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Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan: He lived during the reign of Akbar. He translated Baburs Memoirs fromTurkish to Persian.Abdussamad: He was honoured with the award of zariqalam by Akbar. Ages, Chronological order of: Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, ChalcolithicAgrahara: Tax-free villages granted to the learned Brahmanas in ancient India were known asAgrahara.

Akot: is a town, about 42 km from Akola, from where a stone idol of Lord Adinath, the first JainTeerthankara, was found in 1993.Alien Powers in India, chronological sequence of: Indo-Greeks, Scythians, Kushanas, Huns.Amarasimha: was one of the nine gems in the court of the legendary Vikramaditya. Hiswork Amarkosha occupies a dominant position in Sanskrit lexicography.Amoghavarsha-I: was the long ruling Rashtrakuta king (A.D. 814-78). He represented the height of development of his dynasty.Asanga: was a Buddhist philosopher. He was the originator of Buddhist Yogachara idealism.Ashvaghosha: was the spiritual adviser of Kanishka (the Kushan emperor) who took a leading part inthe Fourth Buddhist Council at Srinagar which was presided by Vasumitra. He was a renownedMahayana Sanskrit scholar and author of Sariputra-prakarana and Buddha Charitam. He was thegreatest literary figure at Kanishkas court. Atisa Dipankara: was the most famous teacher of Vikramasila university founded in A.D. 810 by kingDharmapala of Pala dynasty.Battle of San Thomas: This battle during the Carnatic Wars (1746-61) definitely proved for the firsttime the superiority of European arms and discipline over the traditional Indian methods of warfare.Battle of Waihand: was fought between Mahmud Ghaznavi and Anandpala.Bhaskaravarman: was the king of Kamarupa (Upper Assam). He was a contemporary of king Sasankaof Gauda and was his arch-enemy. Bhaskaravarman was the eastern ally of king Harsha.Bilhana: was a Sanskrit historian and poet born in Kashmir. He left Kashmir aboutA.D. 1065 and became the court poet at Kalyana where he wrote an epic, Vikramadeva-charita tocelebrate the reign of Vikramaditya-VI, the Chalukya king of Kalyana.Blue Water Policy: The Blue Water policy is attrib uted to Don Francisco de Almeida, the first Viceroyof the Portuguese possessions i n India. His Blue Water policy was to be powerful at the sea instead of building fortresses on Indian land.

Boghaz Koi inscriptions: are important in Indian history because inscriptions of the four teenth centuryB.C. discovered here mention the names of Vedic gods and goddesses.Brahmagupta: (598-660) of Ujjain, was a great mathematician of his t ime.Brahui: is a language of Baluchistan. Linguistically, it is Dravidian.Busa Munda Revolt: occurred in Bihar.Catching the butterflies and setting them free: was the prominent feature of the foreign policy of Samudragupta.Chandernagore: was a French possession before its merger with India.Charvaka: is known as the greatest of the materialistic philosophers of ancient India.Chauth: was a t ax levied by Marathas a contribution exacted by a military leader, which was justifiedby the exigencies of the situation.Coinage in Ancient India: Coins in ancient India were made of metal copper, silver, gold, or lead.Nishka and Satamana in the Vedic texts were taken to be names of coins, but they seem to be onlyprestige objects. Coins made of metal first appeared in the age of Gautama Buddha. The earliest weremade largely of silver though a few copper coins also appear. Coins made of burnt clay belong to theKushan period i.e., the first three Christian centuries.Dadu: was the saint from Gujarat who preached non-sectarianism in medieval times. He founded the

Brahma - Sampardaaya (the sect of Brahma). Dahar (or Dahir): was the Brahmana king of Sind who was defeated by the Arab invasion in A.D. 712by Mohammadbin-Kasim, nephew and son-inlaw of al-Hajjaj, governor of Irak. The Indian ruler (Dahar)offered a brave resistance in the battle near Raor but was defeated and killed.Darius: was the Iranian ruler who penetrated into north-west India in 516 B.C. and annexed Punjab,west of Indus, and Sindh.Devapala: (A.D. 830-850) was successor to Dharmapala, the famous Pala ru ler. He established thethird important Pala university of Somapura. He shifted his capital to Monghyr from where he

maintained d iplomatic relations with the Sailendra kings of Sumatra.Dhammapada: was the first major work to say that salvation by means of devotion is open to humans

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regardless of birth, gender or station in life.Dharmachakra: In the Gandhara art, it is the preaching mudra associated with the Buddhas FirstSermon at Sarnath.First Congress Split: took place in 1907 at Surat.First metal used by man: Copper.First Muslim invaders of India: Arabs were the first Muslim invaders of India.

First Sultan of Delhi: was Qutb-ud-din who succeeded Muhammad Ghuri as sovereign of the newIndian conquests, and from 1206 may be reckoned as the first Sultan of Delhi.First to issue gold coins in India: Mauryas.First to set up department of agriculture: Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq was the first to set up adepartment of agriculture in India.First to start sea trade with India: Portugal.Gautamiputra Satakarni: was the great king of Satavahana dynasty.Gayatri mantra: is contained in Rig Veda.Gopuram: It has been the main feature of t he South Indian temple architecture.Hasan Gangoo: entitled Zafar Khan was founder of the Bahmani kingdom in Deccan.Ibadat Khana: is a building at Fatehpur Sikri where Akbar held discussions on religious matters.Ibn-Batuta: was a great scholar and traveller from South Africa who came to India inA.D. 1333 during the reign of Mohammad Tughlak and wrote about him.Iqta: It was the land-grant system adopted by Ala-ud-din Khilji to grant his officers as reward forservices rendered. Qutabuddin Aibak was assigned the first iqta in India by Mohd of Ghor.Jimutavahana: was a famous jurist of medieval India (fifteenth century). His work Dayabhaga is acommentary on the srutis, specially on Manu.Kalachuri era: counted from A.D. 248, it was mostly current in Central India. Their capital was Tripurinear Jabalpur. Kalachuris were the feudatories of the Pratiharas but soon acquired independence.Karshapana: was the most commonly used coin in the Chola kingdom.Khiraj: was the land tax imposed by Mohd-bin- Qasim after the Arabs occupation of Sind. Magazines started by National leaders: Young India (M.K. Gandhi); Kesari (B.G. T ilak); New India(Annie Besant); Bengali (S.N. Bannerji).Maski Rock edict: This minor Rock-edict is the only edict in which Ashoka refers to himself as the kingof Magadha.

Moplah Rebellion: broke out in Malabar (Kerala) in August 1921.Nastaliq: was a Persian script used in medieval India.Nauroj festival in India: Balban introduced the famous Persian festival of Nauroj in India.Nicolo Conti: was the Italian foreign traveller who visited Vijayanagar about A.D. 1420 during the reignof Deva Raya-II.Palas: who controlled most of Bengal and Bihar, was the third power involved in the three-sided conflictbetween Rashtrakutas and Pratiharas over the control of Kanauj. Pala dynasty was established byGopala in the eighth century A.D. He attained renown from the fact that he was not hereditary king butwas elected.Paragana: During the rule of the so-called Slave dynasty in India, the empire was divided intoprovincial units called Paraganas placed under the charge of a military officer.Prakrit: This language received royal patronage during the reign of Satavahanas.Rajsekhar: was the Sanskrit poet who lived in the court of Mahendrapala-I.Ratika: or rati is a weight between 1.5 to 3 Gunjas; between 5 to 8 grains of rice. It was the basicweight (measure) in ancient India.Ratnakara: denoted the Arabiasn Sea in ancient Indian historical geography.Rishabha: is supposed to be the mythical founder of Jainism.Sardeshmukhi: was an additional levy of 10%, which Shivaji demanded on the basis of his claim as thehereditary Sardeshmukh (chief headman) of Maharashtra.Shahrukh: It was silver coin of the Mughals. Sharada script: The Kashmiri language was originallywritten in Sharada script.Subuktigin: was the first Turkish invader of India.Tanka: was a silver coin of the Sultanate period of India.Tehqiq-i-Hind: Alberunis work on India. It contains obser vations on Indian civilization which areremarkably incisive and acute.

Turushkadanda: was a tax collected by the Gahadavalas during the early medieval India.Vagbhata: is regarded as unrivalled in his knowledge of the basic principles of Ayurveda.

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Vatapi (or Badami): now in the Bijapur district of Karnataka, where Pulakesin I, founder of theChalukya dynasty in t he middle of the s ixth century, established himself as lord of Vatapi or Badami(capital of Chalukyas). It is well-known for Chalukyan sculpture found in the cave temples here.Vidushaka: the constant companion and confidant of the hero in Sanskrit dramas, was nearly always aBrahmin.Vikramasila University: was a great Tantrik University founded by the Pala king Dharmapala in A.D.

810. It was a hotbed of moral corruption, sorcery and idolatry. In A.D. 1198, the soldiers if Ikhtiar Khiljiraised the structure to the ground and k illed every monk in the University.Wood's Despatch of 1854: It related to educational reforms. Lord Dalhousie took measures to carryout the scheme embodied in the famous despatch of Sir Charles Wood (July 1854) which embraced ver -nacular schools throughout the districts, and above all the glorious measures of grants-in-aid to allschools, without reference to caste or creed.Yakshagana: was the south Indian dance tradition that appeared for the first time in the Vijayanagarperiod.Zabti System: was introduced by Akbar for land revenue administration. In Zabti system, land wasmeasured and assessment of land revenue was based upon it.