hitchcock tidal creek summit 120611
TRANSCRIPT
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Dan Hitchcock, Ph.D., P.E. with A. D. Jayakaran, T. H. Epps,
T. M. Williams, B. Song, and W. H. Conner
Baruch Institute, Clemson University, Georgetown, SC
Tidal Creek Summit Charleston, SC USA – December 6, 2011
Watershed, Land Use, and Stormwater Influence on Tidal Creeks
Acknowledgments Drake Rogers Loflin – Clemson Biosystems Engineering M.S. student
Tim Callahan, Vijay Vulava and Michael Griffin - College of Charleston
Devendra Amatya – Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service
Ken W. Krauss - National Wetlands Research Center, USGS
David White, Clemson Computing and Information Technology (CCIT)
April Turner – S.C. Sea Grant Extension Program
Jeff Vernon – Clemson – Baruch Institute
Dawn White – Clemson’s EPA Center for Watershed Excellence
Katie Giacalone – Clemson’s Carolina Clear program
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Where are we located?
Winyah Bay Inlet
Georgetown, SC
Photo: North Inlet – Winyah Bay NERR
North Inlet
Clemson University Baruch Institute
TRANSPIRED WATER
WATER UPTAKE
Forest Water Budget – Typical Scenario
EVAPORATED WATER
INFILTRATION
SURFACE RUNOFF?
GROUNDWATER GROUNDWATER?? GROUNDWATER
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TRANSPIRED WATER
WATER UPTAKE
Forest Water Budget – Coastal Scenario
EVAPORATED WATER
INFILTRATION??
SURFACE RUNOFF?
GROUNDWATER
Urban Water Budget – Pavement/Rooftop Scenario ROOFTOP RUNOFF!!
GROUNDWATER??
EVAPORATED WATER
INFILTRATION??
SURFACE RUNOFF!!
GROUNDWATER?
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Scales for Decision-Making
Watershed-scale and geopolitical boundaries
Development land tract
Individual management practice (BMP)
HYDROLOGY
VEGETATION
SOILS
LANDSCAPE PARAMETERS
HUMAN DIMENSION
HYDROLOGY
VEGETATION
SOILS
WATER TABLE DEPTH
STORAGE/INFILTRATION
SURFACE/GROUNDWATER FLUX HYD
ROPERIO
D
PLAN
T SU
CCESSI
ON
PRODUCTI
VITY
PLANT SUCCESSION PRODUCTIVITY
WATER/NUTRIENT UPTAKE
ORGANIC LOADING TEMPERATURE REGULATION
SOIL STABILIZATION
EVAP
OTRAN
SPIR
ATIO
N
FLOOD/F
LOW
REG
ULATI
ON
ORGANIC
CONTR
IBUTI
ON
EROSION/SEDIMENT TRANSPORT
ORGANIC DECOMPOSITION
NUTRIENT CYCLING
SERVICES: FLOOD CONTROL
STORM PROTECTION AIR/SOIL/WATER QUALITY
NATURAL RESOURCE PRODUCTS
CLIMATE REGULATION HABITAT/CORRIDORS NUTRIENT CYCLING CARBON STORAGE
HEALTH
Landscape parameters, their interactive complex processes, and ecosystem services. (Modified from Ge Sun, Southern Global Climate Program, USDA Forest Service)
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Scales for Decision-Making
Watershed-scale and geopolitical boundaries
Development land tract
Individual management practice (BMP)
HYDROLOGY
VEGETATION
SOILS
LANDSCAPE PARAMETERS
HUMAN DIMENSION
Components of Natural Resource Based Planning
Wetlands Steep slopes / topography Water supply areas Aquifer recharge areas Wildlife habitat Endangered species Productive farmland Productive forest land Recreation areas Viewsheds Floodplains Historic/cultural sites Existing infrastructure Many more!!
Community Resource Inventory
Open Space Plan
Development Plan
Plan of Development & Conservation
Review/Change Policies
Visit http://nemo.uconn.edu/tools/cri
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Online Community Resource Inventory (CRI)
Online Community Resource Inventory: www.cri-sc.org
Poorly-drained sandy loam
Somewhat poorly drained clay Well-drained sandy clay clay loam Poorly-drained sandy clay loam
Well-drained sandy loam Very poorly-drained sand
Excessively well-drained sand Poorly-drained sand
Private protected lands
Major roads Parcels Open water
State protected lands
N
5 mi.
Online Community Resource Inventory: www.cri-sc.org
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Scales for Decision-Making
Watershed-scale and geopolitical boundaries
Development land tract
Individual management practice (BMP)
HYDROLOGY
VEGETATION
SOILS
LANDSCAPE PARAMETERS
HUMAN DIMENSION
Commercial Conservation Public/Semi-public Private Recreational Public Recreational High Density Residential Low Density Residential Medium Density Residential
Zoning for Future Land Uses?
Map courtesy of Georgetown County, SC
WWaaccccaammaaww NNeecckk LLaanndd UUssee MMaapp
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Bannockburn Plantation Bannockburn Plantation
Original Development Plan Proposed plan has been modified and development has been delayed…
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Surface and Groundwater Interaction (from Buol, 1978)
Weather Station Piezometer Sample well / rain gage / soil moisture sensor Stream monitoring Pond monitoring From Dr. Tom Williams, Clemson
Intelligent River© -- Bannockburn Plantation www.intelligentriver.org
PIEZOMETER PIEZOMETER
MET STATION
STREAM STATION
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2008 2009 2010
Upper Debidue Creek – Rainfall and Stage
2009: P = 1030 mm 2010: P = 1248 mm
Curve Number versus Water Budget Approach
From Ms. Drake Rogers
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Runoff:Rainfall Rela�onships
Date Rainfall (in) Ratio 9/5/2008 3.4 0.14
9/11/2008 1.0 0.26 9/16/2008 1.9 0.31 9/25/2008 1.7 0.23
10/24/2008 5.7 0.44 3/1/2009 1.6 0.08 4/2/2009 2.0 0.19
11/10/2009 3.1 0.03 1/16/2010 0.9 0.11 1/25/2010 0.9 0.24
2/2/2010 1.1 0.25 2/5/2010 2.3 0.40 3/2/2010 1.0 0.32
9/29/2010 3.2 0.37 6/29/2011 0.8 0.01 8/6/2011 3.2 0.04
Rainfall – Groundwater - Streamflow Relationships
From Ms. Drake Rogers, recent Clemson M.S. graduate
Surface elevation = 169 in. AMSL
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Upper Debidue Creek – Tree Survey
From Dr. Tom Williams and Thom Epps, Clemson
Forest Stand – Water Table Relationships
From Dr. Ken Krauss, USGS
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Forest Stand – Water Table Relationships
From Dr. Ken Krauss, USGS
2009: PET = 928 mm
Scales for Decision-Making
Watershed-scale and geopolitical boundaries
Development land tract
Individual management practice (BMP)
HYDROLOGY
VEGETATION
SOILS
LANDSCAPE PARAMETERS
HUMAN DIMENSION
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Rain barrels/cisterns
Rain gardens
Pervious materials Vegetative buffers
Backyard wetlands
Maintenance!!!
Low Impact Development (LID)
Rain Barrels
Rainwater collection and storage = “harvesting”
Not unlike the old “cistern” Barrels come in all shapes
and sizes Can be used for water
reuse such as for irrigation
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Appealing landscape ideas for homeowners and HOAs
Allows collection of stormwater and infiltration Plants and microbes do the
work of pollutant removal Can be attractor for wildlife
such as birds and butterflies A natural way to irrigate
Rain gardens –an attractive idea…
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Roof surface area = 8100 sq. �. Storage design for first inch of rainfall = 675 cu.�.
Planting Day!
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BEFORE… …AFTER
Jan. 16, 2008 Sept. 25, 2009
From Dan Hitchcock, Ph.D., P.E., Clemson University
Monitoring
Weather parameters: Rainfall Barometric pressure Temperature Relative Humidity Solar radiation Potential evapotranspiration
Soil water parameters:
Soil moisture Water table depth
Surface water level
Inflows
Precipitation (P) Evapotranspiration (ET)
Outflow (Q )out
Inflow (Q )in
Infiltration (I=0)Percolation (P=0)
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Rainfall Water table
Rainfall (in)
Hyd
raul
ic H
ead
(in A
MS
L)
2-Aug 9-Aug 16-Aug 23-Aug 30-Aug 6-Sep 13-Sep 20-Sep 27-Sep 4-Oct 11-Oct
240
235
230
225
220
215
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
Cell bottom elevation = 276 in AMSL
Water Table Response to Rainfall
ROOFTOP RUNOFF!!
Rainwater Harvesting – Barrels and Gardens
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Wetlands for Water Quality Improvement!!!
Pervious Materials, Pavers and Concrete
Alternatives to conventional surface materials Increases chances for infiltration Can be used in combinations
Pavers can be expensive Maintenance…. Weeds and clogging
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Landscaping With Pervious Surfaces
Driveway Grass or Turf Strips
Gravel Paths, Vegetated Buffers, and Mulched Areas
Block Pavers for Curved Sidewalks
Old Brick Pavers for Sidewalks
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BMPs in Series or “Treatment Train”
Some BMPs are better than others for certain pollutants
Consider the connectivity of BMPs
Front-end sediment collection; i.e., forebays or traps
Vegetated BMPs can be overloaded so should be toward the end of train
Extended Swale
Buffer
Pond (w/ Forebay)
Wetland
Urban Land Use
Receiving Waters
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Poorly-drained sandy loam
Somewhat poorly drained clay Well-drained sandy clay clay loam Poorly-drained sandy clay loam
Well-drained sandy loam Very poorly-drained sand
Excessively well-drained sand Poorly-drained sand
Private protected lands
Major roads Parcels Open water
State protected lands
N
5 mi.
Online Community Resource Inventory: www.cri-sc.org
The critical way to ensure stormwater mgmt success
Must have a plan!! Who, what, when, where, how, how often? Many maintenances practices from which to choose
Education and outreach programs available
Stormwater Management Strategies The “M” word = MAINTENANCE!
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Sponsors
Coastal watershed hydrology - South Carolina Sea Grant Consortium pursuant to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Award No. NA06OAR4170015
Baruch rain garden monitoring and education – USDA Renewable Resources Extension Act (RREA)
Online Community Resource Inventory – CICEET funds to U.Conn. and NEMO, administered by SC Sea Grant
This work is also related to the Intelligent River™ project sponsored by Clemson Public Service Activities (PSA) and the EPA Center for Watershed Excellence
For more info, please contact me: [email protected]
Also visit:
www.clemson.edu/baruch www.intelligentriver.org
www.clemson.edu/baruch/rain_gardens www.cri-sc.org