilities. Available:

http://cpcb.nic.in/wast/bioimedicalwast/BMWtreatmentfacilities.pdf

http://cpcb.nic.in/wast/bioimedicalwast/BMWtreatmentfacilities.pdf


Page 80 of 120

2.2.6. Gap Analysis There is considerable scope for improvement in the management of biomedical waste generated in

Kota. It is observed that the CBWTF does not cater to all the health care facilities within Kota.

The following table no. 2.2 highlights the gap present in the prevailing system:

Table 2.2: Gaps in the Biomedical Waste Management in Kota

S. No. Description Units

1. Number of beds 3983

2. Total amount of waste being produced 1195 kg

3. Service being provided to number of beds 2510 (including Bundi)

4. Total amount of waste being treated 753 kg (including Bundi)

3. Gap in the Existing System

3.1 No. of beds being not covered 1473

3.2 Amount of waste being not treated 442 kg


Page 81 of 120

Table no. 2.3 gives a summary of the amount of biomedical waste collected from Kota and Bundi and treated in the mentioned CBWTF.

Table 2.3: Common Bio-Medical Waste Treatment Facility in Kota

S.

No.

Year Name of

Cities/Areas

covered by

CBWTF

Total no.

of HCFs

being

covered

Total no.

of beds

covered

Quantity of

different

categories of

BMW treated/day

(kg/day)

Treatment

Facilities

installed at

CBWTF

Air Pollution

Control Systems

attached with

the incinerator

Method of

disposal

treated

wastes

Cost of

Treatment of

BMW charged

by the CBWTF

Operator

1. 2014-

2015

Bundi & Kota 154 2480 Incineration:

380 kg/day

Autoclaving:

12.5 kg/day

Shredding:

4.5 kg/day

Total: 397 kg/day

Incinerator: 1

(50 kg/hr)

Autoclave: 1

(40 lts/batch)

Shredder: 1

(20kg/hr)

Venturi Scrubber

& Droplet

Separator

Incineration

Ash: Landfill

Sharps: Pit

Plastics: Auto

clave

Rs 2.10/per bed

per day

2. 2015-

2016

Bundi & Kota 218 2510 Incineration: 392

kg/day

Autoclaving: 13.5

kg/day

Shredding: 5.5

kg/day

Total: 411 kg/day

Incinerator: 1

(50 kg/hr)

Autoclave: 1

(40 lts/batch)

Shredder: 1

(20kg/hr)

Venturi Scrubber

& Droplet

Separator

Incineration

Ash: Landfill

Sharps: Pit

Plastics: Auto

clave

Rs 2.10/per bed

per day

(As provided by Regional Office, SPCB, 2016)


Page 82 of 120

2.3. Regulatory Framework Governing Biomedical Waste

Management

The Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India has notified Bio-medical Waste

(Management & Handling) Rules in 1998, as amended in the years 2002, 2003, 2011 and

2016 to provide a regulatory framework for segregation, transportation, storage, treatment

and disposal of the bio-medical waste generated from the Health Care Facilities (HCFs) in the

country so as to avoid adverse impact on human health and environment.

Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has prescribed guidelines for Common Bio-Medical

Waste Treatment Facilities as well as for design and construction of Incinerators.

However, since “health” is a state subject, it is the responsibility of the concerned State

Government to take necessary steps to monitor the disposal of biomedical wastes through the

State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs)/Pollution Control Committees (PCCs) in the Union

Territories, as per the provisions made under the Bio-medical Waste (Management &

Handling) Rules, 2016.

The State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs)/Pollution Control Committees (PCCs) are the

prescribed authorities to grant authorization for the BMW Management. They are empowered

to ensure the compliance of provisions of these Rules.

2.4. Proposed Strategies for management of biomedical waste in

Kota

Subsequent to the review of the state of biomedical waste management in Kota, it is found necessary

to ensure continuous and efficient operations and management of biomedical waste collection,

treatment and disposal. It is proposed that improvement measures be put in place immediately. The

context for improvement and key actions to be undertaken to effect this improvement are suggested

below.

2.4.1. Inventory of bio-medical waste produced

There is an immediate need to prepare an inventory of all health care facilities/bio-medical

waste generators in terms of number of beds and bio-medical waste being produced (Kg/day)

in the city of Kota.

The inventory should be made available to Kota Nagar Nigam as well as to the Regional

Office of the State Pollution Control Board.

2.4.2. Segregation of Biomedical Waste

Lack of segregation practices at the HCFs significantly increases the quantity of infectious

medical waste that needs to be collected and treated separately.


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Implementing strict segregation practices as per the Schedule I of BMW Rules, 2016 within

HCFs to separate biological and chemical hazardous wastes will result in a non-hazardous

and solid waste stream (90%) which can be easily, safely and cost-effectively managed

through recycling, composting and landfilling the residues.

Ensuring segregation will reduce the quantity of waste that needs special treatment and hence

also lower the cost involved.

Segregation will also ensure and safeguard the occupational health of sanitary workers

involved in collection, storage and transportation of bio-medical waste

2.4.3. Storage of Biomedical Waste at the HCFs

The new Bio-medical Waste Rules, 2016 have classified bio-medical waste in to 4 color-

coded categories to improve the segregation of waste at source. Table No 2.4, taken from the

BMW Rules, 2016 gives details of different categories of waste that are to be segregated into

prescribed color coded bags.

Table 2.4: Bio-medical Wastes Categories and their Segregation, Collection, Treatment,

Processing and Disposal Options

Category Type of Waste Type of Bag or Container to be Used

Yellow

a. Human Anatomical Waste Yellow coloured non-chlorinated plastic

bags or containers b. Animal Anatomical Waste

c. Soiled Waste

d. Expired or Discarded Medicines Yellow coloured non-chlorinated plastic

bags or containers

e. Chemical Waste Yellow coloured containers or non-

chlorinated plastic bags

f. Chemical Liquid Waste Separate collection system leading to

effluent treatment system

g. Discarded linen, mattresses,

beddings contaminated with

blood or body fluid.

Non-chlorinated yellow plastic bags or

suitable packing material

h. Microbiology, Biotechnology

and other clinical laboratory

waste

Autoclave safe plastic bags or containers

Red

Contaminated Waste (Recyclable) Red coloured non-chlorinated plastic bags

or containers

White Waste sharps including metals Puncture proof, Leak proof, tamper proof

containers

Blue a. Glassware Cardboard boxes with blue colored marking


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b. Metallic Body Implants Cardboard boxes with blue colored marking

(Source: As per Bio-medical Waste Management Rules, 2016)

In order to ensure minimum contamination of other wastes by the bio-medical waste, prescribed

instructions should be followed:

Bags/containers containing biomedical waste need to be labeled as specified in the Rules.

Untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste should not be

stored beyond a period of forty-eight hours.

All containers for biomedical waste must display the biohazard symbol and the label

‘Biohazard’ in a colour contrasting the colour of the container.

Containers should be leak proof, puncture resistant and sealable

Absorbent material should be added if the possibility of large volumes of liquid exists.

Microbiological waste and all other clinical laboratory waste should be pre-treated by

sterilization or disinfection before being transported to the CBWT facility.

2.4.4. Collection of Municipal Solid Waste from HCFs

As much as 80% of the general health-care waste comprises paper, plastics, glass and food

waste, which should be segregated and stored in two bins viz. green bin (biodegradable

waste) and blue bin (non-biodegradable) waste

The MSW from hospitals should be collected by KNN and processed and disposed as the rest

of the waste from the city

However, it should be ensured that the waste is segregated and not mixed with bio-medical

waste, which will need strict supervision. If required, HCFs non-conforming to the rules

should be penalized as per Rules.

2.4.5. Transportation of bio-medical waste

The transportation of biomedical waste involves two stages:

o transportation of segregated waste to storage area inside the premises: It should be ensured

that separate service corridors are provided for transporting waste matter from the

departments to a storage area and such corridors are least used by patients and visitors.

However, since none of the HCFs in Kota has any on-site treatment facility, there is no

separate service corridors

o transportation of the waste outside the premises (to the treatment/disposal facility): All the

waste being generated and collected is transported to the treatment/disposal facility site in a

safe manner.

The operator of common bio-medical waste treatment facility shall transport the bio-medical

waste from the premises of an occupier to any off-site bio-medical waste treatment facility


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only in the vehicles having label as provided in part ‘A’ of the Schedule IV along with

necessary information as specified in part ‘B’ of the Schedule IV.

The vehicle, which should be specially designed to carry large volumes of segregated waste

securely, should have the following specifications:

o It should be covered and secured against accidental leakage/spillage etc.

o The interior should be lined with smooth finish of aluminium or stainless steel, without sharp

edges/corners or dead spaces.

o The size of the vehicle would depend upon the quantity and type of waste to be carried per

trip.

o The vehicle should be washed and disinfected after transporting every consignment.

2.4.6. Establish and Institute a Sharps Management System

Of the 10% of the waste stream that is potentially infectious or hazardous, the most

immediate threat to public health is the indiscriminate disposal of sharps (needles, syringes,

lancets, and other invasive tools).

Proper segregation of these materials in rigid, puncture proof containers which are then

monitored for safe treatment and disposal is the highest priority for any health care

institution.

Proper equipment and containers (puncture proof, leak proof, tamper proof) should be used to

store the sharps, a secure accounting and collection system for transporting the contaminated

sharps for treatment and final disposal, and proper training of all hospital personnel on

handling and management of sharps and personal protection is essential.

2.4.7. Waste Reduction

Clear guidelines for product purchasing that would promote waste reduction should be

established. For example, mercury thermometers can be replaced with digital thermometers.

2.4.8. Stringent Measures on Waste-picking and Reusing

Strict monitoring is needed to ensure that reuse of syringes and other plastic material used in

the hospitals is not taking place.

Heavy penalty should be imposed on hospitals and HCFs practicing reuse and recycling of

syringes and plastic materials. If required, their registration may be revoked.

2.4.9. Compliance with BMW Rules, 2016

All hospitals and HCFs should comply with the BMW Rules with respect to segregation and

storage


Page 86 of 120

All the Common Bio-Medical Waste Treatment Facility (CBMWTF) operators should follow

the norms when transporting and disposing waste

Infectious wastes are to be stored in the designated colour-coded leak-proof containers for

safe handling and can be disinfected / sterilised by the available facility in the hospital.

Transportation of waste within the hospital is to be carried out in closed handcarts to avoid

spillage of waste to a disinfection or treatment facility.

The hospitals need to establish a bar-code System for bags or containers containing bio-

medical waste to be sent out of the premises or place for any purpose within one year from

the date of the notification of these rules;

Ensure segregation of liquid chemical waste at source and ensure pre-treatment or

neutralization prior to mixing with other effluent generated from health care facilities;

Registrations of those hospitals that do not set up individual treatment/disposal facility or join

a common treatment facility should be cancelled. New hospitals should not be allowed to

commence operation without making sure that it has a facility for treatment/disposal of bio-

medical waste or is a member of a CBWTF.

2.4.10. Operational plans for each HCFs and Hospitals

Each hospital and HCFs should develop an operational plan which includes the location and

capacity of the storage containers, frequency of collection for various types of wastes and

schedule of activities enabling smooth functioning of the system

2.4.11. Treatment and Disposal Options for Bio-medical Waste: As suggested by the Bio-medical Rules, 2016, table 2.5 briefly describes the treatment and disposal

practices to be adopted by a CBWTF in an urban area. The CBMWTF in Kota should ensure the

presence and operational condition of equipment required to treat waste as listed below.

Table 2.5: Treatment and Disposal Options for Bio-Medical Waste as per the Type of Waste

Category Type of Waste Treatment and Disposal Options

Yellow

a. Human Anatomical

Waste

Incineration or Plasma Pyrolysis

b. Animal Anatomical

Waste

c. Soiled Waste Incineration or Plasma Pyrolysis. In absence of above

facilities, autoclaving or micro-waving/hydroclaving

followed by shredding or mutilation or combination of

sterilization and shredding. Treated waste to be sent for

energy recovery.

d. Expired or Discarded Expired cytotoxic drugs and items contaminated with


Page 87 of 120


Medicines cytotoxic drugs to be returned back to the manufacturer

or supplier for incineration at temperature >1200 C or

to common bio-medical waste treatment facility or

hazardous waste treatment, storage and disposal facility

for incineration at >1200 C or Encapsulation or Plasma

Pyrolysis at > 1200 C.

All other discarded medicines shall be either sent back

to manufacturer or disposed by incineration.

e. Chemical Waste Disposed of by incineration or Plasma Pyrolysis or

Encapsulation in hazardous waste treatment, storage

and disposal facility.

f. Chemical Liquid Waste After resource recovery, the chemical liquid waste shall

be pre-treated before mixing with other wastewater.

The combined discharge shall conform to the discharge

norms given in Schedule III of the Bio-medical Waste

Management Rules.

g. Discarded linen,

mattresses, beddings

contaminated with blood

or body fluid.

Non- chlorinated chemical disinfection followed by

incineration or Plasma Pyrolysis or for energy

recovery.

In absence of above facilities, shredding or mutilation

or combination of sterilization and shredding. Treated

waste to be sent for energy recovery or incineration or

Plasma Pyrolysis.

h. Microbiology,

Biotechnology and other

clinical laboratory waste

Pre-treat to sterilize with non-chlorinated chemicals on-

site as per National AIDS Control Organisation or

World Health Organisation guidelines thereafter for

Incineration.

Red

Contaminated Waste

(Recyclable)

Autoclaving or micro-waving/ hydroclaving followed

by shredding or mutilation or combination of

sterilization and shredding.

Treated waste to be sent to registered or authorized

recyclers or for energy recovery or plastics to diesel or

fuel oil or for road making, whichever is possible.

Plastic waste should not be sent to landfill sites.

White Waste sharps including Autoclaving or Dry Heat Sterilization followed by


Page 88 of 120


metals shredding or mutilation or encapsulation in metal

container or cement concrete; combination of

shredding cum autoclaving; and sent for final disposal

to iron foundries (having consent to operate from the

SPCB or Pollution Control Committees) or sanitary

landfill or designated concrete waste sharp pit.

Blue

a. Glassware Disinfection (by soaking the washed glass waste after

cleaning with detergent and Sodium Hypochlorite

treatment) or through autoclaving or microwaving or

hydroclaving and then sent for recycling.

b. Metallic Body Implants

Details of prescribed treatment and disposal methods for biomedical waste and their operational

considerations are described below briefly:

(i) Incineration

Incineration is a high temperature thermal process, wherein waste is combusted and

converted to inert material (ash). Emission control is a critical requirement in this process.

Broadly, three types of incinerators are used for hospital waste:

o Multiple hearth type,

o Rotary kiln and

o Controlled air type

The majority of hazardous waste incinerators (>95 percent) are controlled air units, a small

percentage (<2 percent) are excess air (multiple hearth) and less than one percent are

identified as rotary kiln. Incinerators may have primary and secondary combustion chambers

to ensure optimal combustion.

Controlled air incineration now dominates the market for new systems at hospitals and

similar medical facilities. This technology is also known as starved air incineration, two-stage

incineration, or modular combustion.

Standards for Operating Incineration

Biomedical waste incinerators are required to meet the following operating and emission standards

in accordance with the Bio-medical Waste (M&H) Rules, 2016:

A. Operating Standards

i. Combustion Efficiency (CE) shall be at least 99.00%

ii. The combustion efficiency is computed as follows:


Page 89 of 120

C.E= %CO2 x 100/(% CO2 + %CO)

iii. The temperature of the primary chamber shall be 800 C and the secondary chamber shall be

minimum of 1050 C + or – 50 C

iv. The secondary chamber gas residence time shall be at least 2 seconds

B. Emission Standards:

S.

No.

Parameter Standards

Limiting

concentration in mg

Nm3 unless stated

Sampling Duration in minutes unless

stated

1. Particulate Matter 50 30 or INM3 of sample volume,

whichever is more

2. Nitrogen Oxides NO

and NO2

400 30 for online sampling or grab sample

3. HCl 50 30 or INM3 of sample volume,

whichever is more

4. Total Dioxins and

Furans

0.1 ng TEQ/Nm3

(at 11% O2)

8 hours or 5 NM3 of sample volume,

whichever is more

5. Hg and its

compounds

0.05 2 hours or INM3 of sample volume,

whichever is more

C. Stack Height:

Minimum stack height shall be 30 meters above the ground and shall be attached with the necessary

monitoring facilities as per requirement of monitoring of ‘general parameters’ as notified under the

Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 and in accordance with the Central Pollution Control Board

Guidelines of Emission Regulation Part-III.

Some other points to be taken into consideration are:

Waste to be incinerated not to be disinfected with chlorine containing substances. Chlorinated

plastics (PVC) should not be incinerated.

Toxic metals in incineration ash should be limited to within regulatory quantities.

Only low sulphur fuels like LDO/LSHS are to be used as fuel

Ash from incineration of bio-medical waste shall be disposed of at common hazardous waste

treatment and disposal facility. It may be disposed of in municipal landfill, if the toxic metals

in incineration ash are within the regulatory quantities as defined under the Hazardous Waste

(Management and Handling and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2008 as amended from

time to time.


Page 90 of 120

(ii) Autoclave:

Autoclaving is a low-heat thermal process where steam is brought into direct contact with

waste in a controlled manner and for sufficient duration to disinfect the wastes. For ease and

safety in operation, the system should be horizontal type and exclusively designed for the

treatment of bio-medical waste. For optimum results, pre-vacuum based system should be

preferred against the gravity type system.

Standards for Operating Autoclave:

When operating a gravity flow autoclave, medical waste shall be subjected to:

o A temperature of not less than 121°C and pressure of 15 pounds per square inch (psi) for

an autoclave residence time of not less than 60 minutes; or

o A temperature of not less than 135°C and a pressure of 31 psi for an autoclave residence

time of not less than 45 minutes; or


time of not less than 30 minutes.

When operating a vacuum autoclave, medical waste shall be subjected to a minimum of

three pre vacuum pulse to purge the autoclave of all air. The waste shall be subjected to the

following:


time of not less than 45 minutes; or


time of not less than 30 minutes.

Medical waste shall not be considered properly treated unless all time/ temperature/

pressure indicators indicate that the required time / temperature / pressure were reached

during the autoclave process. If for any reasons, time /temperature /

pressure indicator indicates that the required temperature, pressure or residence time was

not reached, the entire load of medical waste must be autoclaved again until the proper

temperature, pressure and residence time were achieved

• Spore testing: The autoclave should completely and consistently kill the approved

biological indicator at the maximum design capacity of each autoclave unit. Biological

indicator for autoclave shall be Bacillus stearothermophilus spores using vials or spore

strips, with at least 1*104 spores per million.

o Under no circumstances will an autoclave have minimum operating parameters less than a

residence time of 30 minutes, regardless of temperature and pressure, a temperature less

than 121°C or a pressure less than 15 psi.

o It has to be conducted once in three months and records have to be maintained.


Page 91 of 120

(iii) Microwave Treatment

Microwaving is a process which disinfects the waste by the thermal effect of electromagnetic

radiation spectrum lying between the frequencies 300 and 300,000 MHz. Microwave heats

the targeted material from inside out, providing a high level of disinfection.

Microwave technology has certain benefits, such as absence of harmful air emissions (when

adequate provision of containment and filters is made), absence of liquid discharges, non-

requirement of chemicals, reduced volume of waste (due to shredding and moisture loss) and

operator safety (due to automatic hoisting arrangement for the waste bins into the hopper so

that manual contact with the waste bags is not necessary). However, the investment cost is

high at present.

Standards for Operating Microwave

The microwave should completely and consistently kill the bacteria and other pathogenic

organisms that are ensured by approved biological indicator at the maximum design

capacity of each microwave unit. Biological indicators for microwave shall be Bacillus

atrophaeusspores using vials or spore strips with at least 1 x 104 spores per detachable

strip. The biological indicator shall be placed with waste and exposed to same conditions

as the waste during a normal treatment cycle.

Microwave treatment shall not be used for cytotoxic, hazardous or radioactive wastes,

contaminated animal carcasses, body parts and large metal items.

The microwave system shall comply with the efficacy test or routine tests and a

performance guarantee may be provided by the supplier before operation of the limit.

(iv) Hydroclave Treatment

Hydroclave is a steam sterilization process like the autoclave. It is carried out in a double

walled container, in which the steam is injected into the outer jacket to heat the inner chamber

containing the waste.

Hydroclave can treat the same waste as the autoclave plus the waste sharps. The sharps are

also fragmented. This technology has certain benefits, such as, absence of harmful air

emissions, absence of liquid discharges, non -requirement of chemicals, reduced volume and

weight of waste etc.

Standards for Operating Hydroclave

• The system operates at 132°C and 36 psi steam pressure for sterilisation time of 20

minutes. The total time for a cycle is about 50 minutes, which includes start-up, heat-up,

sterilisation, venting and depressurisation and dehydration. The treated material can further


Page 92 of 120

be shredded before disposal. The expected volume and weight reductions are upto 85% and

70% respectively.

(v) Chemical Disinfection

• Chemical disinfection is recommended for waste sharps, solid and liquid wastes as well as

chemical wastes.

Standards for Operating Hydroclave

• Chemical treatment involves use of at least 1% hypochlorite solution with a minimum

contact period of 30 minutes or other equivalent chemical reagents such as phenolic

compounds, iodine, hexachlorophene, iodine -alcohol or formaldehyde -alcohol

combination etc.

• Pre-shredding of the waste is desirable for better contact with the waste material.

The table no. 2.6 below gives an overview of all the standard technologies to be used for treating bio-

medical waste.

Table 2.6: Comparison of Treatment Technologies for Bio-medical Wastes

Treatment

Systems

Autoclave Hydroclave Microwave Incinerator Chemical

Disinfection

Description Steam

sterilization

(Direct

heating)

Steam

sterilization

(indirect

heating),

simultaneous

shredding and

dehydration

Microwave

heating of

pre-shredded

waste

High

temperature

waste

incineration

Mixing pre-

ground waste

with

chemicals

such as

chlorine

Sterilization

Efficacy

Medium Medium Medium High (total

destruction of

microorganisms)

Dependent

on chlorine

strength and

dispersement

through the

waste

Capital Cost Low Low High High Moderate

Operating

Cost

Low Low High High Low

Operator Low skill Low skill level Automated, High level High level


Page 93 of 120

Treatment

Systems

Autoclave Hydroclave Microwave Incinerator Chemical

Disinfection

Maintenance

Skills

level

required

required but highly

complex and

high level

maintenance

skill required

operator and

maintenance

skills required

required for

chemical

control and

grinder

Air Emissions Odorous,

may contain

live micro-

organisms

Odorous but

sterile

Negligible None None

Water

Emissions

Odorous,

may contain

live micro-

organisms

Odorous but

sterile

Negligible None None

Treated Waste

Characteristics

Wet waste,

all material

recognizable

Dehydrated,

shredded waste,

unrecognizable

material

Shredded but

wet waste

Mostly ash, may

contain toxic

substances

Shredded wet

waste,

containing

chemicals

used as

disinfectants


Page 94 of 120

3. Industrial Waste Management

Typically, industrial wastes are classified into two types:

i. Hazardous industrial waste

ii. Non-hazardous industrial waste

Hazardous waste is defined as “any substance excluding domestic and radioactive wastes, which

because of its quantity and/or corrosive, reactive, ignitable, toxic and infectious characteristics causes

significant hazards to human health or environment when improperly treated, stored, transported and

disposed”. Any waste, by virtue of any of its physical, chemical, reactive, toxic, flammable, explosive

or corrosive characteristics causes danger or is likely to cause danger to health or environment, is

classified as hazardous waste. Thus, a waste is hazardous if it exhibits whether alone or when in

contact with other wastes or substances, any of the characteristics identified below:

corrosivity

reactivity

ignitability

toxicity

explosive

acute toxicity

infectious property

3.1. Industrial Profile of the city of Kota

Kota has witnessed rapid industrial growth in the last few decades and is often called as the

“Industrial Capital” of Rajasthan. It has become one of the fastest growing cities in terms of

industrial development and is home to cement, pharmaceutical, chemical, drugs, petrochemical,

pesticide & fertilizer industries. Some of the other industries include cotton and oilseed milling,

textile weaving, distilling, dairying, and the manufacture of metal handcrafts, extensive stone-

polishing industry (a variety of stone called Kota Stone is very popular regionally). Kota has one of

India's largest cluster of welding units (welding rods). The large number of heavy industries has made

it the industrial heartland of Rajasthan.

Apart from the above mentioned industries, presently Kota also has:

Power Stations: Kota is the only city in India which has 3 different types of Power Stations

viz. Thermal, Hydro and Nuclear & Gas.

Kota Stone Industry: The fine-grained variety of limestone is known as Kota stone, with rich

greenish-blue and brown colours. The city has several Kota Stone polishing units. Kota stone


Page 95 of 120

is used for flooring and wall cladding, paving and facades of buildings. It is a cheap

alternative to expensive marbles.

3.2. Number of Industries in Kota City

As per the Regional Office, State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) at Kota, there are 681 industries

within the Kota City jurisdiction.

Small Industries: 657

Medium Industries: 6

Large: 18

Figure 3.1 gives a distribution of industries in Kota, based on their size.

Figure 3.1: Distribution of Industries based on size

Large

3%Medium

1%

Small

96%


Page 96 of 120

The industries are classified as micro, small, medium and large based on the investment in plant and

machinery (for manufacturing enterprises) The Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development

(MSMED) Act, 2006 categorizes and classifies industries as following16:

A. In the case of the enterprises engaged in the manufacture or production of goods

pertaining to any industry specified in the first schedule to the Industries (Development and

Regulation) Act, 1951, as –

i. a micro enterprise, where the investment in plant and machinery does not exceed twenty five

lakh rupees;

ii. a small enterprise, where the investment in plant and machinery is more than twenty five

lakh rupees but does not exceed five crore rupees; or

iii. a medium enterprise, where the investment in plant and machinery is more than five crore

rupees but does not exceed ten crore rupees;

B. Industries with a fixed asset of more than one hundred million rupees are called large scale

industries.

Out of the 18 large industries, detailed information for the 6 industries was available with the

Regional Office, SPCB and is provided below:

16Ministry of micro, Small & Medium Enterprises. Available at:

http://www.dcmsme.gov.in/ssiindia/defination_msme.htm

http://www.dcmsme.gov.in/ssiindia/defination_msme.htm


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Table 3.1: Industrial Process and Emissions in Kota City

S.

No.

Industry Product Type Process Type Annual

Production

Presence of

Furnace/Boiler

Types of Fuel

Used

Annual Quantity

of fuel use

1. M/s Kota Zila

Dugdh Utpadak

Sahkari Sangh

Limited, Rawat

Road, Kota

Milk Products Milk Processing 15000 KL Boiler Furnace Oil 342 KL

2. M/s Kota Super

Thermal Power

Station

Electricity Power Plant 1240 MW Boiler Coal 3212000 MT

3. Shriram Vinyl &

Chemical Industries,

Shriram Nagar, Kota

Calcium

Carbide &

Acetylene

Calcium Carbide

Manufacturing

99000 Ton Furnace Electricity 15300 MW

4. Shriram Cement

Works, Shriram

Nagar, Kota

Cement Cement

manufacturing

360000 MT Furnace Coal & Pet

Coke

84000 MT

5. Shriram Fertilizers &

Chemicals (Power

Plant)

Power Captive Power

Plant

125.3 MW Boiler Coal 720000 Ton

6. Shriram Rayons Carbon di

sulphide

Carbon di sulphide 4500 MT Furnace Electricity

(Source: Regional Office, SPCB, Kota, 2016)


Page 98 of 120

The map below gives the location and distribution of the above major industries across the city.

Figure 3.2: Location of Major Industries in Kota City

3.3. Categorization of Industries (Based on Pollution Index)

Very recently, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has released the

revised four-colour coded classification scheme for industries based on their pollution potential. The

four-colour coded scheme of industrial sectors is based on the Pollution Index (PI) which is a function

of following:

i. Emissions (air pollutants)

ii. Effluents (water pollutants)

iii. hazardous wastes generated and

iv. Consumption of resources

The PI of any industry is a number from 0 to 100 and the increasing value of the PI denotes the

increasing degree of pollution load from the industry.


Page 99 of 120

(Source: CPCB, 2016)

Industries in Kota are also categorized based on their pollution load for the purpose of regulating

location of industries, consent management and formulation of norms related to surveillance and

inspection of industries. Following the above classification, 681 industries in Kota City are also

categorized into Red, Green & Orange based on the total quantity and characteristic of different types

of waste generated and production in industries. The numbers of industries in each category is below

and illustrated in graph (Figure 3.3):

160 industries in Red Category

363 industries in Orange Category

158 industries in Green Category

Figure 3.3: Distribution of Industries based on Pollution Index

160

363

158

Red Orange Green

Red Orange Green

The criteria for classification of industries are as follows:

Red Category: Industrial sectors having PI score of 60 and above. These are severe

polluting industries which include sugar, thermal power plants, paints and others.

Orange Category: Industrial sectors having PI score of 41 to 59. They are moderately

polluting industries and include coal, washeries and automobile servicing and others.

Green Category: Industrial sectors having PI score of 21 to 40. They are significantly low

polluting industries

White Industry: Industrial sectors having PI score including and upto 20. They are non-

polluting industries and are exempted from requirement of environmental clearance.


Page 100 of 120

3.4. Hazardous Waste Units in Kota District

As per current information obtained by State pollution Control Board (SPCB), it is estimated that

there are at least 33 hazardous waste generating units in Kota District and their waste generation is

about 13805.2 million tons per annum (MTA). The hazardous waste being produced in Kota district

accounts for 1.71% of the total hazardous waste being produced in the State of Rajasthan. The types

and number of industries generating hazardous waste is given below (table 3.2):

Table 3.2: Types and Number of Industries Generating Hazardous Waste in Kota District

S. No. Types of Industries Number of

Units

1. Cement 2

2. Ceramics 2

3. Chemical 4

4. Chlor Alkali 1

5. Engineering 2

6. Fertilizer 2

7. Petroleum Drilling/Storage 4

8. Secondary production of metals 13

9. Others 3

Total 33

(Source: SPCB, 2014)

As per the data provided by SPCB, around 5814 MTA of waste produced falls into the category of

Schedule I17 while 7990.3 MTA of waste falls under Schedule II. The graph below (Figure no.3.4)

gives an idea about the Schedule I and Schedule II waste generated.

17 According to the HW(M, H & TM) Rules,2016, hazardous waste is further categorized into Schedule I and

Schedule II for the ease of selecting disposal options. Schedule I includes hazardous waste generated mainly

from 36 industrial processes. Schedule II includes list of wastes that are hazardous by virtue of their

concentration limits. Available at:

http://www.moef.gov.in/sites/default/files/Final%20HWM%20Rules%202016%20(English).pdf

http://www.moef.gov.in/sites/default/files/Final%20HWM%20Rules%202016%20(English).pdf


Page 101 of 120

Figure 3.4: Hazardous Waste Generated in Kota (MTA)

3.4.1. Hazardous Waste Generated in Kota City As per the latest information provided from SPCB, 2014, there are approximately 681 registered

industrial units in Kota City; out of which 18 industrial units produces hazardous waste. Further

analysis reveals that the industries within the city are generating approximately 12954 MTA of

hazardous waste that needs proper treatment and disposal. The figure below illustrates that

approximately 94% of hazardous waste being produced in the entire district of Kota is generated

within the city jurisdiction, which needs attention.

Figure 3.5: Relative Production of Hazardous Waste in Kota City

5814.9

7990.3

Schedule I Schedule II

Schedule I Schedule II


Page 102 of 120

3.4.2. Treatment and Disposal of Hazardous Waste in Kota As per the Hazardous Waste Rules, industries have to store hazardous waste properly, and in

accordance with authorization issued by SPCBs/PCCs. The waste produced either has to be reused or

disposed in captive or common Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facility (TSDF) if available in the

State, or incinerated in a captive incinerator of its own, or in a common TSDF having incineration

facility, based on type of waste.

Following methods have been adopted for the treatment, recycling/reprocessing and disposal of

hazardous wastes generated in Kota:

Common Treatment, Storage & Disposal Facility at Udaipur

Individual Secured Landfill Facilities

Incinerator at Bhairor (Alwar)

Recycler/Reprocessor of the used/waste oil

Co-processing in major cement plant

Various disposal practices employed for managing hazardous waste generated in Kota district are

tabulated below in table 3.3 and figure 3.6.

Table 3.3: Hazardous Waste Generation and Disposal in Kota District

Hazardous Waste Disposal (MTA) Total Discarded Containers

(Number)

Land Disposal* Incineration Reprocessed

6383.2 0.1 7421.9 13805 8550


*Hazardous waste is disposed in the secured landfill facility at common TSDF at Udaipur. The

Hazardous Waste (M&H&TM) Rules, 2016 has defined criteria for acceptable characteristics of

hazardous waste for disposal into secured landfill and warrants prior treatment i.e., stabilization, etc.

for certain types of wastes


Page 103 of 120

Figure 3.6: Hazardous Waste Disposal Practices in Kota District

3.4.3. Common Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facility at Udaipur Subsequent to pursuance of the State Pollution Control Board, Udaipur Chamber of Commerce and

Industries (UCCI), Udaipur identified a site (nearly 8 Hectares) near Village Gudli, Teh Mavli Distt.

Udaipur for the common treatment facility.

The SPCB took the initiative for development of Common Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facility

(CTSDF) and carried out an EIA study of the referred site through M/s. National Productivity Council

(NPC) in the year 1996. The State Board forwarded EIA report with recommendations to the State

Govt.

The UCCI subsequently constituted a Trust in 2002 named as Udaipur Industrial Waste Management

and Research Centre (The Trust) under the Chairmanship of district Collector, Udaipur for

development of disposal facility on set apart land. The Trust selected M/s. Ramky Enviro Engineers

Ltd. Hyderabad for development of disposal facility on BOT basis at envisaged cost of INR 18

Crores. The work of development of 1st Phase of the CTSDF was completed and commissioned in

the end of October 06. The second cell has also been developed which made operational in the month

of March, 2012. The State Board has also granted authorization which is valid up to 31.03.2014.

CTDF’s application of renewal of authorization is under consideration.

The facility has received 19327.63 MT of hazardous waste for landfill in the period of 1.07.2013 to

30.06.2014.

3.4.4. Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal Practice in Kota City The flowchart below gives an illustration of number of industries and hazardous waste units in Kota

along with different treatment and disposal practices.

Land

Disposal

46%

Incineration

0%

Reprocessed

54%


Page 104 of 120

Figure 3.7: Status of Hazardous Waste Management in Kota

According to data available with the SPCB, following is the material flow of hazardous waste

generated within the Kota City:

(i) Individual Secured Landfill Facilities: Sriram Chemicals & Fertilizers is the only industry

in Kota which has an individual secured landfill facility within its premise.

(ii) Recycled/Reprocessed: 6727 MTA of hazardous waste is reprocessed

(iii) Incinerated: No incineration takes place

(iv) Land Disposable: 5687 MTA of hazardous waste

(v) Common TSDF, Udaipur: As mentioned above, the facility has received 19327.63 MT of

hazardous waste for landfill in the period of 1.07.2013 to 30.06.2014.

The table 3.4 below gives detailed analysis of hazardous waste produced in industries in Kota City

and their disposal practices.

Total Number of

Registered

Industries

Waste

produced is

being treated as

MSW

Recycled/

Reprocess

ed

Non-Hazardous

Waste Producing

Industries (663)

Hazardous Waste

Producing Industries

(18)

Incinerat

ed

Individual

Secured

Landfill

Facilities (1)

Common

TSDF in

Udaipur (1)

Land

Disposable


Page 105 of 120

Table 3.4: Hazardous Waste Generation and Disposal in industries in Kota City

S.

No. Name of Industry Product

HW

G-S

ch I

HW

G-S

ch I

I

Qu

an

-Sch

I

Qu

an

-Sch

II

Tota

l

Lan

d

Dis

posa

ble

Inci

ner

ati

on

Rep

roce

ssed

Dis

card

ed

Con

tain

ers

Remarks

1. Mangalam Cement Cement 5.1 25 25 25 Sold to

registered

recyclers

2. Neershree Cement

(merged in the

Managlam Cement)

Cement 5.1 20 20 20 Sold to

registered

recyclers

3. Samcor Glass Ltd. Picture

Tube

Funnel

5.1 16.4 16.4 16.4 Sold to

registered

recyclers

33.3 3600

B-4 200 200 200 CTDF Udaipur

34.3 500 500 500 CTDF Udaipur

A-5 0.24 0.24 0.24 CTDF Udaipur

4. Samtel Colour Ltd. Colour

Picture

Tubes

34.3 360 360 360 CTDF Udaipur

5.1 7.2 7.2 7.2 Sold to

registered

recyclers

33.3 600

C-14 9 9 9 CTDF Udaipur

B-4 9.6 9.6 9.6 CTDF Udaipur

5. Barkha Enterprises Mercury


Page 106 of 120

S.


HW

G-S

ch I

HW

G-S

ch I

I

Qu

an

-Sch

I

Qu

an

-Sch

II

Tota

l

Lan

d

Dis

posa

ble

Inci

ner

ati

on

Rep

roce

ssed

Dis

card

ed

Con

tain

ers

Remarks

A-6 0 120 120 0 0 120 0 Reuse in

process/used as

raw material

36.1 2520 0 2520 2520 0 0 0 CTDF Udaipur

6. HBN Chemicals Mono

Ethylene

Glycol

20.3 5 5 5 CTDF Udaipur

7. Shriram Rayons Rayon

Tyre Cord

33.3 1800 CTDF Udaipur

5.1 2.4 2.4 2.4 Reuse in

process


8. SS Polychemicals Pvt.

Ltd.

Zinc

Suplhate

6.3 3.6 3.6 3.6 CTDF Udaipur

9. Shriram Fertilizers &

Chemicals

Urea,

Caustic

Soda,

Cement,

PVC,

Power

5.1 70 70 70 Sold to

registered

recyclers

A-6 120 120 120 Sold to

registered

recyclers


Page 107 of 120

S.


HW

G-S

ch I

HW

G-S

ch I

I

Qu

an

-Sch

I

Qu

an

-Sch

II

Tota

l

Lan

d

Dis

posa

ble

Inci

ner

ati

on

Rep

roce

ssed

Dis

card

ed

Con

tain

ers

Remarks

18.1 30 30 30 Sold to

registered

recyclers

22.3 166 166 166 Sold to

registered

recyclers

10. DKB Engineers Chrome

Plating

34.3 0.0045 0.0045 0.0045 CTDF Udaipur

12.8 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 CTDF Udaipur

11. Multimetals Ltd. Copper

Alloy

Products

5.1 0.6 0.6 0.6 Sold to

registered

recyclers

34.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 CTDF Udaipur

12. Liberty Phosphate &

Chemicals

SSP 36.1 132 132 132 Reuse in

process

D-2 6000 6000 6000 Sold to

registered

recyclers

13. Barium International Cobalt

Compoun

ds




14. Goel Matachem Pvt.

Ltd.

Ni, Co &

Cu




Page 108 of 120

S.


HW

G-S

ch I

HW

G-S

ch I

I

Qu

an

-Sch

I

Qu

an

-Sch

II

Tota

l

Lan

d

Dis

posa

ble

Inci

ner

ati

on

Rep

roce

ssed

Dis

card

ed

Con

tain

ers

Remarks

compound

s


15. Krishna Enterprises Zinc

Chloride

6.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 CTDF Udaipur

16. Mittal Pigments Pvt.

Ltd.

Zinc

Oxide

8.2 4.7 4.7 4.7 CTDF Udaipur

7.3 2.5 2.5 2.5 CTDF Udaipur

6.3 126 126 126 CTDF Udaipur

9.2 540 540 540 Reuse in

process

9.1 360 360 360 CTDF Udaipur

17. Tanwar Rajput &

Company

Zinc

Oxide


18.

Trimtalead Industries Lead

Ingots


9.2 17.84 17.84 17.84 Reuse in

process



Page 109 of 120

3.5. Regulatory Framework for Managing Hazardous Waste

The Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2015 (the

“Hazardous Wastes Rules”) are the primary regulations addressing the management of hazardous

waste in India. These rules were established under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1989 (the

“EPA”), which gives the Central Government the power to “take all such measures as it deems

necessary or expedient for the purpose of protection and improving the quality of the environment

and preventing, controlling and abating environmental pollution.

The Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 and subsequent amendments in

2000, 2003, 2008 and in 2009 as the Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Trans-

boundary Movement) Rules, regulate management of hazardous wastes generated within the

country as well as export/import of such wastes. These rules refer to effective management of

hazardous waste, mainly solids, semi-solids and other industrial wastes, which do not come under

the purview of Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act and Air (Prevention and Control

of Pollution) Act and also to enable Authorities to control storage, transportation, treatment and

disposal of waste in an environmentally sound manner.

The Rules were recently amended in 2016 to bring greater clarity to the classification of

hazardous wastes by linking generation of waste streams to specific industrial processes.

Simultaneously, threshold levels for concentration of specified constituents in wastes were laid

down to distinguish between hazardous and other wastes. The Hazardous Wastes Rules has set

out the powers, duties, and functions of different actors at various stages in a facility’s operations.

These stages can be grouped into three main categories: (1) establishment of the facility; (2)

operation of the facility; and (3) disposal and transport of hazardous waste.

3.6. Proposed Strategies to Manage Hazardous Waste in

Kota:

Hazardous Waste generated by the industries can lead to environmental pollution and adverse

health effects if not handled and managed properly. Its effective management, with emphasis on

minimization of generation and recycling/ reuse, taking into account economic aspects, is

therefore essential. With this objective, it is felt necessary to have an appropriate strategy for the

regulatory bodies, generators of waste, recyclers and operators of the facilities to minimize,

recycle, treat and dispose of hazardous waste in an environmentally sound manner.

3.6.1. Inventory of hazardous waste generation: There is ambiguity in data on industries located within the city jurisdiction. Currently there are

more than 14118 industrial units registered in Kota District; however there are a number of units

which have not been registered with the SPCB. It is strongly suggested to conduct an inventory of

industries within the Kota City Limits in order to have a reliable data source to better manage and

monitor waste treatment plans.


Page 110 of 120

Since industries change their products, processes and capacity of production, and new

industries get established periodic, updation of inventories is required.

It should be made mandatory on the part of industries to report changes/additions in

hazardous waste generation and steps taken to reduce generation of waste per unit of

production.

As per the Hazardous Waste regulations, industries are required to store hazardous waste

for a period not exceeding 90 days and shall maintain a record of sale, transfer, storage,

recycling and reprocessing of such wastes unless the concerned State Pollution Control

Board has extended the stipulated period. The waste could either be recycled /reused or

disposed of in captive or common Treatment, Storage and Disposed Facilities (TSDF)

available in the state, or be incinerated. These records are not available with the regional

office of the State Pollution Control Board, in an accessible and retrievable form. Data

recording and management process should be substantially improved, supported by

regular monitoring.

Inventories of ‘end of life’ consumer products are also required to be made.

3.6.2. Detailed Scientific Assessment of Industrial Process

In addition to the inventory, it is proposed to carry field level verification complemented

with stoichiometric assessment for each industry to estimate the approximate quantity of

hazardous waste that will be generated based on process and products.

The data acquired will help to assess the sufficiency of TSDF facility in terms of quality

and quantity and also help in planning the type of on-site and off-site treatment facilities

that may be required

3.6.3. Focus on waste from small industries

Since the quantum of waste generated from such industries may not be significant, small

scale industries usually end up dumping hazardous waste illegally. Moreover, the

transportation cost in many cases is found to be prohibitive, discouraging transfer to a

secure treatment and disposal facility.

In cases like Kota, where the number of small scale industries are high, there is a need for

common facilities at an accessible location, for storing waste from small scale industries.

State govt. should persuade industry associations to set up common waste storage and

disposal facility to cater to the small scale industries based on polluter pays principle.

If possible, smaller facilities comprising only a secured landfill including stabilization/

solidification facility or satellite transfer station shall be established, where feasible

3.6.4. Planning for TSDF Facility

Since transportation of waste from industry to the disposal site could account for a

significant portion of disposal costs, location of TSDFs should therefore be close to the

sources of generation.

It is proposed to set up common TSDF facility within industrial estates, if possible, to

reduce to cost of transportation


Page 111 of 120

As soon as the common TSDF reaches approximately 50% of its capacity utilization

further integrated facilities/another landfill cell should be planned

3.6.5. Strict Monitoring of Industries

Measures may be taken for proper placement of an online tracking system for movement

of the hazardous waste from generators to the final disposal so as to ensure safe disposal

It should be ensured that the TSDF facility is located not far off (not more than 300 Km)

from the industries to reduce the transportation cost

In cases where it becomes impossible to track down the polluter, a dedicated fund needs

to be created at the state level to which mandatory contributions from all producers of

hazardous wastes need to be prescribed. This will induce responsibility to each industry to

conform to the Rules.

If possible, some kind of “cess” or incentives (tax exemption) should be given to

industries following the norms of sending hazardous waste to TSDF.

Penal system based on “polluter pays” principle should be enforced on industries not

complying with the Rules

Surprise visits to industries to monitor and verification by SPCB/CPCB should be done

on regular basis. Heavy penalty should be imposed on defaulters.

3.6.6. Waste avoidance and waste minimization at source Waste avoidance and waste minimization is the foremost step towards hazardous waste

management which requires dissemination of information on technological options on a

regular basis.

Economic incentives like tax reduction should be initiated for motivating industries to

switch over to cleaner production processes

Industries should be urged to review the production process over a stipulated time frame

and update the technology/process to reduce hazardous waste production

3.6.7. Recycling and Reprocessing of Hazardous Waste The various opportunities for recycling hazardous waste should be looked into.

Recycling of non-ferrous metallic wastes, such as zinc dross, brass dross, used lead acid

batteries, copper oxide and used lubricating oil should be explored for resource recovery

in an environmentally sound and techno-economically feasible manner. It is known that

such processes are available and accessible to all industries.

Promote implementation of recovery of resources such as solvents, other reagents and by-

products as well as re-generation of spent catalysts.

However, it is also realized that all these opportunities are sensitive to the characteristics

of waste. For instance, efforts shall be made by industries and the TSDF operators at

specific instances where waste lime received at TSDFs can be used as raw material for

conversion to gypsum and for production of bricks (Fal-G Bricks) in combination with fly

ash. In order to promote technology up-gradation and meet and exceed compliance with

CPCB norms, it is suggested to incentivize re-processors with state-of-the-art facilities.


Page 112 of 120

Promote payback schemes as part of extended corporate responsibility in case of lead-

acid batteries.

3.6.8. Compliance with the Regulatory Framework For ensuring environmentally sound hazardous waste disposal, the Manifest System of Hazardous

Waste transportation should be followed. As per the Manifest System the transporter shall not

accept hazardous wastes from an occupier (generator) unless seven-copies (with colour codes) of

the manifest (Form 10) as per Rule 19 of the HW (M & H) Rules, 2015 are provided by the

generator.

Copy 1 (White): To be forwarded by the sender to the SPCB/PCC after signing all the

seven copies

Copy 2 (Yellow): To be retained by the sender after taking signature on it from the

transporter and the rest of the five signed copies to be carried by the transporter

Copy 3 (Pink): To be retained by the operator of a facility after receiving the waste and

the remaining four copies are to be duly signed by the receiver

Copy 4 (Orange): To be returned to the transporter by the operator of facility after

accepting waste

Copy 5 (Green): To be forwarded to the SPCB/PCC by the operator of facility after

disposal.

Copy 6 (Blue): To be returned to the occupier by the operator of the facility after disposal

Copy 7 (Grey): To be sent by the receiver to the State Pollution Control Board of the

sender in case the sender is in another State

3.6.9. Use of Cement Kilns for Hazardous Waste Incineration

High calorific value hazardous wastes could be incinerated in cement kilns. Sludge from

petrochemical industry, oil refinery and paint industry as well as spent solvent from

pesticide industries could be used.

However, sulphur-containing wastes needs to be regulated in the kilns to control emission

of sulphur dioxide and the cement plants should have trial runs with such waste.

3.6.10. Illegal dump sites and remediation:

To take care of illegal dumping, surveillance both by enforcement agencies and industry

associations needs to be stepped up.

The approach for site remediation of dump sites would vary from site to site depending on

nature of pollutants, future damage potential and remedial cost. The remediation strategy

should focus on the ‘polluter pays principle’ which needs to be strictly enforced. In such a

case, the polluter has to reinstate or restores the damaged or destroyed elements of the

environment at his cost.

To take care of cases of remediation wherein polluters are not traceable, a dedicated fund

needs to be created by SPCB/ PCC.


Page 113 of 120

3.6.11. Incentives, Disincentives and Clean up Fund

There is a need to encourage industries to develop a TSDF or incineration facility for their

hazardous waste, incentives could be provided in the form of investment allowance.

Industries generating hazardous waste in excess of the quantity declared through the

Environment Audit Statement each year or in the Manifest System for disposal of

hazardous waste should be penalized.

3.6.12. Industrial ecosystem or metabolism Industrial ecology is an approach to create interdependence and synergies between different

industries in which the waste or the by-products of one industry is used as an input into the

production processes of another. In this way, industrial ecology offers a vision of a new type of

industrial system, inspired by the functioning of ecosystems and harnessing the potential to

decrease environmental impacts while at the same time providing a new source of income.

Presence of different types of industries in Kota is an opportunity to develop a network of inter-

dependent industries. For eg. Cement industries can use waste products like slag (steel industry);

fly ash (coal –fired power plants) as cement ad mixtures thereby reducing the use of raw material.

Scrap plastics can also be used as alternative fuel for cement industries.

Reuse of Refuse Derived Fuel in cement industries may also be explored.

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