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U L L E T NOF THE

SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL STUDIES(UNIVERSITY OF LONDON)

PAPERS CONTRIBUTED

Another Ancient Tribe of the Panjab

By L. D. BARNETT

I

IN his admirable Catalogue of the Coins of Ancient India, pp. 282-4and Introduction, pp. clvii f., Mr. J. Allan describes what he

calls a puzzling group of coins in the British Museum, of whichhe has deciphered the legends; but he is unable to throw any lightupon them beyond the fact that they were obtained by the lateMr. Rodgers at Barwala (in Hissar District, Panjab). I am able tolocate them with certainty, and propose to add some relevantobservations.

The legends of these coins seem to fall into two classes, viz.

(1) Agodaki Agdca-jana-padasa, and (2) Agdca-mitrapadabhisayana.1Agodakd-i.e. Aggodakd-is the ablative of the Prakrit name of

a known town, which is discussed by M. J. Przyluski in his brilliantarticle Un ancien peuple, du Penjab: Les Udumbaras (JA.,tome ccviii, 1926, no. 1, pp. 16 if.), under its Sanskrit name Agrodaor Agrodaka. He there points out that it lay between Sakala (Sialkot)and Rohitaka (Rohtak), and identifies it with the modern Agroha,thirteen miles north-west of Hissar. This conjecture is fully confirmedby the fact that the coins which are now in the British Museum wereacquired by Mr. Rodgers at Barwala, a few miles eastward from

Agroha. The meaning of the name Aggodaka, however, is not quite1 For these revised readings I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. Allan. He

reports that in no. 1 Agodake is also a possible reading, and that in the last syllablesof no. 2 the vowels are uncertain, but the letters seem to be -saydnd.

VOL. X. PART 2. 19


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L. D. BARNETT-

It is possible that the Aggacas may have been admitted into theconfederation which was under the

hegemonyof the

Salvas;for the

river Yamuna, on the bank of which some of the Salvas at one timedwelt, flows from north to south only some seventy miles due eastfrom Barwala. Another possibility is that they had formed a leaguewith their neighbours the Sibis, of whom we shall say more anon.However this may be, they apparently advertised on their coins thefact that they were members of a confederation.

III

In his previously quoted essay on the Udumbaras (JA., ccviii,1926, pp. 16 ff.), M. Przyluski draws attention to the name of a townin this region which is mentioned in the Vinaya-pi.taka ii, 300), whereit is called Aggala-pura. This he would identify with Agrodaka,and I believe he is right. His arguments in themselves are not strong;but they are corroborated by considerations which I adduce here.

Aggala, an adjective derived from agga, is widely spread in the

vernaculars. Thus we have Hindustani igal, before, in front ;Panjabi and Hindustani agla, first, foremost, chief, best ; Sindhi

agaro, first, etc. ; Marathi ag1,, superior, excellent ; Gujaratidgal, before in place and time; Kanarese aggala and aggale,

great, excellent (whence apparently by pseudo-sanskritism argala,with same sense), aggalike, greatness ; and Telugu aggala,

excessive, extraordinary. Hemacandra (iv, 341), quotes from

Apabhramsa aggalaii, superior. In the name Aggala-pura, however,I suspect that aggala is used not in this sense as a simple adjectivebut as the title of a tribe or people. Tribes and the lands in which

they dwelt were often designated by words ending in -la or -la, e.g.K6sala, Tosala, Simhala, .Dhala, Utkala, Mekala, Murala, Kuntala,

on thy bank, o Yamuna, have told us that their king is a Yaugandhari ) is enoughto prove that the Salvas were regarded by orthodox Brahman ritualists as being wellwithin the pale of Brahmanism (cf. Mahabharata VIII, xlv, 14). It is a gathd of moreor less normal type for use in the simantonnahana rite (see A. Hillebrandt, Ritual-

Litteratur, etc., in Buihler's Grundriss, pp. 43 f.). But it is noteworthy as showing thatat one time the Salvas were settled on the bank of the Yamuna (probably the western

bank), and that one of their kings bore the title Yaugandhari, i.e. chieftain of the

Yugandharas , who, as we know from the Vrtti on the Cdndra-vyakarana I, iv, 103,were one of the six tribes forming the Salva confederation. This use of the derivativeYaugandhari from the tribal name Yugandhara s exactly parallel to that of Odumbari(i.e. Skt. Audumbari) from Udumbara, which was borne by the chieftains of theUdumbaras (see Mr. Allan's Catalogue, ut cit., pp. lxxxiv, 122 ff.). The Udumbaras,like the Yugandharas, were members of the Salva confederation.

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L. D. BARNETT-. D. BARNETT-

probable, and we may conclude that Buddhist poets used -dso and

-dse before the age of Asoka-most probably in the fourth centuryB.C., and perhaps earlier. It may therefore be reasonably conjecturedthat about the time when Alexander came into India these flexionswere still preserved by popular speech in some regions of the Landof the Five Rivers.

AN ADDENDUM

Supplementing the note Satavahana and Satakarni in thisBulletin, vol. IX, pp. 327 ff., it should be noted that the personalnames Sata and Siti can be traced in the appellations of many towns,villages, and districts in the regions which are or were Kanarese, andthat such place-names are by far commonest in Bellary, Mysore, andthe Kanarese areas of Bombay. A rough survey, omitting the Tamilarea, furnishes the following data. In Bellary we find a Satanur,

Sata's Town, in Adoni Taluka. Mysore has several towns or

villagescalled

Satanur or Satanuruin

the talukasof

Mulbagal,Hoskote, Devanhalli, Kankanhalli, Magadi, and Mandya; Satanhalli,Sata's Thorp, in Chintamani hobli; three Satenahallis in the

talukas of Nagamangala, Channarayapatna, and Hassan; Sadena-halli in Devanhalli t.; Satagal, Sata's Rock, in Hassan t.; Sadahalliin Devanhalli t.; Satangere, Sata's Tank, in Arsikere t. (cf. Ann.

Report of the Archweol. Survey of Mysore, 1937, pp. 128 if., whichpublishes a Hoysala record found at Satangere in Kanikatte hobli,

in which that village is entitled Satiyabbe-gere, Madame Sati'sTank ); and Satamafngala, Sata's (Brahman) Village, mentionedas the home of a Brahman worthy in a record at Balehalli in Bale-honnur hobli (ibid., 1934, p. 97). Bombay has a Satanhalli in Haliyal t.,a Satinhalli in Kod t., a Satankop ( Sata's Hamlet ) in Yellapur t.,and a Satihal ( Sati's Waste ) in Bagewari t.; moreover the Jejuriplates of Vinayaditya (dated Saka 609) mention a Sdti-m(.la-bhogaor district of Sati's Plain situate in the Palayatthana-visaya,

which is the modern Phaltan State.1 Further study may enlarge thislist, and perhaps add to it some place-names in other areas of whichthe etymologies are at present imperfectly known. But the abovefacts, definitively showing that Sdta and Sdti were once common

personal names in the Kanarese districts, and commonest of all in

probable, and we may conclude that Buddhist poets used -dso and

-dse before the age of Asoka-most probably in the fourth centuryB.C., and perhaps earlier. It may therefore be reasonably conjecturedthat about the time when Alexander came into India these flexionswere still preserved by popular speech in some regions of the Landof the Five Rivers.

AN ADDENDUM

Supplementing the note Satavahana and Satakarni in thisBulletin, vol. IX, pp. 327 ff., it should be noted that the personalnames Sata and Siti can be traced in the appellations of many towns,villages, and districts in the regions which are or were Kanarese, andthat such place-names are by far commonest in Bellary, Mysore, andthe Kanarese areas of Bombay. A rough survey, omitting the Tamilarea, furnishes the following data. In Bellary we find a Satanur,

Sata's Town, in Adoni Taluka. Mysore has several towns or

villagescalled

Satanur or Satanuruin

the talukasof

Mulbagal,Hoskote, Devanhalli, Kankanhalli, Magadi, and Mandya; Satanhalli,Sata's Thorp, in Chintamani hobli; three Satenahallis in the

talukas of Nagamangala, Channarayapatna, and Hassan; Sadena-halli in Devanhalli t.; Satagal, Sata's Rock, in Hassan t.; Sadahalliin Devanhalli t.; Satangere, Sata's Tank, in Arsikere t. (cf. Ann.

Report of the Archweol. Survey of Mysore, 1937, pp. 128 if., whichpublishes a Hoysala record found at Satangere in Kanikatte hobli,

in which that village is entitled Satiyabbe-gere, Madame Sati'sTank ); and Satamafngala, Sata's (Brahman) Village, mentionedas the home of a Brahman worthy in a record at Balehalli in Bale-honnur hobli (ibid., 1934, p. 97). Bombay has a Satanhalli in Haliyal t.,a Satinhalli in Kod t., a Satankop ( Sata's Hamlet ) in Yellapur t.,and a Satihal ( Sati's Waste ) in Bagewari t.; moreover the Jejuriplates of Vinayaditya (dated Saka 609) mention a Sdti-m(.la-bhogaor district of Sati's Plain situate in the Palayatthana-visaya,

which is the modern Phaltan State.1 Further study may enlarge thislist, and perhaps add to it some place-names in other areas of whichthe etymologies are at present imperfectly known. But the abovefacts, definitively showing that Sdta and Sdti were once common

personal names in the Kanarese districts, and commonest of all in

1 The name of the town of Sataval in the Southern Konkan (IA., ii, 317, 319, 322)may be left aside, as its origin is rather dubious.

1 The name of the town of Sataval in the Southern Konkan (IA., ii, 317, 319, 322)may be left aside, as its origin is rather dubious.

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