hiv analysis

8/17/2019 HIV analysis

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5002 – Part One

Introduction

This piece of writing will explore the effect that training and improved knowledge has on the

opinions of Health Care Professionals (HCPs within the !ational Health "ervice (!H"

towards patients who have a diagnosis of H#man $mm#nodeficienc% &ir#s (H$&' and the

impact it has on the care that is provided this will )e done )% comparing and contrasting a

small n#m)er of research papers* +ltho#gh the research papers come from other co#ntries'

it can )e ass#med that the data is transferra)le to the !H"*

Impact of HIV Attitudes

The reason that this partic#lar topic has )een chosen is d#e to a contin#ed stigma towards

individ#als with H$&' and the increased incidence of H$& in the ,nited -ingdom (,- (P#)lic

Health .ngland' 20/* +s the !H" is the primar% organisation responsi)le for the health

care of individ#als living in the ,-' it is important to consider their val#es as this impacts on

the 1#alit% of care provided* !H" (20/ states in its val#es that it will provide a service to

ever% individ#al and will demonstrate dignit% and respect at all times* This is a contradictor%

statement as man% pre3#dices exist within the !H" ("cott' 20/2 and dignit% and respect are

lost d#e to stigmatised views 4alter#d and ,lriksen (20// s#ggest that pre3#dice is a form

of discrimination which lowers the selfworth of an individ#al* +ltho#gh there is little evidence

to s#ggest that HCPs had pre3#diced opinions on patients with H$& )efore training

interventions' in m% experience $ have o)served that this is possi)l% a hidden iss#e within

the !H"* Pre3#dice towards patients6people living with H$& (P7H$& sho#ld not exist' as

HCPs are vitall% important in the lives of P7H$&' and 8%dstrom et al* (20/ s#pport this )%

stating that %o#ng individ#als growing #p with H$& rel% heavil% on HCPs for s#pport and

g#idance* 4an% so#rces' like 9ohnson and Cowin (20/ s#ggest that "t#dent !#rses are

more perceptive and will have more openminded' lessstigmatised views towards patients

therefore $ will )e foc#ssing the articles chosen on "t#dent !#rses: views*

;#e to the pandemic of H$& thro#gho#t the world' n#m)ers of patients with H$& is

increasing in the ,-* 7ong et al* (20/ s#ggest that this has a large impact on the !H"


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)eca#se cost towards H$& research and treatment will contin#e to increase as man% people

living with H$& remain #ndiagnosed' which will have a detrimental effect on healthcare costs

in the f#t#re* 4an% of these patients will )e cared for )% HCPs' and stigmatised views from

the HCPs will red#ce the 1#alit% of life for that patient' making them less likel% to displa%

healthseeking )ehavio#rs (Peate' 20/ which co#ld impact on other aspects of the

individ#al:s health – s#ch as mental health' selfesteem' or increased risk of infection

(Perisse et al*' 20/*

Method of Choosing Research Papers


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E#alitative and E#antitative ;ata

+s previo#sl% stated' all fo#r research papers #se 1#alitative research methods to attain

data to #se in the disc#ssions* Polit and =eck (20/0 p* 222 state that 1#alitative data

provides the B)est evidence for n#rsing practice* E#alitative data is a method of data

collection that #ses onl% fig#res and direct answers this adds relia)ilit% to the data collected

in the research papers chosen* +dditionall%' each paper #ses 1#estionnaires to collect the

data this means that the papers are s#rve% research papers* These 1#estionnaires incl#de

1#estions on H$& knowledge and attit#des* "#rve% research is ver% effective' as it provides a

consistenc% thro#gho#t the st#d%' and red#ces the risk of )ias (=#rns and Frove' 20// p*

5* "tavropo#lo# et al* (20// and &eeramah et al* (200A )oth #sed a mixt#re of open

ended and closedended 1#estions' which allowed for some 1#alitative data to )e extricated

from the data* E#alitative data is a method of data collection that relies on opinions and

disc#ssions' allowing flexi)ilit% in the data collection process (Polit and =eck (B0/0 p* 25G*

"imilarl%' =ekta> and -#laka? (200@ #se closedended 1#estions' )#t the participants were

re1#ired to write essa%s immediatel% after the 1#estionnaire on specific topics' s#ch as their

feelings when looking after P7H$&* This method ena)led the researches to anal%se )oth

1#alitative and 1#antitative data' which is advantageo#s )eca#se Polit and =eck (20/0 p*

25G disc#ss that this method provides a holistic view on the topic )eing st#died* $n contrast';iesel et al* (20/ onl% #sed closedended 1#estions this eradicated the opport#nit% for

opinions to )e given )% the participants of the st#d% (=#rns and Frove' 20// p* 5* The

res#lts of the data collected from all fo#r research papers concl#de that there was a great

need to ed#cate health care providers on H$& to red#ce stigma*

$ntervention 4ethod


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participants then completed the same 1#estionnaire after finishing the workshop' and again

after I0 da%s* $n this case' the intervention was the da% workshop* The res#lts from the

st#d% show that there was a high initial perceived stigma towards P7H$&' altho#gh

improvements were noted after the intervention in all of the participants* This licences the

ass#mption that training and improved knowledge on H$& has a positive effect on "t#dent

!#rses: attit#des and the s#)se1#ent care that the% will provide to P7H$&*

P#rposive "ampling

+ltho#gh p#rposive sampling was re1#ired for all the research papers as all re1#ired the

participants to )e n#rsing st#dents ' =ekta> and -#laka? (200@' "tavropo#lo# et al* (20//'

and &eeramah et al* (200A all state that the% chose onl% final%ear n#rsing st#dents*

+ltho#gh there is no reasoning to this re1#irement' it can )e perceived that this is d#e to

senior "t#dent !#rses having more experience and knowledge on man% topics' incl#ding

H$&' and' as a res#ltJ having more improved attit#des on P7H$& ("emiha et al*' 20/* +lso'

these final %ear "t#dent !#rses will )e m#ch closer to )ecoming 8egistered !#rses

therefore' the% provide a more acc#rate representation as to what a 8egistered !#rse:s

attit#des on P7H$& ma% )e*


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Freek "t#dent !#rses )eing Bver% afraid of caring for P7H$& ("tavropo#lo# et al*' 20//'

and @K of T#rkish "t#dent !#rses stated that the% wo#ld not walk to the cinema with a

person living with H$& (=ekta> and -#laka?' 200@* These views are similar' and show that

strong pre3#dices and misconceptions still exist worldwide – even in healthcare*

$nterestingl%' ;iesel et al* (20/ highlights that the participants who had previo#sl% cared

for' or knew someone living with H$&' or someone who had died of +$;"' had more positive

views on H$&* This view is shared )% the T#rkish participants (=ekta> and -#laka?' 200@'

where the data indicates that those individ#als wo#ld )e more likel% to care for P7H$& than

individ#als who had not known someone living with H$& or someone who had died of +$;"*

8ecommendations

$t is no s#rprise that all fo#r of the st#dies recommend an increase in H$& ed#cation for

"t#dent !#rses and 8egistered !#rses* $t has alread% )een stated that participants: views

varied positivel% with a previo#s experience of H$&' therefore it can )e ascertained that more

experience with P7H$& and knowledge a)o#t H$& will have a positive impact on "t#dent!#rses: views on P7H$&' which wo#ld have a desired impact on the 1#alit% of care given to

P7H$&* +ll fo#r of the research papers mention the impact of negative attit#des towards

P7H$& on the 1#alit% of care given to those individ#als*

&eeramah et al* (200A writes that @K of the ,- participants had not received an% class

instr#ction on the topic of H$& as final %ear st#dents* This statistic is concerning' as the

stigma of H$& is so prevalent' and #niversities sho#ld )e making more of an effort to

eradicate these perceptions* IK of the participants in the ,- st#d% stated that the% had

increased their knowledge a)o#t H$& in their own time' which shows that there is a strong

interest in H$& with st#dents*


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&aria)les

!ot all of the data from the fo#r research papers can )e ass#med similar' as other factors

affect the res#lts* .ach st#d% is from a different co#ntr%' so c#lt#ral differences will have an

impact on the "t#dent !#rses: views' like the Cameroonian st#dents (;iesel et al*' 20/

who come from an area s#ffering from a large death toll d#e to H$&6+$;"* The T#rkish

st#dents will also have a differing viewpoint as T#rke% is primaril% an $slamic practicing

co#ntr%' and $slamic views on H$& are different to the )eliefs of individ#als from other

religio#s denominations*

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