8

izdj.k 1 ys

Hkkjrh; lektjpuk 1-1 fganw /keZ

1-1-1 pkrqo.;Z O;oLFkk

1-1-2 tkrhO;oLFkk ¼O;k[;k½

1-2 vuqlwfpr tkr

1-2-1 nfyr lekt ¼O;k[;k½

1-3 MkW-ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkaps ckS/n

/kekZrhy fopkj

1-4 ckS/n /keZ

1-5 egkjk”Vªkrhy ckS/n yksdkaps izek.k

1-6 iq.ks ftYg;krhy ckS/n yksdkaps izek.k

1-7 MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkaps ;ksxnku

1-8 fganw L=h

1-9 ckS/n L=h

1-10 lkjka’k

9

izdj.k 1 ys Hkkjrh; lektjpuk

izLrkouk

izR;sd ns’kkrhy lekt la?kVuk o R;kaps foHkktu ;k

Lrjhdj.kkps Lo:i R;k ns’kkph HkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkrh

thoukP;k xjtk] lkaLd`frd ijaijk o Lrjhdj.k ,sfrgkfld fo”kersoj

Bjr vlrs- dkj.k ekuo ,dthulh o loZ leku ulrks- Eg.kwup txkr

dks.kR;kgh lektkr dks.kR;k uk dks.kR;k izdkjs fo”kerk

vk<Gwu ;s.ks- LokHkkfod vkgs- ;k fo”kersP;k vk/kkjsp

lektkrhy Lrjhdj.k o foHkktu gksr vlrs vkf.k gs Lrjhdj.k

lkekftd O;oLFkslkBh vko’;d vlrs- dkj.k tj izR;sd O;Drhus

Lor%P;k dqorhizek.ks o cq/nhizek.ks dke dsys rj

egRreQy R;k lektkl feGrs- izR;sd lektkr dkgh fof’k”B

oxkZph xjt vlrs mnk- ckg; o varxZr ‘k=qiklwu lektkps

j{k.k dj.kkjs ‘kkjhfjd lkeF;Z ykHkysY;kaps oxZ o Qk;ns

ok fu;e lektkl ?kkywu ns.kkjk oxZ] vko’;d R;k xjtkaP;k

oLrwps mRiknu dj.kkjk oxZ tUetkr xq.kkaP;k dykoj]

O;Drh dks.kR;kgh oxkZr Lor%P;k dqorhizek.ks lekfo”B

gksow ‘kdrs- ;k lekt oxkZP;k dk;kZuarj lektkl tkLrhr tkLr

ykHk o vkuan izkIr gksow ‘kdrks1-

1-1 fganw /keZ %

dks.krkgh lekt la?kVhr Ogk;pk vlsy rj R;kyk ,[kkns

la?kVu rRo Lohdkjkos ykxrs- oa’k] Hkk”kk] jk”Vª vkf.k

/keZ gh la?kVu rRos txkP;k bfrgklkr fHkUu fHkUu

10

yksdkauh vkJ;ysyh gksrh- Hkkjrh; fganwuh Hkk”kk vkf.k

oa’k gs la?kVu rRo u lk/krk /keZ gs izeq[k la?kVu rRo

ekU; dsys vkf.k R;kps ikyu dj.ks vfuok;Z vlsp gksrs-

lqlaLd`r izKklaiUu vlk ,d lekt Hkkjrkr vkyk vkf.k

fLFkj >kyk ;k lektkyk vk;Z ;k ukokus vksG[kys tkr vls-

vk;Z ;s.;k vxksnj Hkkjr vkslkM izns’k uOgrk- euq”;kP;k

ckcrhr Hkkjrke/;s R;kosGsl nzfoM vlwu okuj jk{kl b-

tekrh ygku ygku iqatdk d:u okLrO;kl gksR;k- vk;kZaP;k

;s.;kus vk;kZae/;s vkf.k ;k tekrhe/;s izkjaHkh ?ku?kksj

la?k”kZ >kyk ijarw vk;kZaP;k vkdze.kkiq<s ;k tekrhpk

fVdkok ykxyk ukgh vkf.k vk;kZauk fLFkjrk vkyh2-

;K gk vk;kZaP;k LFkkuh /keZ gksrk- vk;kZauh

;KlaLd`rh tso<;k izns’kkr iljoyh rso<;k Hkwehyk vk;kZorZ

Eg.kw ykxys- vkiY;k Hkwfefo”k;h tkToY; vfHkeku]

ijLijkafo”k;h mRdV vkReh;rk vkf.k R;kaP;k laj{k.kklkBh

vkRecfynku dj.;kph fl/nrk ;k frUgh xks”Vh osn okM%e;kr

jk”Vªfu”Bk Eg.kwu fo’kn dsY;k vkgsr3-

oSfnd dkGh jkT;i/nrh dqVqacklkj[kh gksrh vk;Z

yksd fganwLFkkukr olkgr d:u jkgw ykxys rsOgk R;kaP;kr

dks.kR;kgh izdkjpk Hksn uOgrk dh o.kZO;oLFkk uOgrh-

ngk ikp dqVqacs ,dtqVhus t’kh jkgrkr- r’kkp izdkjs

vk;kZaph ‘ksdMks dqVqacs iatkckr izFke ,dtqVhus olkgr

d:u jkgr gksrh- tlt’kk vk;kZaP;k olkgrh ok<r xsY;k r’kk

izek.kkr la?k”kkZps izlax okjaokj gksow ykxY;kus

11

R;krwu o.kZO;oLFkspk izlkj gksow ykxyk- o.kZO;oLFkk

Eg.kts fganw lekt O;oLFksph ,dsdkGh vko’;d ekuyh

xsysyh O;oLFkk gks;- lektkP;k LokLF;klkBh oSfnd

n`”V;kauh ekuoh thoukr prqZfo|k iq:”kkFkZ] lkekftd

LokLF; ,sfgd vkf.k ikjykSfdd mRd”kZ lk/kkok Eg.kwu

fufeZysyh xq.k/kekZf/k”Bhr LFkwy lektO;oLFkk ;kp

cjkscj T;kaps vkbZ cki fganw vlrhy rks fganw]

fganwLFkkukr T;kapk tUe >kyk rks fganw] tks fganw

dk;nk ekurks rks fganw4 v’kk dkgh O;k[;k fo}kukauh

fganwP;k ckcrhr lkafxrysY;k vlY;kus R;krwu

o.kZO;oLFkk egRokph ekuyh-

o.kZ %&

o.kZ Eg.kts jax] lektkrhy eq[;r% pkj foHkkxkrhy

oxkZlkBh ;kpk okij dj.;kr vkyk- R;keqGs o.kZ Eg.kts lekt

O;oLFksr varHkZwr izfrek vl.kkjk o.kZ/keZ o.kZ gk jax

vkf.k /kekZoj vk/kkjysyk vkgs5- _Xosnke/khy vusd

lqDrke/;s o.kZ gk jax vkf.k mtG ;klkBh okij.;kr vkyk

R;kpizek.ks _Xosnkrhy dkgh ‘yksdke/;s T;k yksdkaP;k

Ropspk jax xMn vkf.k mtG vkgs v’kk xVk’kh lacaf/kr

lkafxrysyh vkgs6- ;ko:u o.kZ Eg.kts jax ;kaP;k’kh lkE;

vlY;kps fnlwu ;srs- lektO;oLFks o.kkZyk egRokps LFkku

vlY;kps fnlrs-

12

o.kZ fuekZ.k gks.;klkBh R;k dkGkph lektO;oLFkk

egRokph Bjyh gksrh- dkj.k nsorkalkBh lqDrs xk.kkjk]

;KklkBh d`R;s dj.kkjk vkf.k jktkyk ekxZn’kZu dj.kkjk vlk ,d

oxZ gksrk- rj ;q/ns dj.kkjk ohj iq:”kkapk nwljk ,d oxZ

gksrk- ;k oxkZpk mYys[k czEg vkf.k {k= ‘kCnkauh

dsysyk vk<Grks- ;k nksu oxkZps ijLijka’kh vR;ar lgdk;Z

gksrs- ;k nksu oxkZO;frfjDr ts yksd f’kYyd jkfgys R;kapk

mYys[k ^fo’k* Eg.kts izKk ;k ‘kCnkus dsyk vkgs- rkRi;Z

vk;Z lektkr gGwgGw czkEg.k] {kf=;] oS’; vls rhu oxZ

fuekZ.k >kys- izFker% ;k rhu o.kkZr foHkkxysyk gk lekt

gksrk- i.k dkykarjkus vk;Z mRrjkrhy fujfujkGs yksd ;k

lektk’kh ,d:i gksow ykxys R;keqGs uO;kus vk;Z lektkr

lekfo”B >kysY;k ;k yksdkapk ,d Lora= oxZ fuekZ.k >kyk

R;kykp ‘kqnz vls uko fnys xsys7- ;kuqlkj lektO;oLFkk pkj

o.kkZe/;s foHkkxyh xsyh vkf.k ;krwup pkrqo.;Z lekt

O;oLFkk vkdkjc/n gksr xsyh- ;k pkj o.kkZP;k jaxlaxrhe/;s

vls fnlrs dh izR;sd o.kkZpk jax osxGk vlwu R;kps rs

oSf’k”V vlY;kus o.kZO;oLFkk lektke/;s egRokph ekuyh

xsyh ;k pkj o.kkZr czkEg.k ika<jk vkgs- {kf=; yky oS’;

fioGk vkf.k ‘kqnz dkGk8 vls o.kkZps jax vlwu ;k vk/kkjkoj

lekt O;oLFkk vk/kkjysyh gksrh ;kp lekt O;oLFksyk

pkrqoZ.;Z O;oLFkk Eg.kwu ekU;rk gksrh-

1-1-1 pkrqoZ.;Z O;oLFkk %&

13

_Xosnkrhy iq:”k lqDrkr lekt iq:”kkps ldkjkRed o.kZu

vlwu rs ‘kfjjkP;k vo;okaP;k xq.k/kekZizek.ks rRdkyhu

lektkl vko’;d vlysY;k fo|k ¼eq[k½ j{k.k ¼ckgw½ mRiknu

¼ekaM;k½ vkf.k lsok ¼ik;½ vls lekt fodklkyk gkrHkkj

yko.kkjs oxZ dze’k% czkEg.k] {kf=; oS’; vkf.k ‘kqnz gs ;k

lekt iq:”kkps pkj vo;okaiklwu fuekZ.k >kys vkgsr vls

o.kZu dsys tkrs- iq:”k tj lektkpk izfrd ekuyk rj gs pkj o.kZ

R;kP;k pkj vo;ok}kjs fuekZ.k >kys- vls izfrdkRed o.kZu

dsysys vk<Grs- euq”;kP;k ‘kfjjkrhy izR;sd vo;okl

T;kizek.ks egRokps LFkku vkgs- R;kpizek.ks lektkr

izR;sd o.kkZl leku LFkku vkgs- T;kizek.ks ,[kkn;k

vo;okph mis{kk o gkuh >kyh rj ‘kjhj fod`r gksrs

R;kpizek.ks lektkrhy dks.kR;kgh o.kkZl gkuh iksgksp.ks

Eg.kts LokLF; fVdfo.ks dBh.k vlY;kus izR;sd o.kZ

vkivkiY;k ifjus egRoiw.kZ vkgs Eg.kwu lokZaps LFkku

R;k R;k tkxh egRoiw.kZ vkgs9-

1-1-2 tkrh O;oLFkk %&

tkr gk Hkkjrh; lektO;oLFkspk ,d izeq[k ?kVd vkgs-

Hkkjrh; lektkr ygku ygku xks”Vhiklwu ekSfyd fopkjki;Zar

vk<G.kkÚ;k fofo/krsps eqG tkrh gsp vkgs- tkrh laLFkk

dsOgk o d’kh vfLrRokr vkyh ;kcn~ny fopkjoarke/;s ,d er

ukgh- iwohZP;k ekul’kkL=KkaP;k ers fganq lektkph

tkrhae/;s th foHkkx.kh >kyh rh fujfujkGs yksd fujfujkGs

/kans d: ykxY;keqGs >kyh vlkoh- dkghaP;k ers] Hkkjrh;

14

tkrhO;oLFkk o mPPkfuPp LFkku Bj.kkjh tkrhph pkj

o.kkZrhy foHkkx.kh oa’k ‘kq/n Bso.;kps ts iz;Ru dsys-

R;koj vk/kkjysyh gksrh-

tkr ;k ‘kCnkyk baxzthr dkLV ¼Caste½ vls EgVys

tkrs- dkLV gk ‘kCn iksrqZxht ‘kCnkrhy dkLVk ¼Casta½

gks;- dkLV ;kpk vFkZ tkr oa’k gks;- Eg.kts pkaxY;k

dqVqackrhy O;Drh10

;kp izek.ks yWVhu Hkk”ksrhy

dkLVw ¼Castu½ ;kps :ikarj dkLV ¼Caste½ vlwu Eg.kts

‘kq/n11

vlk vFkZ fnlwu ;srks- Hkkjrh; lekt fdaok

O;oLFkslkBh jDr ‘kq/nhlkBh okijyk tkrks-

tkr gk ‘kCn dlk cuyk gs ikfgys rj tkrhHksnkps Lo:i

fnlwu ;srs- laLd`r e/khy tkrh ;k ‘kCnkps rs ejkBh :i vlwu

tUe&tUe.ks] tUe ?ks.ks ;kps HkwrdkGkrhy :i Eg.kts

tUeysys vls gksrs- ;ko:u tkrh ;k ‘kCnkpk vFkZ ,dkp xVkr

tUeysY;kapk leqg vlk gksrks12

R;keqGs tkr ;k ‘kCnkyk

egRo izkIr >kys vlwu tkrh Eg.kts tUe Eg.kwu oa’kkoG

vlkgh vFkZ ;krwu r;kj gksrks-

tkrh O;oLFkk gh dqG iajijsr fLFkjoysyh lkekftd

dekZph o O;olk;kph okV.kh gs tkrhHksnkps ,d egRokps

dkj.k vkgs- lektthou O;ofLFkr fjrhus pkyo.;kdfjrk lkekftd

dekZph okV.kh gksr vlrs fdaok R;k&R;k O;olk;kaP;k

xVkauk ekU;rk izkIr gksr vlrs- vlk lekt’kkL=akpk ,d loZ

lkekU; fl/nkaUr vkgs- dekZph ok O;olk;kph okV.kh gksr

vlrkuk R;k R;k dekZph dkS’kY; T;k lkekftd xVkr vlrkr] rks

15

xV vkiyh thohdk R;k dekZrwu fuekZ.k djrks- Eg.kwu

dekZyk fpdVwu jgkrks vkf.k ;krwup iq<s tkrh O;oLFkk

vkdkjkyk ;sr vlrs- Hkkjrh; lektO;oLFksr tkrhO;oLFkk

egRoiw.kZ ekuyh tkrs- R;keqGs eWDloscj ;k

fopkjoarkus HkkjrkP;k Hkwehojhy ifo= la?kVu gs tUekoj

vk/kkjhr vkgs vls lakfxrys13

rj Hkkjrh; lekt O;oLFksr tkr

eksBh izHkkoh ekuyh xsyh- fganqe/;s tUegh tkrhph

[kw.k gksr tks O;Drh tkrhpk lHkkln rks fganq gks;- vkf.k

;ke/;s tks ukgh rks fganw ukgh14

- Hkkjrh; lekt jpuse/;s

tkrhyk mPPk LFkku gksrs- ;kojp lkekftd jpuk fLFkjkoyh-

fganq /kekZps laLdkj lokZaoj >kys vlY;kus deZokn]

iqutZUe] vafre lR;] czEgdYiuk] eqDrh] vR;alaLdkj vkf.k

tkrh/keZ bR;knhpk pkaxykp izHkko fuekZ.k >kyk gksrk-

;k /keZRokpk vk/kkj ?ksÅup tkrh laLFksph mHkkj.kh

>kyh vkf.k ;kp rRokapk Lohdkj d:u R;kP;krwu fuekZ.k

gks.kkjh lkekftd fo”kerk] lkekftd vU;k; vkf.k lkekftd Js.kh

;kapsgh Lora«ki.ks leFkZu gksr xsys] vkf.k rh tUefl/n

ekuyh xsyh- ;krwu tkrh&tkrhrhy fo”kerk ijkdksVhyk xsyh-

tkrheqGs euq”;kaph fdaer xq.kako:u u Bjrk rh tkrho:u B:

ykxyh- dkekph foHkkx.kh u gksrk- dke dj.;kph dk;e

Lo:ikph foHkkx.kh >kyh- tkrho:u /kank o /kan;ko:u tkr

vksG[k.;kpk iz?kkr iMyk- ;keqGs tkrh&tkrhaps Lora= xV

fuekZ.k gksÅu ,d tkr nqlÚ;k tkrhiklwu vyx o Lora= jkgw

ykxyh15

-

16

v’kk izdkjP;k tkrh; i/nrhP;k lektjpuseqGs ,dk

O;Drhus nqlÚ;k O;Drh’kh dls okxkos ;kph f’kdou u feGrk

,d tkrhus nqlÚ;k tkrh’kh dls okxkos] dks.krs fu;e vkf.k

ca/kus ikGkohr gs Bjys xsys- ‘ksoVh R;kPkk vlk ijh.kke

>kyk dh fof’k”B tkrhl fof’k”B :<h ijaijk vkpkj i/nrh fuekZ.k

>kyh- /keZxzaFkkr ofj”B tkrhuh dks.krs gDd vf/kdkj

miHkksxkos vkf.k okijkosr gsgh Li”V dj.;kr vkys- R;kr

dfu”B tkrhuh ofj”B tkrhaph lsok djkoh vls Li”V ueqn dj.;kr

vkys16

- ;kuqlkj tkrhph O;k[;k jpuk iq<hy izek.ks dj.;kr

vkyh-

bjkorh dosZ %& ;kaP;k ers tkr gh dkgh FkksMs viokn

oxGrk ,d varfoZokgh xV vlrks gk xV ,dk Hkkf”kd izns’kkr

iljysyk vlrks varfoZokgh i/nrhps ikyu vkf.k ,dk Hkkf”kd

izns’kkr flehr vlrks- ;keqGs tkrhps lHkkln ijLijka’kh

HkkfodkaP;k fdaok lks;jhdkP;k ukR;kus lacf/kr vlrkr-

R;kP;keqGs tkr Eg.kts ukrsokbZdkapk leqg gks;17

-

pkLdZ dqys %& tsOgk ,d oxZ iw.kZr oa’kkoj vk/kkfjr

vlrks rsOgk R;kyk ,d tkr vls EgVys tkrs18

-

MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj %& ;kaP;k ers fganw

lektkph eqG jpukp tkrh; i/nrhoj vk/kkjsysyh vkgs- tkr gh

ek.klkP;k lkekftd] jktfd; vkf.k vkfFkZd thoukoj fu;=a.k

Bsors- eUkq”;kph fdaer fdaok Js”BRo xq.kkaoj fdaok

d`rhoj voyacwu ulwu rs tkrhoj o tUekoj voyacwu Bsoys

17

tkrs- tkrh; i/nrheqGs dkekP;k foHkkx.kh ,soth

dkexkjkaph o eUkq”;kph dk;e Lo:ikph foHkkx.kh >kyh19

-

tkrh ;k ‘kCnkpk vFkZ T;k iq:”k L=h xVkr vkilkr fookg

gksrkr i.k ckgsjP;kar gksr ukgh- R;k xVkyk tkrh vls

Eg.krkr20

-

1-2 vuqlwphr tkr %&

Hkkjrh; lekt gk vusd tkrh&tekrhr foHkkxysyk

vlY;kus ijaijsizek.ks R;kaph jpuk ,[kkn;k marjMh izek.ks

vkgs- Hkkjrke/;s vk/kqfudhdj.kkph lq:okr >kY;koj gs fp=

cnyw ykxys- fczVh’kkaP;k jktoVhe/;s f’k{k.kkps njokts

lokZauk [kqys >kys- ijaijkxr O;olk; Vkdwu uohu O;olk;

dj.;kph eksdGhd feGkY;kus lkekftd lq/kkj.ksrwu lerk o

Lokra«;kph uoh eqY;s lekt /kqfj.kkauh Lohdkjyh vkf.k

yksd’kkghP;k LFkkiusrwu ;k ifjorZukP;k izdzh;sl izk/kkU;

ykHkys-

vLi`’; fMizsLM vkf.k R;kuarj gfjtu Eg.kwu vksG[kyk

tk.kkjk oxZ vuqlwfpr tkrh Eg.kwu vksG[kw ykxyk- b-l-

1928 lk;eu dfe’kus vuqlwfpr tkrh izFke laKk okijyh- Hkkjr

ljdkj dk;nk 1935 e/;s ifgY;kankp vuqlwfpr tkrh gh laKk

okij.;kr vkyh21

- vuqlwfpr tkrhr izkeq[;kus vLi`’; gksr22

;kuqlkj fczVh’kkauk vLi`’; ekuY;k xsysY;k oxkZpk lekos’k

vuqlqfpr tkrhr dsyk vkf.k R;kuqlkj vuqlqfpr tkrhph ifgyh

vf/kd`r ;knh izdkf’kr dj.;kr vkyh- Lokra«;kiwohZph

vLi`````````````’;rk ukgh’kh dj.;kpk iz;Ru d:u

18

vLi```````````````````````’;rk fueqZyukus osx ?ksryk gksrk-

;kpcjkscj Hkkjrkyk Lokra«; feG.;kph nkV ‘kD;rk vlY;kus

HkkjrkP;k lafo/kku fufeZrhps dk;Z pkyw gksrs- vLi`’;kaps

usr`Ro dj.kkjs MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj gs lafo/kku

lferhrhy izHkkoh lHkkln gksrs- tsOgk lafo/kku r;kj dj.;kps

dk;Z pkyw gksrs- R;kposGsl lafo/kku lferh b-l- 1935

izek.ks vuqlwfpr tkrh gh laKk okijhr vls-

MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj lafo/kku elqnk lferhps

v/;{k gksrs- R;kaP;k v/;{krs[kkyh Hkkjrh; lafo/kkukpk

elwnk r;kj dj.;kr vkyk- Hkkjrh; lafo/kkuke/;s dye 341 vkf.k

366 ;ke/;s vuqlwfpr tkrhps LFkku fuf’pr dj.;kr vkys vkgs-

Hkkjrh; jkT;?kVusP;k dye 341 e/;s vuqlwfpr tkrh

;kckcr rjrwn dj.;kr vkyh ;kuqlkj 341 ¼1½ ¼2½ %

1½ jk”Vªirhyk ¼dks.kR;kgh jkT;kP;k fdaok

jkT;{ks=kP;k½ ckcrhr vkf.k rs jkT; vlsy rj R;kP;k

jkT;ikykP;k ¼fopkj ?ksrY;kuarj½ tkfgj vf/klwpus}kjs

R;k jkT;kr ¼fdaok izdj.k ijRos la?k jkT;{ks=kr½ ;k

lafo/kkukP;k iz;kstukFkZ vuqlwfpr tkrh ekuY;k

tkrhy- R;k tkrh oa’k fdaok tutkrh vFkok tkrh oa’k

fdaok tutkrh ;kaps Hkkx fdaok R;krhy xV fofufnZ”B

djrk ;srhy-

2½ lalnsyk dk;|k}kjs dks.krhgh tkr oa’k fdaok tutkrh

;kapk Hkkx fdaok R;krhy xV [kaM ¼1½ [kkyh

dk<ysY;k vf/klwpusr fofufnZ”B dsysY;k vuqlwfpr

19

tkrhpk lwfpr lekfo”B djrk ;sbZy fdaok rh e/kwu

oxG.;kr ;sbZy i.k mDr [kaMk[kkyh dk<ysY;k

vf/klwpusyk uarjP;k dks.kR;kgh vf/klwpus}kjk

iwohZ oDrkuqlkj vlsy R;krwu vU;Fkk Qjd dsyk

tk.kkj ukgh23

-

;kpcjkscj Hkkjrh; jkT;?kVusP;k dye 366 e/;s

vuqlwfpr tkrh ;kaph O;k[;kgh Li”V dj.;kr vkyh vkgs

rh ;kizek.ks %&

dye 366 ¼24½ vuqlwfpr tkrh ;kapk vFkZ ;k

lafo/kkukP;k iz;kstukFkZ vuqPNsn 341 [kkyh

vuqlwfpr tkrh vlY;kps ekuys xsys vkgs- v’kh tkr

oa’k fdaok tutkrh vFkok v’kk tkrhps oa’kkps fdaok

tutkrhps Hkkx vFkok R;krhy xV vlk vkgs24

-

;kizek.ks vuqlwfpr tkrh laca/kh Li”V Lo:ikr

O;k[;k dj.;kr vkyh- Hkkjr ljdkj dk;nk 1935 ;k

dk;|kUo;s vuqlwfpr tkrh gh laKk izFker% okijyh

vkf.k Lokra«;ksRrj dkGke/;s gh Hkkjrh;

jkT;?kVusus ;kp laKspk Lohdkj dsyk-

vuqlwfpr tkrh gh laKk okij.;kiwohZ iapek] ifjgk]

vR;at] pkaMkG] vNqr] tkrh cfg”d`r] fMLizsM Dykl]

gfjtu b-25

laKkauh vLi`’; lektkph vksG[k gksrh-

vuqlwfpr tkrh Eg.kts ,dsdkGps vLi`’;

o.kkZJeO;oLFksus ,dk eksB;k leqgkyk fofo/k dkj.k

ijaijkauh vLi`’; ?kks”khr dsys- R;kus lk/kslq/ks

20

ekuoh though tx.ks v’kD; d:u Vkdys gkrs- Kku] eku]

lRrk] laiRrh] laLd`rh vkf.k loZLo ;kaP;kiklwu nwj

BsoY;kus R;kph fLFkrh lekt cfg”d`r >kyh vkf.k ;kp

?kVuseqGs lektke/;s ufou oxZ fuekZ.k >kyk rks

Eg.kts ^^nfyr** gks;-

1-2-1 nfyr ;k ‘kCnkph O;k[;k

nfyr ‘kCnkpk ifrr iMysyk vkf.k nhunqcGk vlk vFkZ

bFks eqGhp vfHkizsr ukgh rj ;k ns’kkrhy lekt

O;oLFkse/kwu gk ‘kCn fuekZ.k >kyk vkgs- lkekftd

vkfFkZd ‘kS{kf.kd vkf.k jktdh; v’kk {ks=kaiklwu ,[kknk

lekt ekxkl jkfgY;kus R;kaph t’kh vourh gksr vlrs- r’kkp

izdkjph vourh o.kZO;oLFksrwu r;kj >kysY;k lektkph

fdaok o.kkZph >kysyh gksrh- ifj.kkeh lekt O;oLFksP;k

pkSdVh ckgsjps thou tx.;kl Hkkx iMys vkf.k lokZafx.k

v/kksxrhdMs okVpky lq: >kyh-

nfyr ‘kCn ejkBh] fganh] xqtjkrh vkf.k vusd Hkkjrh;

Hkk”kkae/kwu okijyk tkrks- nfyr Eg.kts ‘kqnz nqcGk

vkf.k nfjnzh O;Drh gks;26

-

pqjMysys] rqMoysys vkf.k mis{khr o.kZ vlkgh

nfyrkpk vFkZ fnlwu ;srks27

- ;kpizek.ks lektkrhy ‘kksf”kr

vlkgh nfyr letyk tkrks28

- ;kpcjkscj nkcysyk] gydh tkr29

]

vlkgh nfyrkpk vFkZ fnlwu ;srks- R;kpizek.ks fganwe/khy

rs ‘kqnz T;kauk vU; tkrhizek.ks lekt vf/kdkj izkIr ukgh30

-

vlk nfyr vFkZ letyk tkrks-

21

nfyr gk lekt O;oLFksP;k ek/;ekrwu fuekZ.k >kysyk

‘kCn vlwu rGkxkGkrhy lekt cfg”d`r] nqcZy ekxklysyk]

‘kksf”kr fiMhr v’kk izdkjph voLFkk vlysY;k

lektO;oLFkse/kwu fuekZ.k >kysyk vkgs- nfyr gk ‘kCn

izFke egkRek Qqys ;kauh 19 O;k ‘krdke/;s okijkr

vk.kyk31

R;kpizek.ks b- l- 1930 e/;s fMLizsM Dykl rQsZ

iq.;krwu izdkf’kr gks.kkÚ;k orZeku i=kr nfyr ca/kw ¼nfyr

fe=½ vlk mYys[k vls- MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj vkiY;k

ejkBh Hkk”k.kkae/;s nfyr gk ‘kCn okijhr vlr32

-

nfyr ¼HkXu½ gk ‘kCn uohu ukgh- lad`r n’kZu b-l-

1930 e/;s ^^fMLizsM Dykl** lkBh faganh vkf.k ejkBh

Hkk”kkarj gks;- fczVh’k ;klkBh vkrkph vuqlwfpr tkrh gh

laKk okijhr vls R;kizek.ks b- l- 1948 e/;s MkW- ckcklkgsc

vkacsMdjkauh33

fyfgysY;k ^n vuVpscy* ;k xzaFkkr

MkW- vkacsMdj czksdu eWu ph fuoM djrkr nfyrkaps

baxzthrhy Hkk”kkarj gks;34

-

nfyr vusd izdkjs vksG[kyk tkrks- tkrhckg; tkrh

cfg”d`r] fMLizsM Dykl] vLi`’; vkf.k vuqlwfpr tkrh35

;k

ukokus vksG[k.;kr vkyk-

;k nfyr oxkZP;k yksdkauh ckS/n /keZ Lohdkjyk rj ;k

ns’kkyk uohu thou ykHksy vkf.k rks vkiyh tyn xrhus izxrh

djhy- ;k mn~ns’kkus MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj ;kauh

1956 e/;s ckS/n /kekZpk Lohdkj dsyk-

22

gs /kekZarj Eg.kts vk/kqfud Hkkjrkr lq: >kysys ,d

uos ioZ gksrs- ckS/n /keZ uhfroj vf/kf”Br vkgs rlsp cq/n

gk ekxZnkrk vkgs- cq/nkus vkiY;kdMs ekxZn’kZd

Hkwfedk iRdjyh cq/nkpk /keZ Eg.kts uhrh ! ckS/n /kekZr

nsokph tkxk uhrhus ?ksryh vkgs- /keZ ;k ‘kCnkpk

dzkarhdkjd vFkZ cq/nkus fopkjkFkZ ekaMyk36

-

1-3 MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkaps ckS/n /kekZojhy

fopkj %&

1- lektkP;k LFkS;kZyk fucZa/kkpk fdaok uhrhpk vk/kkj

ikfgts- ;kiSdh dks.kR;kgh ,dkP;k vHkkoh lekt

[kk=hus jlrGkyk tkbZy-

2- tj /keZ pkyw jgko;kpk vlyk rj rks cq/nh izkek.;oknh

vlyk ikfgts- foKku gs cq/nh izkek.;oknkps nqljs uko

vkgs-

3- /kekZus dsoG furhph lafgrk cu.ks gs dkgh /kekZps

loZLo ukgh- /kekZP;k uSfrd lafgrsus Lokra«; lerk fu

ca/kwrk ;k eqyHkwr rRokauk ekU;rk fnyh ikfgts-

4- /kekZus nkfjnz;kyk ifo= ekurk dkek u;s fdaok R;kyk

mnkRr Lo:i nsrk dkek u;s-

vkacsMdjkaP;k ers ;k loZ vis{kk ckS/n /keZ

iw.kZ djrks Eg.kwu izpfyr loZ /kekZae/;s txkr

/kekZpk Lohdkj djkok vlk ,dp /keZ vkgs- rks Eg.kts

ckS/n /keZ37

-

23

1-4 ckS/n /keZ %&

ckS/n /kekZpk mn; gks.;klkBh izkphu dkGkrhy

o.kZO;oLFkk egRokph Bjyh- dkj.k mRrj Hkkjrkr pkj

o.kkZaph vk;kZauh rj iw.kZ LFkkiuk dsyh gksrhp rh

o.kZO;oLFkk toG toG tUefl/n ekuyh tkr vls- brdsp uOgs

rj czkEg.k vkf.k {kf=; ;k nksUgh tkrh MksbZtM >kY;k

vlwu R;kaP;k ijLij opZLoklkBh rhoz raVk pkyw gksrk-

v’kk ;k dkGkr fganwLFkkukrhy dfiy okLrw ;k ,dk uxjkP;k

‘kkD; ;k mioukps lq;Zoa’kh; {kf=; dqy gksrs- v’kk {kf=;

dqGkr xkSre cq/nkapk tUe f[k-iw- 563 e/;s >kyk- ,d

vfHktkr vkf.k gq’kkj Eg.kwu cq/nkaph x.kuk gksr vls-

cq/nkps dqy {kf=; vlY;kus {kf=; ijaijsrp ok<yk38

-

cq/n Lor% {kf=; vlY;kus {kf=; o.kkZyk Js”B ekuhr

i.k vls vlys rjh ;k lektkrwu QqVwu fu?k.;kl nksu egRokph

dkj.ks fo’ks”k ekuyh tkrkr- ,d rj oSfnd iaFkkrhy fgalk o

nqljs tqU;k /kekZrhy tkrhHksn f’kok; deZBkapk p<sy

dekZfHkeku o vki.k gsp dk; rs eks{kkl tkÅ gh Hkkoukgh

cq/nkyk phM vk.k.;kl dkj.k >kyh ;k nksu dkj.kkeqGs

cq/nkus Lor%pk /keZ LFkkiu dsyk-

ekjkpk ijkHko d:u /keZekxZ ‘kks/kwu dk<Y;koj

cks/khlRo cq/n >kyk] ;sFkwu iq<s T;kyk lacq/n rFkkxr]

lqxr] /keZjkt] ekjkftr] ftr b- laKk ykorkr- R;kus gk ekxZ

o;kP;k 36O;k o”khZ ‘kks/kwu dk<yk vkf.k R;krqup cks/k

izkIr lk/kd cq/n vls ekuysys vkgs- Hkxoku cq/nkus

24

izorhZr dsysY;k /kekZyk ckS/n vls Eg.krkr39

- txkrY;k

eksB;k /kekZr ;k /kekZph x.kuk gksrs-

Hkkjrke/;s ns[khy MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj ;kauh

dsysY;k /keZdzkarhuarj cq/nhLV yksdkaph la[;k gh

izR;sd n’kdkr ok<rp xsysyh vkgs- 1961 e/;s cqf/nLV

yksdkaps izek.k gs ,dw.k yksdla[;sP;k 0-74% gksrs

uarj rs ok<r tkÅu 2001 e/;s rs 0-77 brds >kysys vkgs38

-

;k vuq”kaxkus egkjk”Vªkrhy cq/nhLV yksdkaph la[;k

iq<hy rDR;kuqlkj nk[kfork ;srs-

1-5 egkjk”Vªkrhy cq/nhLV yksdkaps izek.k

izLrqr rDR;ke/;s egkjk”Vªkph ,dw.k yksdla[;k] vuqlwfpr

yksdla[;k vkf.k cqf/nLV yksdkaph yksdla[;k vkf.k

R;kaP;kr gks.kkjs cny ;kps lknjhdj.k dsysys vkgs-

Year

of

Censu

s

Total

Population

of

Maharasht

ra

%

Varientat

ion in the

decade in

General

Schedul

ed caste

populat

ion

% to

total

populati

on

%

Varientatio

n in the

decade

Budhist

populati

on

%

total

popu

latio

n

%

Varient

ation in

the

decade

2001 96878627 22.57 9881656 10.21 12.83 5838710 6.00 15.83

1991 78937187 25.73 8757842 11.00 95.92 5040785 6.39 25.47

1981 62784171 24.54 4479863 7.50 78.03 3946149 6.28 20.89

1971 50412255 27.45 3025761 6.00 35.87 3264223 6.48 17.02

1961 39553718 23.60 2226914 5.63 -44.39 2789501 7.05 112063.

29

1951 32002564 19.27 4003000 12.5 - 2487 - -

Source : Census of India (2001), The first Report on Religion Data

25

vuqlwfpr tkrhps izek.k o rlsp ;k vuqlwfpr tkrhe/;s

cq/nhLV yksdkaps izek.k fdrh vkgs ;kaph vkdMsokjh

n’kZfoysyh vkgs ;ko:u vls fnlrs dh] 1961 uarj

egkjk”Vªkrhy ckS/nhLV yksdkaps izek.k gs ok<rp

xsysys vkgs- ;kaps laiw.kZ Js; MkW- ckcklkgsc

vkacsMdjkaukp tkrs- R;kauh dsysY;k /keZdzkarheqGs

egkjk”Vªkrhy vuqlwfpr tkrhe/;s brj tkrhais{kk ckS/nhLV

yksdkaps izek.k gs lokZr tkLr vkgs-

1-6 iq.ks ftYg;krhy cq/nhLV yksdkaps izek.k

%&

Name

of the

Distric

t

Total

Populatio

n

Year Census Total

populati

on of

Budhist

% Total

populati

on

Total

populati

on of

S.C.

%

Total

popul

ation

Poona 23255 2001 321948 4.45 761898 10.53

5532532 1991 266002 4.81 631063 11.41

4164470 1981 215132 5.17 313797 7.54

3178029 1971 160980 5.06 175402 5.52

2466880 1961 128150 4.59 121237 4.91

1950976 1951 95 3.82 201911 10.35

Source : Census of India (2001), The first Report on Religion Data

ojhy rDR;kr egkjk”Vªkrhy iq.ks ftYg;krhy ,dw.k

yksdla[;k vuqlwfpr tkrh vkf.k cq/nhLV yksdla[;k ;kps

izek.k ‘krokjhe/;s ns[khy nk[kfoysys vkgs-

ojhy rDR;kr 1951 uarj 1981 i;Zar cq/nhLV

yksdkaps izek.k izR;sd n’kdkr ok<rp xsY;kps fnlrs ijarw

2001 e/;s rs deh >kY;kps fnlrs ijarw vuqlwfpr tkrhrhy brj

26

tkrhae/;s gs izek.k fuE;kgwu tkLr vlY;kps fnlrs Eg.ktsp

iq.;ke/;s ns[khy cq/nhLV yksdkaps izek.k gs tkLr vkgs-

1-7 MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkaps ;ksxnku

¼1899&1956½ % egkRek Qqys] foB~By jketh f’kans

bR;knhauh vLi`’; lektkP;k m/nkjklkBh eksBs iz;Ru dsys-

‘kkgw egkjktkauhgh vLi`’;kaP;k pGoGhl ikBhack fnyk

gksrk- ijarw vLi`’; lektkps ,deq[kh usr`Ro dj.ks QDr

vkacsMdj ;k vLi`’; tkrhr tUeysY;k usR;kl ‘kD; >kys- izFke

eqacbZ fo|kihBkrwu inoh laiknu dsY;kuarj vkacsMdj

vesfjdk o baXyaMe/;s mPpf’k{k.k ?ks.;kl xsys o rsFkhy

izfl/n fo|kihBkaP;k loksZPp inO;k laiknu d:u rs Hkkjrkr

ijrys rsOgk Hkkjrh; lektdkj.k o jktdkj.k ,dk fof’k”B VII;koj

vkys gksrs- vLi`’; lektkl dks.krsgh jktdh; o lkekftd LFkku

uOgrs- jktdkj.kkoj mPp tkrhps opZLo gksrs- ejkBk o brj

tkrhauh vkiyh jktdh; pGoG lq: dsyh gksrh-

vkacsMdjkauh ;k ifjfLFkrhpk vH;kl d:u vkiY;k vLi`’;

cka/kokaP;k lkekftd o jktdh; gDdklkBh >xM.;kps eukseu

Bjfoys o 1920 iklwu vLi`’;kaps la?kVu dj.;kl o R;kaP;k

tkx`rhl lq:okr dsyh- vLi`’;kae/;s vkiY;k gDdkph tk.kho

Ogkoh lokZauk R;kaps Eg.k.ks letkos Eg.kwu

vkacsMdjkauk eqduk;d ¼1920½ cfg”d`r Hkkjr ¼1927½

gh fu;rdkfyds lq: dsyh- vkiY;k lektkP;k jktdh;

la?kVuklkBh fLFkj jpuk vlkoh Eg.kwu cfg”d`r fgrdkjh.kh

lHkk ¼1924½ Lora= etwj i{k ¼1926½ vkf.k ‘ksM;qYM

27

dkLV QsMjs’ku ¼1942½ ;klkj[;k jktdh; la?kVuk o i{k

LFkkiu dsys- egkM ;sFkhy ponkj rG;koj lR;kxzg dsyk-

1920 uarj >kysY;k xksyest ifj”knkae/;s vLi`’;kaps

izfrfu/kh Eg.kwu rs gtj jkfgys- vLi`’;kauk Lora= ernkj la?k

feGkosr ;ko:u egkRek xka/kh’kh erHksn >kys o ‘ksoVh

iq.ks ;sFks djkj d:u xka/kha’kh R;kauk le>ksrk djkok

ykxyk- v’kk izdkjs iz;Ru d:ugh fganw /kekZe/;s dkghp

Qjd iMr ukgh gs R;kaP;k y{kkr vkys o R;kauh /kekZpk

R;kx djko;kpk Bjoyk- 1935 e/;s ;soys ;sFks vLi`’;kaph th

ifj”kn >kyh rsFks R;kauh eh ^^fganw Eg.kwu tUekyk

vkyks vlyks rjh fganw Eg.kwu ej.kkj ukgh**] gh

dzkarhdkjd /kDdknk;d ?kks”k.kk dsyh- rsOgkiklwu

R;kapk /kekZarjkpk fopkj lq: >kyk o ‘ksoVh 1954 e/;s

vkacsMdjkauh ukxiwj ;sFks vkiY;k yk[kks vuq;k;kaleosr

ckS/n /kekZph fn{kk ?ksryh ;k /kekZarjkeqGs yk[kks

vLi`’;kauh ckS/n /keZ fLodkjyk- vkacsMdj egkj tkrhps

gksrs R;keqGs /kekZarj dj.kkjkae/;s ;kp tkrhps izek.k

tkLr gksrs-

vkacsMdjkauk Hkkjrh; jkT; ?kVusps f’kYidkj vls

EgVys tkrs dkj.k rs ?kVuk lferhP;k elwnk lferhps 1947

e/;s v/;{k >kys- R;kaP;k lferhus ?kVuspk ifgyk elwnk r;kj

dsyk o ?kVuk lferhr R;koj ppkZ gksowu varhe ?kVuk r;kj

>kyh- 1956 e/;s vkacsMdjkapk e`R;w >kyk R;kuarj

28

R;kaP;k rksyeksykpk o izfrHkspk usrk vLi`’; lektkyk

ykHkyk ukgh40

-

1-8 fganw L=h

fL=;kauk T;k lektkr lekurspk lUekukpk o izfr”Bspk

ntkZ o LFkku vlrs- rks lqlaLd`r lekt vlrks- fganwLFkkukr

ekr`lRrkd dqVqaci/nrh gksrh rsOgk fL=;kauk lkekftd

izfr”Bk o lUeku gksrk- dkGkP;k vks?kkr ekr`lRrkd

i/nrhpk yksi gksowu iq:”k iz/kku dqVqac O;oLFkk

vfLrRokr vkyh vkf.k fL=;kauk lektkr dfu”B ntkZ izkIr

>kyk- egkHkkjr dkGkr fL=;kauk oS’; vkf.k ‘kqnzkizek.ksp

okjkaxrh izkIr d:u ?ks.;kpk vf/kdkj gksrk- rks gh iqUgk

Le`rhdkGkr gGwgGw dk<wu ?ks.;kr vkyk- is’kokbZr

L=h;kauk miHkksX; oLrqais{kk osxGs LFkku uOgrs-

fL=;kauk iq:”kkaizek.ks eu cq/nh bPNk vkdka{kk vlrkr gs

‘kkL=kizek.ks iq:”kkaukgh ekU; uOgrs- ?kjkrhy

nkxnkfxus laiRrh o ‘kksHksP;k oLrqizek.ksp L=h ns[khy

izn’kZuh; mi;qDr o laj{k.kh; vkgs- rh vcyk vkgs Eg.kwu

iq:”kkusp frps laj{k.k djkos- ijarq fL=;kus Lokra=o`Rrhus

jkgw u;s41

-

Le`frxa/k gsp jkT;O;oLFkk vkf.k lektO;oLFkk

pkyfo.;kps lafo/kku gksrs- izR;sd ofj”B tkrhauh

fL=;kalkBh dBksj fucZa/k dsys gksrs- fL=;kaoj tso<s tkLr

vkf.k dBksj fucZa/k rso<h R;k tkrhph dqVqackph izfr”Bk

o [kkunkuhi.kk tkLr vls ekuys tkr gksrs-

29

ifrozrk] ckyfookg] iqufoZokgcanh] ds’koiu] lrh ;k

vekuq”k o dzqj] izFkk] :< >kY;k gksR;k] fL=;kauh

iMn~;kr jgkos iq:”kkaleksj ;sow u;s] eksB;kus glw cksyw

u;s] ikn=k.ks ?kkywu iq:”kkleksj tkow u;s- rls dsY;kus

e;kZnk Hkax gksrks- lektkr iqjk.kkrhy jk/kk&d`”.kkps eqd

ukrs ekU; gksrs- xzaFkkrwu ekrk Eg.kwu L=h;kapk

xkSjo dsyk] nsork o x`gy{eh Eg.kwu mnkRrhdj.k dsys i.k

O;ogkjkr ek= ekrk] Hkfxuh lgpfj.kh] l[kh fiz;lh gs ukrs

vekU; d:u R;kaph foVacuk o NG dsyk] R;keqGs

fL=;kauk izR;{kkr nklh] Hkksxnklh] ?kjdke dj.kkjh

gqdweh eksydjh.k ;k ifydMsp lUekukps LFkku d/kh izkIr

gksow ‘kdys ukgh-

is’kokbZr fL=;kapk cktkj Hkjr vls- nkl&nklh fod.;kph

o fodr ?ks.;kph m?kM izFkk gksrh- ljnkj tgkxhjnkj nklh

fodr ?ksowu is’kos] ljnkj o ukrsokbZdkauk HksV nsr vlr-

iq.;kr cgqrsd Jhear x`gLFkkaP;k ?kjh ysdokGs

dqGach.kh o xqyke vlr f’kok; dlfc.kh iksjh fodr vlr42

-

ckyfookgkph izFkk vlY;keqGs lkB o”kkZpk tjBgh

vkB&ngk o”kkZP;k dksoG;k ckfyds’kh fookg dj.;klkBh

cksgY;koj p<r vls- nq”dkG] jksxjkbZ ;q/n v’kk vkiRrhr

fu/ku >kys rj fryk ?kjP;kaps f’kO;k’kki ,sdr i’kqizek.ks

nklhps thou txkos ykxs- iq:”kkauk fdrhgh fookg dj.;kph

/keZ’kkL=kph ijokuxh gksrh- ek= fL=;kauk xsysys

lkSHkkX; iqUgk izkIr dj.;kpk vf/kdkj uOgrk-

30

iqufoZokgcanh dj.;kekxs iq:”kiz/kku O;oLFksps erych

vFkZ’kkL= nMysys fnlrs- fo/kosus dk;e ?kjkr jkfgys dh]

foukekscnyk nklh dk;e Lo:ikr feGr vls- R;kauk iqjsls vUu

o oL= u nsrk fdrhgh o dlyhgh dkes d:u ?ksrk ;sr vls-

i’kqizek.ks ekj>ksM djrk ;sr vls izlaxh dkekXuhgh ‘kkar

d:u ?ksrk ;sr vls- v’kk etcqj fL=;k vkRegR;k djhr fdaok

rhFkkZP;k fBdk.kh tkowu ckGar gksowu vHkZds frFkkZr

Qsdr o frFksp os’;k O;olk; djhr43

-

lfrph pky ds’koiukph izFkk ;k izFkkgh R;k dkGkr

izpfyr gksR;k] fL=;k czkEg.k vlksr dh] ‘kqnzkrh’kqnz

tkrhrhy vlksr R;kaps thou] d”V] NG] foVacuk] voeku

;kauh f’kxksf’kx Hkjysys gksrs- /kekZarjkP;k

?kks”k.ksuarj ckcklkgsckauh tsOgk fujfujkG;k /kekZapk

rkSyfud vH;kl lq: dsyk rsOgk fganw /keZ’kkL=kauh

fL=;kaoj dsysY;k vU;k;kph R;kauk tk.kho >kyh-

osndkGkr fL=;kauk iq:”kkaP;k cjkscjhpk ntkZ gksrk- loZ

{ks=kr R;kauk leku vf/kdkj o ekukps LFkku gksrs- ijarw

euqP;k dkGkr gh ifjfLFkrh cnyyh- fL=;kaps loZ vf/kdkj

euqus dk<wu ?ksrys- ^^pwy vkf.k eqy** brdsp R;kaps

dk;Z{ks= flfer dsys xsys ;kf’kok; fL=yk lairhP;k

f’k{k.kkP;k vf/kdkjkiklwu oafpr Bsoys- ,dw.kp L=h

Lokra«;koj euqus laiw.kZ ca/kus yknyh gGwgGw

fL=;kaP;k vourhyk lq:okr >kyh44

-

31

gh ifjfLFkrh cny.;klkBh o fL=;kauk leku gDd izkIr

d:u ns.;klkBh ckcklkgsckauh ,d elwnk r;kj dsyk- rksp

^^fganw dksM chy** Eg.kwu vksG[kys tkrks- ;k fcykus

ikjaikfjd cgqiRuhoj canh ?kkryh fL=yk ;ksX; dkj.kklkBh

?kVLQksVkpk o uoÚ;kiklwu osxGs jkg.;kpk vf/kdkj fnyk-

eqykaP;k cjkscjhus eqyhauk ekyeRrspk okjlk fnyk45

-

1-9 ckS/n L=h

loZlkekU; Hkkjrh; L=h;kapk fopkj dsY;kuarj vls

fnlwu ;srs dh] Hkkjrh; lektkps Lrjhdj.k QDr vkfFkZd

fud”kkaoj gksr ukgh rj nqnSZOkkus R;kaP;k tkrhpkgh

fopkj dsyk tkrks- R;kauk dks.kR;kgh ljdkjh loyrhapk

Qk;nk feGok;pk vlsy rj R;kauk vkiY;k tkrhpk ukefunsZ”k

djkokp ykxrks- vkt lekt lajpusrhy fuEur Lrjkl vuqlwphr ok

nfyr v’kh laKk vkgs- T;kauk oSfnd dkGkr ‘kqnz ;k

ukokus vksG[kys tkrs- MkW- jke’kj.k ;kaP;k ers

vFkZosnkP;k izkjaHkh ‘kqnz ;k ‘kCnkph mRiRrh

‘kqdz$nz g;k nksu o.kkZus cuyh vlwu T;kpk vFkZ nq%[k

fufeZrh vlk vkgs- rj iqjk.k okMe;kr ‘kqnzkph fufeZrh ‘kqp

Eg.kts nq%[kh gks.ks o bdMs frdMs HkVd.ks ok fucZy

fuLrst vlk vkgs46

- rlsp vusd fBdk.kh ‘kqnzk,soth nklh gk

‘kCn okijyk xsyk vlwu ‘kqnz o nklh gs ‘kCn lekukFkhZ

okijys tkr vlkosr47

- g;krwu ‘kqnz L=hps oSfnd dkGkrhy

dkegh ‘kqnz iq:”kkizek.ksp lsok gsp vlkos-

32

‘kqnz iq:”kkaP;k Hkk;kZaps thou rls gkyk[khpsp

gksr R;kauhgh mPpo.khZ;kaP;k ?kjh ?kjxqrh dkes djkoh

ykxrp f’kok; R;kaP;k tkrhl fpdVysyk O;olk; iq:”kkaizek.ks

R;kaukgh djkok ykxsp- R;kizek.ks ‘kqnz iq:”kkl nkl vls

lacks/kr ek= ;k nkl vkf.k nklh ;kapk vFkZ xqyke uls48

-

?kjdkekcjkscjp ‘kqnz L=hl ‘ksretqjh] jLrs >kM.ks

eSyk MksD;ko:u okgwu us.ks esysyh tukojs vks<qu

xkokckgsj us.ks b- dkes iq:”kkaizek.ks djkoh ykxrp-

oSfnd dkGkr ‘kqnz iq:”k lsosO;frfjDr ‘ksrhgh djr o

dkght.k ‘ksretqjhgh djhr ts Lor%ph ‘ksrh djr R;kauk

Eg.kts ‘ksrekydkl dj |kos ykxs] R;kauk dj Hkjrk u vkY;kl

R;kaP;k eqykckGkauk o fL=;kauk ‘ksr ekydkdMs vktUe

dkegh djkos ykxs R;kauk d`”khnkl Eg.kr Eg.kts

mPpo.khZ; L=h lkj[ks frps thou dsoG pqy vkf.k eqy

g;kaP;k’khp QDr cka/khy uOgrs- rj vkfFkZd tckcnkjhgh

frpsoj gksrh- dkSVhY;kus rj vlk fu;ep ?kkyqu fnyk gksrk

dh] ‘ksrh o i’kqikyu dj.kkÚ;k ‘kqnz iq:”kkaP;k dk;kZph

tckcnkjgh R;kaP;k fL=;koj vkgs49

- lkjka’k L=hyk irhcjkscj

‘ksrkojgh jkckos ykxs f’kok; Lor%P;k ?kjdkekcjkscj

‘ksrekydkP;k ?kjh ‘ksretqjhgh djkoh ykxs-

ckS/n dkGkr ek= fL=;kaP;k LFkkukr [kqip Qjd

iMyk- ckS/n dkGkr L=h;kauhgh la?kkr izos’k feGowu

izfr”Bk feGfoyh vkRefo’okl o mUurh vkRelkr dsyh- mnk

% xkSreh lqtkrk ek= cq/n dkGkr feGkysys gs Lora=

33

LFkku euqus /kkfeZd dk;|kr tk-pd ca/kus fygwu u”V

dsys- R;keqGs v/;;ukph la/kh ek= loZp fL=;kaph xsyh o

‘kqnz fL=;k vKkukcjkscjp nkfjnz;klgh cGh tkÅ ykxY;k

R;keqGs R;kaps LFkku ‘kqnzkgwu’kqnz g;k ikrGhoj

xsys- nfyr lektkrhy ok ‘kqnz fL=;kauk tjh mPp o.khZ;

fL=;kaizek.ks lrh o fo/kok fookg canh lkj[;k :<hauk cGh

tkos ykxys ulys rjh cyqr ekx.ks] nsonklhpk izdkj] vaxkr

;s.ks] yXulekjaHkkrhy :<h ijaijk b- lkj[;k va/kJ/nkauk cGh

tkos ykxys vkgs50

-

gGwgGw lektkoj baxztkaP;k ik’pkR; laLd`rhpk

izHkko iMw ykxyk o mPp lektkrhy lqf’kf{kr o fopkjoar

yksdkauh va/kJ/nk vMk.khi.kk ;k cn~ny fopkj dj.;kl lq:okr

dsyh- xksjs fczVh’k yksd vLi`’;rk oxSjs ekur ulY;kus

vusd ‘kqnz fL=;k R;kaP;k ?kjkrhy gydhlydh dkes o eqys

lkaHkkG.ks b- dkes djhr v’kkp ,dk xksÚ;k lkgsckdMs

dke dj.kkÚ;k lxq.kkckbZ leosr vkysY;k iksjD;k T;ksrhyk

g;k uO;k lq/kkj.kkoknh ftoukps egRo dGys gsp rs

vLi`’;ks/nkj dj.kkjs uh L=h f’k{k.kkl pky.kk ns.kkjs egku

vk| lektlsod egkRek T;ksrhck Qqys gksrs51

- xksÚ;k

fe’kuÚ;kauh eqyhaP;klkBh ‘kkGk lq: dsY;k rjh lukruh

yksdkapk R;kauk Qkjlk ikBhack feGkyk ukgh- Eg.kwu

Li`’; fganwP;k fojks/kkl u tqekurk b-l- 1848 lkyh

QqY;kauh izFke eqyhalkBh cq/kokj isBsr ‘kkGk lq: dsyh-

rj R;kP;k ikBksikB b-l- 1848 rs 52 ;k o”kkZP;k dkGkr

34

vLi`’p eqys o eqyh ;kaP;klkBh fujfujkG;k xkokrwu o

egkjk”Vªkrwu ‘kkGk lq: dsY;k52

-

Qqys nkaiR;kauh lekt fopkjkP;k ewG xkH;kykp gkr

?kkywu ,dw.k L=hl lUeku cgky dsys- ‘kkfjjhd d”Vkph

dkes djrkp vLi`’; L=hgh cnyR;k dkGkizek.ks f’k{k.kkP;k

macjB;koj mHkh jkfgyh- folkO;k ‘krdkP;k lq:okrhl tkr

iapk;rhus fryk uoÚ;kl lksMfpV~Bh ns.;kps] iqufoZokg

dj.;kps o ikV yko.;kpk vf/kdkj iqUgk fnyk- brj Li`’;

fL=;kaP;k rqyusr frps dkSVqafcd LFkku ux.; uOgrs-

rjhgh L=h&iq:”k laca/kkrhy uSfrdrsP;k vf/kdkjkpk iz’u

nqyZf{kyk tkr uls53

-

nfyr fL=;kaP;k ifjorZukpk vR;ar izHkkoh vfo”dkj

MkW- vkacsMdjkaP;k pGoGhrwu fnlwu vkyk R;kr

iq:”kkacjkscj L=h;kaukgh lgHkkxh dj.;kr vkys- R;kosGh

MkW- vkacsMdjkauh R;kauk uoh n`”Vh fnyh o uO;k

txkps Hkku Bso.;kcnny vkOgku dsys54

-

uqLkR;k pGoGhus lekt lq/kkjr ukgh rj ?kVusrhy

gDd o dk;ns g;kaP;k vk/kkjs lekt lq/kkj.ksl pkyuk feGsy

gs R;kauh vksG[kys R;klkBh tUeHkj >Vys o Lora=

HkkjrkP;k ?kVusr g;k fof’k”V lektkl vuqdwy v’kk dkgh

?kVdkapk lekos’k dsyk- brdsp uOgs rj T;k lektkr

L=h;kaph vogsyuk gksrs R;k /kekZpk Lor% R;kx dsyk o

lektkl djko;kl ykowu uockS/n lektkph chts jksoyh-

35

vktph nfyr L=h th lgt] LokfHkekuh vkf.k vU;k;kpk

izfrdkj dj.;klkBh lTt >kysyh fnlrs- R;kaps ,deso dkj.k

Lokra«;iqoZ dkGkr nfyr L=h iq:”kkauh o dk;ZdR;kaZuh

th ftokikM ijkdk”Vk dsyh gs vkgs- vktph nfyr L=h dkyP;k

nfyr L=hP;k [kka|koj mHkh vkgs-

MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj o R;kaP;k vuq;k;kauh

nfyr L=h ;kauk f’k{k.k ?ks.;kl izo`Rr dsyss] o tj L=h oxkZr

tkx`rh >kyh rj R;k vLi`’; lektkr Qkj eksBh izxrh ?kMow

‘kdrkr vls okjaokj vkiY;k Hkk”k.kkrwu ys[kukrwu lkafxrys-

R;kp izek.ks L=h;kauh fdrh izek.kkr izxrh dsyh ;ko:u eh

nfyr lektkP;k izxrhps eksteki djrks55

- vls R;kauh vkOgku

dsys- lk/kkj.kr% Li`’; o vLi`’; L=hl ,dk osGh f’k{k.kkph

la/kh izkIr >kyh- rjh vkfFkZd ok lkekftd lqfLFkrheqGs

Li`’; L=h ftrD;k >ikV;kus f’k{khr gksÅ ‘kdrs] r’kh izxrh

vLi`’; L=h d: ‘kdyh ukgh- ek= ;kaP;k ‘kS{kf.kd izdzh;sr

ekax o pkaHkkj tkrhrhy L=h;kais{kk rqyusr ckS/n f’k{khr

L=h;kaph la[;k usgehp tkLr vkgs-

vktph nfyr L=h dkgh izek.kkr f’kdyh vkgs-

R;kpizek.ks Lor%yk f’kdrk vkys ukgh rjh Lor%P;k

eqykckGkauk rjh fuf’pr f’k{k.k |kos ,o<h tkx`drrk

rhP;ke/;s fuekZ.k >kyh vkgs- uksdjhP;k fufeRrkus

vuqlwfpr tkrhP;k fL=;kauk brj tkrh; fL=;kaizek.ks LoPNrk]

iks”kk[kkrhy VkiVhi vkf.k jkg.khekukr cny dsyk-

36

R;kP;ke/;s ^^,d fof’k”B e/;eoxZ o czkEg.khdj.k gksÅ

ykxys**] vls n;k iokj ;kaps er vkgs56

-

ek= iwohZP;k nfyr L=h;kais{kk fo’ks”kr% lqf’kf{kr

L=hl thou la?k”kkZl deh izek.kkr rksaM |kos ykxY;kus

R;kauk R;kaP;k Lotkrh; cka/kokP;k thoukrhy

laa?k”kkZph tk.k dnkfpr gksr ulkoh vls okVrs- ek= MkW-

‘kadjjko [kjkr ;kaP;k ;k laca/khpk fopkj dkghlk osxGk

vkgs- R;kaP;k ers vkt ts nfyr L=hps :i vki.kkl fnlrs rs

czkEg.khdj.k ok e/;eoxhZ;kaps izfrd ulwu lkekftd ifjorZu

gksr vkgs o R;kaP;k LFkkukrgh ifjorZu gksr vkgs- loZ

lektkcjkscj ;k lektkusgh uohu eqY;kapk Lohdkj dsyk

vkgs- lekt fodkl izfdz;sr uohu eqY;kapk Lohdkj djrkuk

fnlrks- R;krwup ,d uolekt fuekZ.k gksrks vlk uolket

vuqlwfpr tkrhe/;sgh cuyk57

-

1-10 lkjka’k %

cq/n ;k laLFkkidkus vkiY;k /kekZP;k vk/kkjs cgqtu

lektkP;k Hkk”ksr vkiY;k /keZRokpk izlkj d:u v/;kRed

mUurhph nkjs loZ tkrh/kekZP;k yksdkauk [kwys dsyh

vkf.k vLi`’; tkrhP;k yksdkaukgh vkiY;k /kekZph fn{kk

nsowu brjkaP;k cjkscjhus fHk{kw la?kkr lkehy d:u

?ksrys- dkgh dkG ;k /kekZpk izlkj >kyk vkf.k

tkrhlaLFksP;k ladqphr i.kkyk R;keqGs vkGkgh clyk-

ek= o.kZO;oLFksph ikus&eqGs [k.kwu dk<.;kr gk

/keZ ;’kLoh >kyk ukgh- eqlyekuh vkdze.kkP;k dkGkr

37

Hkkjrkrhy ‘kgjh vkf.k xzkeh.k thoukr ts cny >kys R;k

vuq”kaxkus bLyke] ckS/n] tSu v’kk loZp /kekZauh

izpkjkyk lq:okr dsyh- fo’ks”kr% 11O;k ‘krdkuarj ckS/n

tSu /kekZrhy mnkjeroknkapk okjlk iq<s pkyfo.kkjs

HkDrhiaFk mn;kl vkys- ijes’ojkaph vki.k lkjs ysdjs vkgksr

R;kyk vki.k loZt.k lkj[ksp vkgksr- ijes’oj HkkoHkDrhP;k

fueZG var%dj.k o ‘kq/n ikfo«;kpk Hkqdsyk vlrks- bR;knh

ikjekfFkZd f’kdo.kheqGs ‘kqnzkaP;k vk/;kfRed

mRd”kkZpk ekxZ R;kauh eksdGk dsyk- ijarw lk/kq

larkph gh pGoG /kkfeZd {ks=kiqjrhp e;kZfnr gksrh-

tUefl/n tkrh O;oLFksoj R;krwu fuekZ.k gks.kkÚ;k Hk;kud

fo”kersoj R;kauh vk?kkr dsys ukgh- myV fganw/kekZrhy

deZoknkpk R;kaP;koj tcjnLr izHkko gksrk- R;keqGs

fganw lektkiklwu vyx jkgwup vLi`’;kauk R;kapk

vkReks/nkj dj.;kph okV eksdGh jkghy- fganw /kekZP;k

pkSdVhyk /kDdk clyk ukgh- Hkkjrh; lektkpk ik;k xkao

vkf.k tkr dk;e jkfgyh- ijarw ;k fganw /kekZus fL=;kauk

brdh dBksj fu;e o ca/kus yknyh dh] L=h o ‘kqnz gs leku

ekuys tkow ykxys- ;ke/;s fL=yk egRo nsowu egkRek

Qqys ;kauh fL=;kaP;k m/nkjklkBh ‘kkGk dk<wu vkiys

dk;Z lq: dsys- [kkl d:u ekax o egkj tkrhP;k fL=;kalkBh

‘kkGk lq: dsyh- ifrozrk] ckyfookg] iqufoZokg canh]

ds’koiu] lrh bR;knh :<h ijaijke/;s L=h HkjMyh tkr gksrh-

fL=;kauk gl.;kpk] eksB;kus cksy.;kpk vf/kdkj uOgrk]

fL=ps vfLrRo dsoG pqy vkf.k eqy ,o<sp gksrs- ;kgwugh

38

okbZV fLFkrh vLi`’; fL=ph gksrh- fryk ?kjkrhy dkekcjkscj

irhcjkscj ckgsjgh dke djkos ykxs] f’kok; iksVkpk iz’u

Eg.kwu mPpo.khZ;kaph ?kjh dkes djkoh ykxyh- rlsp

vLi`’; L=h Eg.kwu mPpo.khZ;kaps ns[khy fu;e ikGkos

ykxys- rlsp dsoG L=h Eg.kwu ?kjkrhy ca/kus ;keqGs

vLi`’; L=hps thou vf/kdp gkyk[khps gksrs-

;k fL=;kaP;k gkyk[khP;k iz’ukapk vH;kl d:u Qqys

nkaiR; o MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj ;kauh fL=P;k

fodklklkBh [kÚ;k vFkkZus iz;Ru dsys- Qqys nkaiR;kauh

‘kkGk dk<Y;k R;keqGs fL=l f’k{k.kkpk vf/kdkj feGkyk-

MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkauh fganw dksMfcyklkj[ks

‘kL= oki:u lekurspk vf/kdkj fnyk- R;keqGs ckS/n L=h

f’kdyh o f’kdwu Lor%ph izxrh dsyh-

lanHkZ lqph

1) Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar (1970), “Who are the shudras”

published by Dinkar Sakruikar & Thucker and company Ltd.

Page No. -18

2) Kenneth W. Morgen (1953), “The religion of Hindu”

The Ronald press company, Page No :-16

3) Ibid, page No. 17

4) Ibid, page No. 22

5) K.P. Bahadur, “A History of Indian Civilisation Vol. 1

Publication New Delhi, P.No. :- 25

39

6) ia-egknso ‘kkL=h tks’kh ¼1976½] ^^Hkkjrh;

laLd`rh dksu&6**] Hkkjrh; laLd`rh dks’k

eaMG iq.ks] iku ua-&3

7) r=So] iku ua- 5]

8) Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar (1970)

Op cit page No.-18

9) Govind Das (1908) “Hinduism and India” London & Benares

Theosophical Publishing New, P.No. :- 154

10) J.H. Hutton (1951) “Caste in India” Oxford University press,

London P. NO. 147

11) K.L. Mukhopadhyay 2002, Origin and growth of caste in India

Vo. 1, Kalpaz Publication, New Delhi.

12) ukenso OgVdj ¼1962½ Hkkjrkrhy tkrhHksn o

R;koj mik;] ;’kJh izdk’ku] dksYgkiwj] ikua-

87

13) Andre Beteille (1969) Caste: Old and News Asia publishing

House Bombay P. No. 31

14) Ibid, page no. 34

15) Ibid, page no. 35

16) I.S.S. Omalley (1974) Indian Caste Customs Vikas publishing

house and Ltd. (Indian), P.No. 19

17) izk- ;’koar lqear] MkW- nRrk=; iqaMs

¼1988½ egkjk”Vªkrhy tkrh laLFkkfo”k;d

fopkj] izfrek izdk’ku iq.ks]

40

ik-ua- 256

18) fLerk ‘kekZ ¼1987½] lekt’kkL= ds fl/nkar] l:i

vWUM lUl esjB] iku ua- 25

19) ‘kadjjko [kjkr ¼2004½] vLi`’;kapk eqDrh

laxzke] banzk;.kh lkfgR; izdk’ku iq.ks] iku ua-

3

20) fo-u- dkdklkgsc cjcs ¼1948½] ekuo/keZ

fofopu

egkjk”Vª gfjtu lsod la?k /kqGs] iku- ua- 111

21) Joseph Benjamim (1989), “Schedules Castes in India Politics &

Society, Ess. Ess. publication New Delhi, P.No. – 11

22) Ibid] P.No. – 11

23) Hkkjrkps lafo/kku ¼1983½] ¼Hkkjr

ljdkj&fo/kh U;k; o daiuh dk;Z ea=ky;½]

egkjk”Vª jkT;kP;k Hkk”k.k lapkyuk}kjs

vuqoknhr vkf.k lapkyd eqnz.k o ys[ku

lkexzh egkjk”Vª jkT; ;kaP;k}kjs Hkkjr ljdkjP;k

orhus eqfnzr o izdkf’kr-] ikua ua- 106-

24) r=So] iku ua- 121

25) Ghanshyam Shah (2001) “Dalit identity and politics”

Saga Publication New Delhi P.No. 195

26) Ibid, Page No. 221

41

27) n-g- vXuhgks=h ¼1984½] vfHkuo

ejkBh&ejkBh ‘kCndks’k&3] fOgul izdk’ku

iq.ks

28) ifjey ‘kCndks’k ¼ejkBh&baxzth&fganh½

29) MkW- iz-ua- tks’kh ¼1982½] vkn’kZ ejkBh

‘kCndks’k

fonHkZ ejkBokMk cqd daiuh] iq.ks] ik-ua-

513

30) dkfynk iznkl jkt oYyHk ¼2003½] c`gr fganh

dks’k

KkueaMy fy- okjk.klh jkeuoeh laor] iku ua-

613

31) /kuat; dhj ¼1966½] MkW- ckcklkgsc

vkacsMdj

ikWI;qyj izdk’ku izk-fy-]iku ua- 865

32) r=So] iku ua- 466

33) egknso ‘kkL=h tks’kh ¼1970½] ^^Hkkjrh;

laLd`rh dks”k & 6**] Hkkjrh; laLd`rh dks’k

eaMG iq.ks] ikua- & 3

34) Census of India (2001), The first Report on Religion Data

42

35) ‘kadjjko [kjkr&2006] MkW- ckcklkgsc

vkacsMdjkaps /kekZarj] banzk;.kh lkfgR;

izdk’ku] iq.ks] iku ua- 72

36) /kuat; dhj&1966] MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj]

ikWI;qjy izdk’ku izk-fy-]iku ua- 463

37) fo-ok-ckiV&1935] ckS/nn’kZu lkj] czEgfo|k

xzaFkekyk

iku ua- 11

38) Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, 2007, Bauddha and his Dhamma, Popular

Publication, Mumbai, Page No. 83.

39) r=So

40) larks”k nkLrkus] ^^ egkjk”Vª 2011**] nkLrkus

jkepanz vkf.k da- iq.ks 30] iku ua- 31

41) ljkst dkacGs ¼1999½] euqLe`rh fL=;k] MkW-

vkacsMdj

lkfo=hckbZ Qqys izdk’ku] iku ua- 74

42) MkW- ‘kekZ jke’kj.k ¼1979½] ^^‘kqnzks dk

izkfpu bfrgkl

vuqla/kku ifj”kn] U;w fnYyh] iku ua- 23

43) xa-jk-lkus ¼1930½] Hkkjr o”kkZpk /kkfeZd

bfrgkl

43

egkjk”Vª lkfgR; lsod xzaFkekyk iq.ks] ikua

ua- 45

44) /kekZuan dkslach ¼1910½] ^^cq/n /keZ vkf.k

la?k**

fu.kZ; lkxj Nki[kkuk eqacbZ] iku ua- & 16

45) r=So] iku ua- & 17

46) ‘kksHkk Hkkxor] 1980] ^^nfyr iq:”kkP;k

vkRepfj=krhy loZ izfrek**] ¼vko`Rrh izFke½]

L=h ok.kh izdk’ku iq.ks&30

iku ua- 17

47) r=So] iku ua- & 18

48) Jherh iokj mfeZyk o ewu feuk{kh ¼1981½]

^^vkEgh bfrgkl ?kMfoyk**] L=h izdk’k

eqacbZ] iku ua- 1@2

49) r=So] iku ua- & 4

50) fyckaGs ‘kj.k dqekj ¼1981½] ^^nfyr lkfgR;**

¼xaxk/kj ikurko.ks½] izpkj izdk’ku dksYgkiwj]

iku ua- & 104

51) r=So] iku ua- & 102

52) MkgkV] /kujkt 1990] Qqys vkacsMdjh pGoG]

izes; izdk’ku ukxiwj] iku ua & 20

44

53) r=So] iku ua- 22

54) jkolkgsc dlcs ¼1983½] nfyr pGoGhph

okVpky

ds’ko xksjs Lekjd VªLV eqacbZ] iku ua- 83

55) r=So] iku ua- 85

56) n;k iokj vkf.k brj laiknd ¼1993½] ^^MkW-

ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj xkSjoxzaFk**] egkjk”Vª

jkT; lkfgR; vkf.k laLd`rh eaMG] iku ua- 180

57) ‘kadjjko [kjkr ¼1978½] izsj.kk vkf.k izo`Rrh

¼vko`Rrh ifgyh½] bukenkj ca/kw izdk’ku

iq.ks &30] iku ua- 168