REFERENCING - YEAR 13 HISTORYMrs Watts (Librarian) October 2015King Edward VI School, Stratford-upon-Avon

Why do you need to reference your

sources?

Reference your sources• Acknowledges the work of other

writers and researchers• Demonstrates the body of

knowledge on which you have based your work

• Enables other researchers to verify the source and follow up

• Prevents accusations of plagiarismSource: Marsden, J. (2011) The benefits of successful referencing: applying Harvard conventions [PowerPoint presentation]. Available at: http://www.slideshare.net/MarsdenTherapy/the-benefits-of-harvard-referencing (Accessed: 4 March 2012).

Avoiding plagiarismPlagiarism includes:1. Directly quoting another person's actual words, whether oral or written;2. Using another person's ideas, opinions, or theories;3. Paraphrasing the words, ideas, opinions, or theories of others, whether oral or written;4. Borrowing facts, statistics, or illustrative material; or5. Offering materials assembled or collected by others in the form of projects or collections without acknowledgment. Source: Indiana University, Bloomington (2005) How to recognize plagiarism https://www.indiana.edu/~istd/definition.html (Accessed: 29 May 2012)

You do not need to reference:

• Your own thoughts and ideas

• Common knowledge• Historical overviews• Summaries and

conclusions

What are these?Common knowledge

For example: Joseph Stalin was a leader of the Soviet Union.

What are these?Historical overview‘Information drawn from a variety of sources to summarise what happened over a period of time, when those sources state much the same thing…’

What are these?

Summaries and conclusions

Summaries of the main ideas that you referenced earlier in your essay.

When to reference?

• As you do your research

• Cite it as you write it

Many different styles

MHRA (Modern HumanitiesResearch Association)

OSCOLA

MLA (Modern LanguageAssociation of America)

Vancouver Chicago

Harvard

Turabian

Two main categories of referencing style

Numeric Author- date

Choose one style and stick to it

ReferencesThe items you have referred to in your work.

BibliographyA list of works read.

Do not get your information from book

covers

Advertising

Use the title page

Title

Author

Publisher

Reverse of the title page

Date of publication

Two authors or more?

Cite both authors. If more than three you may use the

term ‘et al’.Example of a book called:

The management of a student research project by J.A. Sharp and J. Peters and K. Howard

Would be referenced like this:

Sharpe, J.A. et al. (2002) The management of a student research project. Aldershot: Gower.

Harvard style referencing

Ward, G.C. and Burns, K. (2007) The War: an intimate history, 1941-1945. New York: A.A. Knopf.

No author?If there is a ‘corporate author’,

that is a group or organisation, you could use that e.g. The World Bank or

the BBC.Otherwise, use the title of

the book.

Example:

History of the world in maps: the rise and fall of empires, countries and cities (2014) London: The Times.

Harvard style referencing

HARVARD STYLE REFERENCINGAuthor - date

Referencing Harvard styleBOOKSAuthor or editorsLook at the title page (An editor is in overall charge of a publication or oversees the preparation of the text).

Put the surname first, then the initial(s) of the first name(s). If the work is the creation of an editor, signify this by using (ed.) or (eds), for example:

Smith, A. and Jones, B. (eds)

Referencing Harvard styleBOOKSThe year of publication

Look at the reverse of the title page.

Put in brackets after author’s name.Example: Lowe, N. (2002)

Referencing Harvard styleBOOKSTitle of the bookLook at the title page and include the subtitle. Capitalise the first word and proper nouns. Italicise the title or underline it if writing by hand.Volkogonov, D. (1999) The rise and fall of the Soviet empire: political leaders from Lenin to Gorbachev.

Referencing Harvard styleBOOKSTitle of the bookThis book also has an editor and translator.

Example – full reference:Volkogonov, D. (1999) The rise and fall of the Soviet empire: political leaders from Lenin to Gorbachev. Edited and translated by Harold Shukman. London: Harper Collins.

Referencing Harvard styleBOOKSEditionLook on title page or the reverse of the title page. If there is no mention of the edition, it will be the first and there is no need to include it.A new edition contains corrections and new material.

Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2013) Cite them right. 9th edn. Basingstoke: Palgrave

Macmillan.

Referencing Harvard styleBOOKSPlace and publisherLook on the reverse of the title page.

EXAMPLE:Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Place of publication

Publisher

Referencing Harvard styleBOOKSPage numbersInclude the page number in your in-text citation but you only need page numbers in your list of references for chapters in books or journal and newspaper articles.

Use p. for a single page and pp. for more than one.

Referencing Harvard styleBOOKSPage numbersEXAMPLE: In-text citation: According to Beevor (2011, p.123) ‘The first time the German people heard of the city of Stalingrad as a military objective was in a communique of 20 August.’

Reference list: Beevor, A. (2011) Stalingrad. London: Penguin.

Referencing Harvard styleBOOKSOREXAMPLE: In-text citation: ‘The first time the German people heard of the city of Stalingrad as a military objective was in a communique of 20 August.’ (Beevor, 2011, p.123)

Reference list: Beevor, A. (2011) Stalingrad. London: Penguin.

Referencing Harvard styleJOURNALS

Title

Issue

Referencing Harvard styleJOURNALS Title of article Author

Pagenumbers

Referencing Harvard styleJOURNALSAuthor: Surname followed by initialsYear of publication (in brackets)Title of article ‘in single quotation marks’Title of journal in italics. Capitalize the first letter of each word in the title, except for linking words.Issue: Volume, part number, month or season.Page reference: p.7 or pp.13-17.

Referencing Harvard styleJOURNALS

EXAMPLE:

Emmerson, C. (2013) ‘The future’s bright, the future’s Russian’, History Today, 63(10), pp.10-18.

Volume number

Part number

Referencing Harvard styleWEBSITES and WEB PAGES

EXAMPLE:

Author: Surname followed by initialsYear the site was last published or updated (in round brackets)Title of web page in italicsAvailable at: web address/URL(Accessed: and date in brackets)

Referencing Harvard styleWEBSITES and WEB PAGES

EXAMPLE:

Simkin, J. (2015) The Great Purge. Available at: http://spartacus-educational.com/RUSpurge.htm (Accessed: 29 September 2015).

Referencing Harvard styleWEBSITES and WEB PAGESIf no individual author you could use an organisation as the author or just use the title of the web page.If a website has no date, use the URL (no date) and the date you accessed the page.

Referencing Harvard styleWEBSITES and WEB PAGES

Revelations from the Russian archives (no date) http://loc.gov/exhibits/archives/(Accessed: 29 September 2015)

MHRA REFERENCING

STYLE A numeric system

Referencing MHRA style

Instead of a name and date in-text citation numbers are used in the text and linked to a full reference in footnotes or endnotes. The numbers may be in superscript, or in round or square brackets.

Referencing MHRA style

‘Lenin … arrived by ferry and train at London’s Victoria Station in April 1902.’1.

Reference in the footnotes1. Robert Service, Lenin: A

Biography (London: Pan, 2010), p.147.

Note: In footnotes author names are forename then surname but in the bibliography they should be the other way round.

Referencing MHRA style

Subsequent references to the same book can be given in the form of a short citation:

Reference in the footnotesService, Lenin, p.150.

Referencing MHRA style

If you have two or more consecutive references from the same source, use ‘ibid.’:1. Robert Service, Lenin: A

Biography (London: Pan, 2010), p.147.

2. Ibid., p.1603. Ibid., p.200

Ibidem – ‘in the same place’

Referencing MHRA style

This style of referencing should have a bibliography in alphabetical order at the end of the piece of work. This should include books you may have read but not quoted from, as well as everything you have referenced.

Referencing MHRA style

Beer, Daniel, ‘Killings and the Kremlin’, History Today, 65(5) (2015), 3-4. Emmerson, Charles, ‘The Future’s Bright, The Future’s Russian’, History Today, 63(10) (2013), 10-18. Lowe, Norman, Mastering Twentieth Century Russian History (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002). Montefiore, Simon Sebag, Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar (London: Phoenix, 2012). Porter, Gareth, ‘Explaining the Vietnam War’, in Making Sense of the Vietnam Wars: Local, National, and Transnational Perspectives, ed. by Mark Philip Bradley and Marilyn B. Young (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), pp.67-90. Service, Robert, Lenin: A Biography (London: Pan, 2010). Simkin, John, The Great Purge (2015), < http://spartacus-educational.com/RUSpurge.htm> [accessed 29 September 2015]. Volkogonov, Dmitri, The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire: Political Leaders from Lenin to Gorbachev (London: Harper Collins, 1999), p.27. Wood, Alan, The Origins of the Russian Revolution 1861-1917, 3rd edn (London: Routledge, 2003).

Bibliography

Referencing Harvard styleBeer, D. (2015) ‘Killings and the Kremlin’, History Today, 65(5), pp.3-4. Emmerson, C. (2013) ‘The future’s bright, the future’s Russian’, History Today, 63(10), pp.10-18. Lowe, N. (2002) Mastering twentieth-century Russian history. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Montefiore, S. S. (2012) Stalin: The court of the Red Tsar London: Phoenix, 2012. Porter, G. (2008) ‘Explaining the Vietnam War’, in Bradley, M.P. and Young, M. B. (eds) Making sense of the Vietnam Wars: local, national, and transnational perspectives. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp.67-90. Service, R. (2010) Lenin:a biography. London: Pan. Simkin, J. (2015) The Great Purge. Available at: http://spartacus-educational.com/RUSpurge.htm (Accessed: 29 September 2015).  Volkogonov, D. (1999) The rise and fall of the Soviet Empire: political leaders from Lenin to Gorbachev. London: Harper Collins, p.27. Wood, A. (2003) The origins of the Russian Revolution 1861-1917. 3rd edn. London: Routledge.

References

• Microsoft Word – References option in the top toolbar. Uses APA, Chicago, MLA, Turabian

• Neil's Toolbox (Harvard Reference Generator)• Bibme Uses APA, Chicago, MLA, Turabian• EasyBib http://www.easybib.com• Refme Can be used as an app or an extension on

your browser• Zotero Free, open-source, reference management

system

• Books: Cite Them Right by Pears and Shields

• Websites: My collection of websites about referencing and plagiarism at Scoop.it!

http://www.scoop.it/t/referencing-and-plagiarism

Help with referencing

Help with referencingMultiple copiesin the

School Library

COMMON ERRORSRussia and the USSR 1855-1991 – Stephen J Lee

COMMON ERRORS

Improvement Harvard style

Lee, S.J. (2005) Russia and the USSR, 1855-1991: autocracy and dictatorship. London: Routledge.

No known style of referencing

COMMON ERRORSThe Gorbachev Factor – Archie Brown

COMMON ERRORS

Improvement MHRA style

Brown, Archie, The Gorbachev Factor (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997).

Insufficient detail. A reader would need to search to see if this is a book, journal article or web

page.

COMMON ERRORSExample 2: “We are fifty or a hundred years behind the advanced countries.” 1.

Statement made by Stalin in 1931.1. http://enconc10.bu.edu/economic_systems/Economics/Economic_History/FSU/echist_russia_backwardness.htm accessed 09/03/2015Web site does not exist or is unavailable.No author or title of web page to allow reader to find it online.ImprovementStalin addressed the First Conference of Workers in 1931 by telling them “We are fifty or a hundred years behind the advanced countries.”1.

Footnote in MHRA style: 1. John Traynor et al, The National Archives - Heroes and Villains: Why Did Stalin Want to Industrialise the USSR? [No date] <http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/heroesvillains/g4/cs1/default.htm> [accessed 20 September 2015].

COMMON ERRORSHe believed that this was ‘the very essence of Leninism’1. a step towards the desired proletarian democratic republic of ‘the real Lenin’. 2.

2. Peter Oxley, Russia: from Tsars to Commissars (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).

COMMON ERRORSNo page number when using a specific quotation.

COMMON ERRORSHutchins, R. (1982) Soviet economic development. Oxford: Blackwell.

COMMON ERRORSFormatting errorItalicise titles

Hutchins, R. (1982) Soviet economic development. Oxford: Blackwell.

COMMON ERRORS1.Hutchins, R. (1982) Soviet economic development. Oxford: Blackwell.

COMMON ERRORSMixing stylesUsing numbered footnotes but Harvard layout.

Hutchins, R. (1982) Soviet economic development. Oxford: Blackwell.

REFERENCESSlide 1: Row of books by MistikaS (2007) Available at iStockphoto.com. Image number: 4257988 (Accessed: 18 September 2015).

Slide 7: Neville, C. (2007) The complete guide to referencing and avoiding plagiarism. Maidenhead: Open University Press, p.20.

Slide 9: Sweets by quicksandla. (no date) Available at Morguefile http://www.morguefile.com/archive/?referrer=1660250&srh_field=chocolates#/?q=sweets&sort=pop&photo_lib=morgueFile (Accessed:18 September 2015).

Slide 10: Guinea pigs sharing a carrot (no date) Available at: http://blog.seattlepi.com/seattlehumane/2008/10/08/critter-corner-guinea-pigs/ (Accessed: 18 September 2015).

Slide 11: Man in a chicken suit (no date) Available at: http://www.globaltoynews.com/2013/10/(Accessed: 18 September 2015).

THE END

Thank you for listening.