hoe effective is the alu method in detecting the difference among the racial diversity in humans?
TRANSCRIPT
Hoe effective is the ALU method in detecting the
difference among the racial diversity in
humans?
Our research will show that the ALU method will offer a good
guess of one’s race through genetics. Yet, due to human
diversity, the method will not be 100
percent accurate.
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Why is it important to look at polymorphisms
in different gene pools from different places of origin?• Can find disease that are more
prone to one gene pool.ex: Cystic Fibrosis,
• Different drugs can be more useful to certain gene pools than others.
ex: Angiotensin-Converting-enzyme
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There is no such thing as race!
What is a Polymorphism?
He has Black skinHe has black hairHe he thick eyebrows
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He has white skinHe has grey hairHe has thin eyebrows
The ALU Polymorphism
The ALU allele is located all through out the DNA.
The location in which people have it is
different.
The ALU Allele
• DOES NOT CODE FOR ANYTHING!• ALU is in the part of our DNA called “waste”
• Does not code for protein• Found be scientist to have a pattern between groups of people from different origin.
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• Becomes apart of LI during meiosis.
• The ALU sequence then has a different placement in the DNA.
• Placement random?• The reason that the ALU allele can be in different base pairs is because it has the ability to jump and move spots
How the ALU Sequence jumps
What is a Gel?
The gel is what we place the DNA in so it is
organized and we can read it later on. It allows
the DNA move which Is how your read it.
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What is a Gel?
The gel is what we place the DNA in so it is
organized and we can read it later on. It allows
the DNA move which Is how your read it.
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What is a Gel?
The gel is what we place the DNA in so it is
organized and we can read it later on. It allows
the DNA move which Is how your read it.
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How to read the results
• Move through the electrophoresis by size, the smaller pieces can move father.
• One row is for 416 and the other is for the 731.
What it means?
• +/+• +/-• -/-
Methods:How to test for the gene
Get hair/cheek cells from subjects
Methods:How to test for the gene
Extract DNA
Methods:How to test for the gene
Copy in PCR
Methods:How to test for the gene
Dye Samples
Methods:How to test for the gene
Load Gels
Methods:How to test for the geneTurn on the Electrophoresis
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Why our experiment failed!
• Unsanitary conditions• Did not extract good samples• Resources were to old
What is a Database?
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How to read the Results
Results:Figure 1: The Frequency of ALU in Various Gene Pools
Around teh World
0
100
200
300
Gene pool
Alu Frequency
Gene pool +/+ +/- -/-
Gene pool 0 0 0 0 0 0
+/+ 32 84 1 15 7 4
+/- 83 46 0 8 12 14
-/- 235 44 0 4 25 27
Europe Asia AustraliaNorth
America South
AmericaAfrica
Figure 2: The Frequency of the Alu sequence in European Gene pools
2 1 112 1616 11 14 14
2826
5230
7
119
0
50
100
150
Gene pools
Alu sequence
+/+ +/- -/-
+/+ 2 1 1 12 16
+/- 16 11 14 14 28
-/- 26 52 30 7 119
French German Greek Turkish European
Figure 3: The Frequency of the Alu sequence in Asian Gene pools
37
21
7 83
126 7 8 6
1 38 7
11
0
10
20
30
40
Gene Pool
Alu Frequency
+/+ +/- -/-
+/+ 37 21 7 8 3
+/- 12 6 7 8 6
-/- 1 3 8 7 11
Chinesse Filipino Indian(chirsti
an)Indian(Hindu
ism)Indian Muslim
Figure 4: The Frequency of the Alu sequence in Asian Gene pools
710
23
1 2
12
0
5
10
15
20
25
Gene pool
Alu frequency
Alaka Native Native American
Alaka Native 7 10 23
Native American 1 2 12
+/+ +/- -/-
Figure 5: The frequency of the Alu Sequence in African pool
0 034
14
27
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Gene pool
Alu sequence
African Nguni(South African)
African 0 0 3
Nguni(South African) 4 14 27
+/+ +/- -/-
Figure 6: The Frequency of the Alu gene in mixed gene pools around the world
0 0 1 0 0 13 0 0 1 2
14
2 1 1 0 0
30
0
10
20
30
40
Gene pool
Alu Frequencies
+/+ +/- -/-
+/+ 0 0 1 0 0 1
+/- 3 0 0 1 2 14
-/- 2 1 1 0 0 30
Asian European
Asian African
Native American-
African
Australian-Asian
African-European
Eropean-American
What do these results mean?
• The original hypothesis is accurately supported by the analysis of our results.
Europeans
People who came from Europe, 67% of them do not have the ALU allele on either of the 731 base pair or the 416th base pair.
Northern Americans/Africans
• 57% of Northern Americans and 60% of Africans, did not have the ALU allele of either of their base pairs
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Could we find a Criminal?
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Flaws with the Database
• The people tested on it were of mostly European decent.
• There were very little mixed races
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Connection to medicineThis experiment supports the scientists who emphasized that using race to modify drugs has not been a proven technique
Connection to new scientific research