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7/23/2019 History Prt

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Immediate Cause of the War (June 1914 )The First World War finally broke out in the second half of 1914 because of an accident in

Bosnia.

Sarajevo ssassination

!utbreak of War " #uly$u%ust 1914

1. The Assassination of Francis Ferdinand at Sarajevo(June 1914)The final event &hich led to the outbreak of the First World War took 'lace on #une ()*

1914. !n that day* the rchduke Francis Ferdinand* heir to the ustrian throne* and his &ife&ere shot dead by a youn% Serbian nationalist of the Black +and at Sarajevo* the Bosnian

ca'ital .

Why assassinate the Archduke?The Serbian Black +and had to assassinate rchduke Ferdinand because he &anted to

convert the ustro"+un%arian ,onarchy -the ual ,onarchy/ into a Tri'le ,onarchy by theinclusion of Serbia. lthou%h the Serbs 0i%ht %ain a certain de%ree of autono0y &ithin the

Tri'le ,onarchy* their lon% cherished &ish of creatin% a united Serbian state &ould be

dashed to the %round. Francis #ose'h* the rei%nin% 0onarch &as ei%hty"four years old ande'ected to die soon. Ferdinand2s ideas 0i%ht have a chance for reali3ation very soon. TheBlack +and thou%ht that they should kill Ferdinand before it &as too late. So0e 0e0bers of

the Serbian cabinet kne& the assassination 'lot in advance but did not sto' it.

Austrian intention to destroy Serbiaustria considered the 0urder of the heir to the throne an o'en Serbian attack on the

eistence of the ual ,onarchy because if Francis #ose'h died ustria &ould be left &ithoutan heir. lthou%h she could not find any evidence that the Serbian %overn0ent &as

connected &ith the assassination* ustria consciously e'loited the occasion to destroySerbia as a state to 'ut an end to the Serbian threat to the eistence of the ual ,onarchy

for ever. &ar &ith Serbia 0i%ht lead to a &ar &ith ussia. Thus ustria &anted to beassured of 5er0an su''ort.

German suortThe 5er0an 6aiser decided to su''ort ustria because he re%arded ustria as the only allyof 5er0any and because he believed that the ussian 73ar &ould not co0e to hel' Serbia in

a &ar involvin% the death of a future 0onarch. !n #uly 8* 5er0any assured ustria thatshould there be an ustro"Serbian &ar* 5er0any &ould stand by her -ustrian/ side and

%ive her unli0ited su''ort as an ally. This &as called the Blank 7he:ue.

!"timatum to Serbia+avin% received the &holehearted su''ort fro0 5er0any* ustria sent an ulti0atu0 to

Serbia on #uly (;* 1914. The ulti0atu0 &as to be ans&ered &ithin 4) hours.


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rejected the third. Serbia su%%ested to sub0it it for arbitration by the +a%ue Tribunal.Willia0


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The First World War lasted for four years and three 0onths. aris >eace 7onference 1919

The >eace Treaties 7riticis0 of the ersailles Settle0ent

5eneral Cffects of the First World War

$aris $eace %onference 1919lthou%h re'resentatives of thirty"t&o states attended the >eace 7onference at >aris in#anuary 1919 to &rite the 'eace treaties* three 0en stood out above others= Woodro&

Wilson* >resident of the Gnited States* 7le0enceau* the >ri0e ,inister of France* and Aloyd5eor%e* >ri0e ,inister of Britain. These ca0e to be kno&n as the Bi% Three* for they

eventually 0ade all the decisions of the 7onference.The decisions of the Bi% Three &ere influenced by five factors=

-1/ Secret reaties*While the &ar &as bein% fou%ht* there &ere a series of a%ree0ents

0ade a0on% the llies for dividin% u' the s'oils. oland. The Bi% Three hadto acce't the eistence of these ne& states &hen they &ere 0akin% the territorial

settle0ent after the &ar.(,) Communist #ussia*Since ove0ber 191J* there &as a co00unist %overn0ent in

ussia. The Bi% Three &anted to stren%then the nei%hbourin% states of ussia so that theycould for0 a cordon sanitaire to 'rotect Curo'e a%ainst the s'read of 7o00unis0.

(-) After.%ar bitterness*urin% the &ar* the llied %overn0ents had done their best toarouse the 'atriotis0 of their o&n 'eo'le. ointsin #anuary191). KK Back to To'

(i) Wi"son

(ii) C"emenceau(iii) "oyd Geor0e

Wi"son2s ourteen 3oints
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-1/ The first main themeof Wilson2s Fourteen >oints &as the %rantin% of nationalinde'endence to all the 2o''ressed 'eo'lesL2. eo'les under Turkish rule to be autono0ous -'oint t&elve/.n inde'endent >oland -'oint thirteen/.


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that 5er0any 0ust 'ay for the &ar and +an% the 6aiser. oland* in vie& of the co00unist threat fro0

the north* &as to be stren%thened by= -a/ the cession of a lar%e 'art of Cast >russia* -b/ the

cession of >osen so that she 0i%ht have access to the sea -osen* there &as a stri' ofterritory &hich runs fro0 iver istula to the sea. This &as ter0ed as the >olish 7orridor. To

safe%uard >olish control of the corridor* an3i% &as 0ade a free international city under theAea%ue even thou%h the 'ort &as 'redo0inantly 5er0an in 'o'ulation./* -c/ the ac:uisition

of t&o"fifths of G''er Silesia even thou%h 5er0ans outnu0bered the >oles by about five to

three in the area. ,e0el &as %iven first to the Aea%ue of ations* &hich ulti0ately 'assedthe 'lace of Aithuania.

5er0any also lost all her colonies in frica and the >acific. ,ost of the0 &ere transferred tothe Aea%ue of ations &hich allo&ed the victorious 'o&ers such as Britain* France* Bel%iu0*

South frica* ustralia* e& Nealand* #a'an to rule over the0 as ,andates.5er0any2s territorial losses &ere severe -about 1;O of her land and J 0illion of her for0er

'o'ulation had to be %iven u'/ althou%h these losses constituted chiefly her 'ast con:uests.,oreover* she &as forbidden to enter into any union &ith ustria.

(ii) 5isarmament*5er0any &as al0ost totally disar0ed. She &as allo&ed an ar0y of 1@@*@@@ 0en to be

recruited by voluntary enlist0ent and si s0all battleshi's of less than 1@*@@@ tons.
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Sub0arines and aero'lanes &ere strictly forbidden. The hineland &ould be occu'ied by thellied forces for 1E years* durin% &hich it &ould re0ain 'er0anently de0ilitari3ed.

(iii) War.0ui"t and #earations*ccordin% to rticle (;1 of the Treaty the llied and ssociated 5overn0ents affir0* and

5er0any acce'ts* the res'onsibility of 5er0any and her allies for causin% all the losses andda0a%es to &hich the llied and ssociated 5overn0ents and their nationals have been

subjected as a conse:uence of the &ar i0'osed u'on the0 by the a%%ression of 5er0anyand her allies.


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she beca0e a landlocked state. Thirdly* she had to 'ay her re'arations and li0it her ar0edforces.

reaty of +eui""y (+o/ember 1919)Bul%aria had to %ive u' &estern ,acedonia to Iu%oslavia* &estern So0e Thrace to 5reece*

and obruja to u0ania. These territorial losses &ere by no 0eans severe. But the

Bul%arians &ere not satisfied &ith the Treaty. Firstly* the re'arations and loss of &esternThrace to 5reece not only de'rived Bul%aria of her only access to the ,editerranean Sea but

'laced 0any Bul%arians under the rule of the 5reeks -because &estern Thrace &asinhabited by 0any Bul%arians/. Secondly* like the other defeated 'o&ers* Bul%aria needed

to 'ay her re'arations and li0it her ar0ed forces.

reaty of Se/res (819,7) : ausanne (;19,-)The Treaty of Sevres 0et &ith i00ediate failure because the Bi% Three had al0ost

co0'letely discarded the 'rinci'le of nationalis0 in 0akin% this treaty. They 'artitionedTurkey as a colony. Besides %rantin% inde'endence to Saudi rabia and r0enia* the victors

al0ost divided u' Turkey a0on% the0selves as s'oils. Syria and Aebannon &ere 0andatedto France* &hile >alestine* Trans #ordan and


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disar0ed to the lo&est level. Fifth* there &ere 0any cases in &hich the Bi% Threeabandoned the 'rinci'le of nationality &hen they &ere 0akin% the territorial settle0ent H

for ea0'le* oland* 73echoslovakia* Iu%oslavia* Aatvia* Cstonia* Aithuania and Finland &ereal&ays threatened by the ra'id increase in national stren%th of co00unist ussia.


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Secondly* colonial rivalry led indirectly to the for0ation and stren%thenin% of alliances and

ententes.


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to 'reserve her he%e0ony in Curo'e by for0in% a series of 'eaceful alliances &ith other

'o&ers. fter 1)9@* 5er0any &as 0ore a%%ressive. She &anted to build u' her influence in

every 'art of the &orld. 5er0an forei%n 'olicy in these years &as best e'ressed by the

ter0 2Welt'olitik2 -World >olitics/. Because 5er0an a0bitions &ere etended to 0any 'arts

of the %lobe* 5er0any ca0e into serious conflicts &ith all other 0ajor 'o&ers of Curo'e

-ece't ustria"+un%ary/ fro0 1)9@ to 1914.

ationalis0 in oles resented their loss of 'olitical freedo0. They

desired for 'olitical inde'endence. Thus the 'olicy of the ual ,onarchy &as to su''ress the

nationalist 0ove0ents both inside and outside the e0'ire. The 'articular object of the ual

,onarchy &as to %ain 'olitical control over the Balkan >eninsula* &here nationalist

0ove0ents &ere rife and &ere al&ays %ivin% encoura%e0ent to the nationalist 0ove0ents&ithin the ustro"+un%arian C0'ire. The centre of the nationalist 0ove0ents in the Balkans

&as Serbia. Serbia al&ays ho'ed to unite &ith the Serbs in the ustro"+un%arian C0'ire so

as to create a lar%e Serbian state. Therefore the first ene0y of ustria"+un%ary fro0 1)J1

to 1914 &as Serbia. Besides Serbia* ustria"+un%ary also hated ussia because ussia*

bein% a Slav country* al&ays backed u' Serbia in any ustro"Serbian dis'utes.

ationalis0 in ussia

ussia &as the lar%est and 0ost 'o'ulous country in Curo'e. acific

!cean. T&o thirds of her 'eo'le &ere Slavs. She &as still territorially a0bitious. She &antedto e'and in all directions. aris -see belo&/ and

rene&ed her a%%ression in the Balkans. Thus* her territorial a0bitions clashed &ith the

interests of ustria"+un%ary and Britain. +o&ever* ussia did not retreat. Bein% a

2landlocked2 state* she &anted to ac:uire &ar0 &ater 'orts in the Balkans -e.%.

7onstantino'le/. ,oreover* as 0ost of the Balkan 'eo'les &ere of the Slavic race* ussia

could clai0 to be the 'rotector of her brother races in her e'ansion.


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Note: Treaty of Paris and Russia

In 1856, Russia was defeated by Britain and Frane in t!e "rimean #ar$ %!e was fored to

si&n t!e Treaty of Paris, w!i! sto''ed !er e('ansion into t!e Bal)ans from 1856 to 18*+$

Britain wanted to establis! !er influene in t!e Bal)ans beause t!e Bal)an area borders t!e

editerranean %ea$ lf Russia ontrolled t!e Bal)an area, Britis! na-al 'ower and trade int!e editerranean %ea would be t!reatened$

ationalis0 in France

France had been the do0inant 'o&er in Curo'e for centuries. a'oleon < and a'oleon


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5er0any and ustria also rivalled &ith ussia in the Balkans for co00ercial 'rivile%es. s

early as 1))) 5er0any be%an to build a rail&ay in the area. ustria re%arded the area as a

field for 'rofitable invest0ent and as a bi% 0arket for her 0anufactured %oods. ussia also

ho'ed to control the area because half of her e'orts 'assed throu%h this area.

,inor 7ause

Gndoubtedly econo0ic rivalries 'layed a considerable 'art in creatin% international tensions

in the 4; years before the First World War. s a 0atter of fact* the econo0ic rivalries have

been 0uch ea%%erated. The co00ercial rivalry bet&een 5er0any and ussia in the

Balkans &as not keen* for ussia &as not yet a fully industriali3ed nation &ith a sur'lus of

'roducts to be sold abroad. The trade rivalry bet&een Britain and 5er0any had also eased

off in the ten years before the &ar because they develo'ed their 0arkets in different 'arts

of the &orld "" Britain &ithin her o&n C0'ire* and 5er0any on the continent of Curo'e.

Thus econo0ic rivalries 'layed a 0inor 'art in causin% the First World War.

lan &ould incur the an%er of 5reat Britain and brin% the latter into a &ar* it &as

acce'ted by the 5er0an civilian %overn0ent as the &ar 'lan.


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ll the 7ontinental Curo'ean 'o&ers had ado'ted the conscri'tion syste0 since 1)[email protected] had conscri'tion since the evolutionary Wars* ustria"+un%ary since 1)8)*

5er0any since 1)J@*


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%iven a free hand in ,orocco. 6aiser Willia0


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7ulturally s'eakin%* ussia al&ays re%arded herself as a 0e0ber of the Slav race. s ussia&as the 'o&erful Slavic state* she took it as her duty to su''ort her Slav brothers -e.%.

Serbia/ in their national stru%%les a%ainst Turkey and ustria. >an Slavis0 -the union of allSlavs/ &as al&ays es'oused as the 'olicy of the ussian %overn0ent in the Balkans.

ustria2s interest in the Balkans &as based on 'olitical reason. ustria &anted to su''ressthe nationalist 0ove0ents in the Balkans* 'articularly that in Serbia. By the early t&entieth

century* ustria &anted to etend her rule over Serbia. This brou%ht her into conflicts &ithboth Serbia and ussia.

German interest5er0any2s interest in the area &as based on both econo0ic and cultural reasons.Ccono0ically s'eakin%* the control of the Balkans &ould 'rovide industrial 5er0any &ith

abundant su''ly of chea' ra& 0aterials* a 'o'ulous 0arket and a lar%e field for 'rofitableinvest0ent. Fro0 1))) on&ards* 5er0any be%an her econo0ic 'enetration in the area by

buildin% the Ba%hdad rail&ay* &hich &as ulti0ately to connect Berlin &ith the >ersian 5ulf.7ulturally s'eakin%* the 5er0an %overn0ent believed that the 5er0ans &ere s'iritually and

culturally a su'erior race and so had a 2historic 0ission2 to do0inate both the Balkans* the,iddle Cast* central Curo'e and sia. The inferior races should be forced to acce't the

5er0an culture.Because of the co0'licated nationalistic 0ove0ents and the conflictin% interests of the

'o&ers in the Balkans* the area &as 'rolific of crises fro0 19@) to 1914.

=/ents "eadin0 to the Crisis7ount von ehrenthal* the ustrian ,inister of Forei%n ffairs* al&ays &anted to etend

ustrian 'olitical control over the Serbs in the Balkans. eter* &as stron%ly anti"ustrian and he &anted to unite &ith his fello& nationals in Bosnia*&hich had been under ustrian ad0inistration since the 7on%ress of Berlin in 1)J). Second*

in 19@) a revolution* kno&n as the 2Ioun% Turk evolution2* broke out in the !tto0anC0'ire. The Ioun% Turks &ere liberal refor0ers and youn% officers. They de0anded the

Sultan to %rant a 'arlia0ent and a 0odern constitution and to liberali3e his des'otic rule. ation of &osnia.Ber$e0o/inaWhile


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ll the Serbs in the Turkish C0'ire* in the ustro"+un%arian C0'ire and in Serbia and infact in southern Curo'e &ere to be united to%ether to for0 an inde'endent country. That

&as the drea0 of the Serbs.

&osnian Crisis . ConseuencesThe Bosnian crisis had har0ful conse:uences for the 'eace of Curo'e.

Firstly* ussia felt hu0iliated and &as deter0ined that this 0ust not co0e a%ain.


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46 &a"kan Wars 191,.1-fter the Ioun% Turk evolution* the Turkish %overn0ent re0ained &eak and inefficient.


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Second &a"kan War 191-Bul%aria had lon% re%arded ,acedonia as her 'ossession. +er :uarrels &ith Serbia soon

develo'ed into a &ar.


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,ontene%ro* u0ania* 5reece and Turkey. The &ar &as soon over. Bul%aria &as soundlydefeated. The territorial settle0ent 0ade after the First Balkan War &as lar%ely 'reserved

ece't that Turkey and u0ania %ained so0e valuable territory.

&a"kan Wars . ConseuenceThe conse:uences of the Balkan Wars directly led to the outbreak of the First World War.

Firstly* Serbia &as t&ice victorious in the Balkan &ars and &as lar%er than ever""her area

doubled as she %ot a lar%e 'art of ,acedonia. The desire to 0ake herself lar%er by includin%all fello& nationals in a united Slav state &as intensified. This brou%ht her 0ore shar'ly intocollision &ith ustria &hich ruled ei%ht 0illion Serbs and 7roats and &hich 'revented Serbia

fro0 %ettin% a coastline.Secondly* ustria found that the Serbs in Bosnia and +er3e%ovina %re& increasin%ly

troubleso0e. She &as deter0ined to attack Serbia before it &as too late.Thirdly* the 6aiser kne& that ustria &as her only de'endable ally in Curo'e. +e assured the

ustrian Forei%n ,inister that Iou can be certain < stand behind you and a0 ready to dra&the s&ord &henever your action 0akes it necessary.

Fourthly* the ussian 73ar felt that ussia had suffered a di'lo0atic defeat because shecould not obtain lbania for Serbia due to ustrian insistence.


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0ua" A""iance 19

he Con0ress of &er"in 18;8ivalry bet&een ustria and ussia in the Balkans ca0e to a head in 1)JJ"J). eninsula a%ain. KK Back to To'
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Tri3"e A""iance 12

ranco.Ita"ian ri/a"ry in unisBis0arck had tactfully encoura%ed France to e'and overseas in the ho'e of divertin% her

attention a&ay fro0 lsace"Aorraine. French anneation of Tunis in northern frica in 1))1

alienated


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ccordin% to the ter0s of the Second Three C0'erors2 Aea%ue* Bul%aria &as reco%ni3ed as aussian s'here of influence The Bul%arians &ere e'eriencin% an a&akenin% of national self

consciousness and did not &ant to be do0inated by the ussians. an"5er0an feelin%s to su''ort ustria2s e'ansionist 'olicy in the Balkans. To 'ursue

his a0bitions* he often ado'ted black0ailin%* threats and other un'o'ular 0ethods. Fro01)9@ to 19@J* he succeeded in alienatin% Britain* France and ussia* and thus hel'ed to

create a rival bloc of anti"5er0an alliances. KK Back to To'

Franco!+ussian A""iance 19/

#usso.German friendshi endedWhen Willia0 an"5er0anis0* aroused stron% ussian sus'icion. ussia naturally turned

to the side of France* &hich &as the irreconcilable ene0y of 5er0any.

#ussia turned to rancelthou%h at first there see0ed little 'ossibility for 73arist ussia to ally &ith e'ublican

France* t&o factors 0ade such an alliance 'ossible= firstly* both felt necessary to for0 a0ilitary 'act to offset the 0ilitary threat of 5er0any? and secondly* France had floated

several hu%e loans to hel' ussia to industrialise.

A""iance formedThe ter0s of the alliance &ere as follo&s= -i/ if France &as attacked by 5er0any or5er0any and her ally -


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nd of ritish ,so"ationrantic &ritish =fforts to Win A""ies (189-.197,)fter the for0ation of the Franco"ussian lliance* Britain found herself di'lo0atically

isolated. Throu%hout the 19th century* she had follo&ed the 'olicy of 2s'lendid isolation2* i.e.to avoid involve0ent in Curo'ean affairs. But by the late 19th century* she felt that this

'olicy &as no lon%er a 'ractical 'olicy* for she could no lon%er co00and res'ect in &orld'olitics. This &as illustrated by the follo&in% three incidents=

-i/ eninsula to 7hina.Britain &as ecluded. -The 7ontinental 5rou' 0ade u' of France* 5er0any and ussia.

Cven thou%h these three 'o&ers did not coo'erate in Curo'e* they so0eti0es coo'erated inthe Car Cast./

-ii/ ri0e ,inister of the7a'e 7olony* or%ani3ed a raid into the utch e'ublic of Transvaal in South frica. -Britain

had lon% desired to obtain 0ore colonies in frica. #a0eson aid &as one ea0'le of theBritish coloni3in% efforts./ The raid failed and r. #a0eson and his raiders &ere all ca'tured

by the utch -Boers/. >ublic o'inion in 0ost of the Curo'ean countries &as stron%ly anti"

British. 6aiser Willia0 resident 6ru%er of Transvaal. The Curo'ean reactions to the #a0eson aidsu%%ested that Britain had no di'lo0atic su''ort in Curo'e.-iii/ Bet&een 1)9; and 1)9)* in r0enia* the Turkish Sultan slau%htered (@@*@@@ of his

7hristian subjects. Britain2s su%%estion of sendin% a navy to the r0enian shore to rescue

the 7hristians &ent unheeded.

&ritish.German a""iance fai"edBritain at first sou%ht to 0ake so0e sort of alliance &ith 5er0any* but she failed because=

-i/ 5er0any &anted Britain to join the Tri'le lliance* but Britain refused for fear that it&ould involve her in Curo'ean conflicts of no direct concern to Britain*

-ii/ 5er0any2s naval e'ansion after 1)9) threatened Britain2s naval su're0acy* and-iii/ 5er0any2s colonial interests clashed &ith those of Britain in 7hina and the Balkans.

Note: 4ermany wanted to di-ide "!ina into s'!eres of influene but Britain wanted to )ee'

an o'en door for trade for all nations in e-ery 'art of "!ina$ In t!e Bal)ans, 4ermanywanted to brin& Tur)ey under t!e eonomi and 'olitial ontrol of 4ermany$ But Britaintried to maintain t!e inte&rity of t!e Tur)is! m'ire for fear t!at if 4ermany ontrolled

Tur)ey, s!e would t!reaten t!e Britis! na-al and eonomi interests in t!e editerranean$

An0"o.Jaanese A""iance 197,7onse:uently Britain concluded an alliance &ith #a'an in 19@(. The lliance &as i0'ortant

in Curo'ean di'lo0atic relations in t&o &ays=-i/ Britain had abandoned her 'olicy of isolation* and

-ii/ since Britain could 0ake use of #a'an to check ussian a%%ression in the Far Cast* herfear of ussian colonial e'ansion lessened and this hel'ed to 'ave the &ay for their future

coo'eration.KK Back to To'

ntente %ordia"e 19-4

&ritain and rance needed mutua" suortfter concludin% the n%lo"#a'anese lliance* Britain &as still lookin% for a Curo'ean ally.

She naturally turned to France* the irreconcilable ene0y of 5er0any. France also &antedBritain as her ally. France did not &ant to su''ort ussia in a &ar in the Far Cast because it

&ould 0ean a &ar &ith both Britain and #a'an -Britain2s ally in the n%lo"#a'anese alliance/.
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lliance &ith Britain 0i%ht absolve France fro0 su''ortin% ussia.


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her s'here of influence* the south ke't by Britain* and the central &as to re0ain under>ersian control as a buffer 3one. Secondly* ussia renounced her interests in f%hanistan.

ussia and Britain &ere to enjoy e:ual tradin% ri%hts in the country. Britain %ained control ofthe forei%n 'olicy in f%hanistan. -This a%ree0ent safe%uarded the security of

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