History of USA 1.

Lecture 102.12.COUNTRY PROFILE: BASIC DATA &NATIONAL SYMBOLSBesides your notes taken at the first lecture, you can also consult the following websites in order to fill in any missing information: The White House, US Department of State, US Department of the Interior, CIA World Factbook, US Census Bureau/American Factfinder, The PEW Research Center, Encyclopedia Britannica, etc. DO AVOID SOURCES OF UNRELIABLE ACADEMIC CONTENT, SUCH AS WIKIPEDIA! PROCEED TO THE LINKS IT OFFERS TO AMERICAN GOVERNMENT OR ACADEMIC WEBSITES!1. The U.S. is the world's 3. largest country by size and the 3. largest by population. Territory of the U.S.: 9.8 million square kms _ Its borders and their length: total 12 000 km, CAN 8800 km, MEX 3100 km _ Its length (N-S): ar. 2500 km Its width (E-W): ar. 4300 km _2. Highest peak/height/location: Mt. McKinley (Alaska) 6000 m; Mt. Whitney (Calif.) 4400 m Lowest point/depth/location: Death Valley, -86 m _ Largest lake: Lake Superior (shared w Canada)/ Lake Michigan _ Longest river/length: Mississippi, 3766 km _ Natural hazards/locations: tsunamis [western coastline, Pacific Basin]; volcanic activities [mainly western US, Cascade Arc]; earthquakes [western coastline, Pacific Basin]; hurricanes [Florida, Caribbean, South-East]; tornadoes [Mid-West, The Prairie, Nebraska, Kansas]; mud-slides [California]; forest fires [South-West]; flooding [eastern part, river systems]; permafrost [Alaska] _3. Population of the U.S.: 320 million _Growth rate: +0,77% (bc of immigration) _ Fertility rate: 2.01 children/ household _ Life expectancy: 79 (81 w, 77 m) _ Language(s): NO OFFICIAL! English (80%), Spanish (12%), French, Native Am. etc. _ Religions: Christian 78% (Protestant 51%, Rom. Cath. 23%, Mormon), Jewish, Buddhist, Islam etc. Racial distribution: 77% white; 13% Afro-American; 5% Asian; 1,4% Native American, 3,6% Other --- 16% Latino mixed from the above _4. Form of government: federal republic (based on a constitution) _ Current U.S. administration:President/Party Barack Obama, democratic party _Vice President Joseph R Biden _Secretary of State John F. Kerry _Secr. of the Treasury Jacob J. Lew _Secr. of Defense Ashton Carter _Attorney General Loretta Lynch _Secr. of Homeland Security Jeh Johnson _ Current party system: two-party system Democratic and Republican _5. Current capital of U.S.: Washington DC _ Previous capital(s): Philadelphia, NYC, etc. (9) _ Number of states: 50+1 (DC) _ 13 original colonies/states: Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maryland, South Carolina, New Hampshire, Virginia, New York, North Carolina, Rhode Island _ Largest state(s): Alaska/ Texas _ Smallest state(s): Rhode Island _ Most populous state(s): California (37 mill) _ Least populous state(s): Wyoming _ Youngest states: Hawaii, Alaska _ Would-be state: Puerto Rico _ Most populous cities: New York City (8 mill), Los Angeles, Chicago _ Dependant territories (min. 5): Puerto Rico, US Virgin Islands, Guantanamo Bay (Cuba), American Samoa, Midway Islands, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands _6. Official symbol of the U.S.: bald eagle _ Popular symbol(s) of the U.S.: Statue of Liberty, Uncle Sam, McDonalds, Coca Cola, The Stars and Stripes etc. _ The flag: The Stars and Stripes, Old Glory _ Motto(s) of the U.S.: E Pluribus Unum (From many to one); In God We Trust _ National anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner _ The Statue of Liberty: NYC Harbor, Liberty Island, gift from France, a symbol of the US _ National holiday: July 4th, Independence Day _7. Cultural regions of the U.S. (5 regions): New England, Mid-Atlantic, South, Mid-West (The Prairie), West _ Belts in the U.S. (min. 5): frost/snow belt sun belt; farm/corn/grain/wheat belt -> Mid-West; black belt (soil) -> Mississippi area; cotton/tobacco/rice belt; rust belt -> northern parts, Great Lakes; Bible belt -> South East; Jell-O belt/Mormon corridor; gun belt (historically the South West)_

Geographical dimensions: Period of Settlement along eastern coastline moving slowly to the west American militarism is based in Indian Wars invasion The Frontiers Period the ocean separated the US so it was safer isolation is part of the foreign policy the country has various climates, weather, soil etc. independence is possible system of water ways mobility mass immigration is a defining part of US conquering America was slow and painful optimism, always somewhere to go sense of freedom comes from geography climate: huge extremes cold and hot winds can enter the country alike mountains and oceans define climate humid/dry

Lecture 2.02.19.COLONIAL AMERICA AND THE FIGHT FOR INDEPENDENCE

The First Americans Native Americans (American Indians) even they were immigrants Ice Age land bridge first tribes arrived from Asia, 8000 years ago during the 15-16th c., 10 mill natives lived in the Americas, 3 mill were the Northerners major Southern cultures were Aztec, Mayan, and Inca there were cultures in the valley of Mississippi, the Cahokia, in the South West the Anasazi Iroquois the League of the Five Nations lived in federacy in the East Mound-builders South East the ancestors of many civilized tribes like Cherokees or Navahos the Plains Indians were eg. the Dakotas (the buffalo-hunters :D) Pueblo Indians they were living in cities, similar the Mid and South American cultures the major tribes never connected, they fought each other, spoke different languages etc. totem poles, canoes, and tents belonged to three different Indian tribes isolation from diseases with the appearance of the white people new diseases killed Indians out of 10 Indians, 9 would die (Typhus, Tuberculosis, Smallpox, Plague, Influenza etc.) diseases were most of the time quicker to kill Indians than armies the settlers already found dying villages (Indians gave us syphilis) plants/animals from and to America: paprika, potato, tomato, beans, corn, turkey most livestock was introduced by Spanish soldiers like cows, horses etc. importation of African slaves because of the huge lands that needed farming the discoveries leaded to drastic changes in the lives of American Indians

What leads to the discoveries? ships and developments make it possible French mercantilism, population growth (after the Great Plague), Ottoman expansion, the need to find a new way to India and China pushes for colonization Christopher Columbus believed the Earth to be smaller after 10 weeks on the ocean he arrived at the Bahamas, thinking they reached China, or East Indies, and he called the people there Indians(the very first discoverers of America were the Vikings c. 1000, but they couldnt survive the weather and the Indian attacks proof of the Vikings found in Vinland) Americas name comes from Amerigo Vespuccis names feminine form he was the first to assume they found a new land Columbus was followed by military man, the conquistadors making sure the occupying was final [Pizzaro, Colorado (found the Grand Canyon).] everybody was looking for gold, because of the mass amount of it in the Aztec Empire because of the gold there was an economical imbalance, thus Spanish, Portuguese and English royal and noble families financed these trips so they would have a share as a result of explorations European countries were able to lay claim on territories Sir Walter Raleigh 1587 he established a colony at todays North Carolina, named the colony Roanoke he started to call the territory Virginia to honor Queen Elizabeth I. he left settlers there, but three years later they disappeared (Lost Colony) potatos import to Europe solved famine, and gave a push to population growth and colonization

Push-factors: lack of economic opportunities in Europe no lands, huge demand for wool, not enough fields for sheep new land meant new business opportunities growing population fight for markets European markets became crowded religious motivations protestants, puritans starting a new life (political motivations strongly belong here) religious freedom

Pull-factors: Spanish and English colonization style was different English stayed away from locals Spanish mixed with them Colonies were directly linked to motherland in the economical way but indirectly in the political way eg. an English colony could only trade with a Spanish colony through the mother country, and had to pay taxes Royal colonies great majority of todays US First was Virginia Royal governor was the leader, but real power laid with the Assemblies Proprietary colonies private colonies eg. Pennsylvania by William Penn, he got it because the King had a debt to his father London merchants founded Southern explorations and establishments Plymouth merchants financed Northern explorations and establishments

Beginnings of the US first success Virginia (London Company) the goal was to find gold 1607 first ship arrives at Chesapeake Bay, they called their settlement Jamestown (survived) they were so busy looking for gold, they didnt prepare for winter of 300 colonies 60 survived the first 2-3 yrs Powhatan tribe was the neighbor of these settlers and they were violent (Pocahontas) there was no gold in the East (the first gold-rush was in the 19th century, in California) they found iron and coal it was the foundation of a great economy also, tobacco was a very popular product on the European market gave a boost to Southern colonization it demands a lot of hand-work tropical diseases caused lots of deaths, so the Americas wasnt really popular Headright system huge land for free or very cheap to attract settlers from Europe 1619 House of Burgesses the worlds first a...? shortage of labor need for additional working hands African slaves, Dutch started to bring them in the African slaves were skilled people in agriculture (rice, etc.) they contributed to the growth of American economy (also American Indians didnt make good slaves, they refused to work) Plymouth merchants wanted to settle a colony in the Northern part pilgrims: radical puritans, Mayflower, 1620 arrived further North than planned, in North East, Massachusetts, at Cape Cod, in the beginning of November tough winter, survival is uncertain Mayflower Compact, 1620: rules for the future community and for the survival leader: William Bradford called non-pilgrims strangersthey met friendly Indians, who helped them survive the first winter they commemorated it in 1621, invited Indians first Thanksgiving two first colonies (Jamestown and Plymouth Company) compared religious and economic reasons for colonization already a differentiation between North and South North: trading, fishing, industrySouth: tobacco, cotton, rice plantation

Lecture 3.02.26.ONE FROM MANY: A NATION BORN

South Jamestown 1607North Plymouth Company, Massachusetts

important differences: the cause of coming to America (religious/economic) Massachusetts puritans had a lasting effect on the later US colonies: the church and the lawful affairs were run by the same people Roger Williams minister in Salem idea of separation of church and state friend with Indians, treated them as equals persecuted, escaped to the South, and followed by others Rhode Island, 1644 Roger Ws ideas will be made here also, complete religious freedom to anyone private colonies idea: William Penn belonged to a pacifist sect Quakers Penn got lots of land in America from the British King (as a payback for his fathers loan to the King) Philadelphia (brotherly love) many immigrants, famous also for religious tolerance 13 colonies established by 1733, it was Georgia Tide water area?? Appalachians block mountain westward movement was really slow at the beginning Wilderness Road Daniel Boone he and his man found a gap in the mountains, 1775 after that, larger communities are able to move westward New England colonies: centered on Massachusetts, than New Hampshire, Connecticut and Rhode Island real Yankees depended on the climate very few chances for agriculture fishing and timber/building is important shipbuilders started to emerge Boston is a developed center harbor Trans-Atlantic and Triangular trade Triangular trade: Massachusetts (distilleries rum) -- Caribbean (sugar cane) West Africa (slaves) New England colonies become very prosperous they werent too welcoming to newcomers immigrants mostly from the British Isles Middle colonies (Mid-Atlantic): Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, Delaware better soil, better chances for agriculture, weather is milder trade is central Philadelphia welcoming to newcomers open to immigrants from all over the world New York City was a Dutch colony (New Amsterdam Wall Street) there were Swedish and German (Pennsylvania Dutch they werent Dutch!) colonies also active Trans-Atlantic and Inter-American (between colonies) trade largest cities at the time are here NYC (25000), Philadelphia (28000) Southern colonies: Maryland, Virginia, North & South Carolina, Georgia agriculture tobacco, cotton (M,V,NC) and rice (SC,G) House of Burgesses local representation, election Trans-Atlantic trade all manufactured goods coming from England not welcoming of immigrants partly because of slavery, partly because of a conservative attitude slaves were easy to control whereas newcomers needed a payment etc.

Englandcontrol and trade: the colonies were controlled by England smugglers were everywhere salutary neglect / Let the sleeping dogs lie policy Sir Robert Walpole, 1720s-40s very typical attitude in trading and politics England didnt really interfere with the colonies inner politics other colonies Florida (Spanish), Louisiana (French), Alaska (Russian) etc. major colonial conflict: French vs. British over the Great Lakes area ends up in a war French and Indian war, 1754 by 1756 it became a global war, or the Seven Years War ended with the Peace of Paris, British won they got everything in North-America except New Orleans, also got Quebec the war exhausted the British treasury harsh, strict taxes were collected from the colonies Proclamation of 1763 (this was when the war ended) its goal is to stop westward movement why did the King wanted to stop it? Britain didnt want another war (with eg. Spanish) as the treasury was empty a movement to any direction would end up in war Sugar Act taxing sugar imports Stamp Act duties on every piece of paper that had text on these acts lead to major outrage no representation without taxation Stamp Act Congress (1765) with the leadership of Virginia (Georgia didnt attend) point is to put down in words the dissatisfaction and send to the King the King decided to withdraw the Stamp Act Quartering Act making colonies responsible for the stationing of troops, if not carried out, than the troops would force it new chancellor Charles Townshend Townshend Duties (1767) major riots again withdrawing it news to Boston arrived later Boston Massacre (1770) Samuel Adams was a leading character of these riots the tax on tea remained monopoly of the British Company 1773, Boston Tea Party (ruining a shiploads of tea) suspending workers, closing down Boston Harbor end of livelihood for the colonies colonies realize that the Kings acts jeopardize their freedom and living First C. Congress (MAS) starting to organize arms, military British were determined to stop them 1775 Mas, Lexington and Conroy(?) start of the War of Independence (till 1781) The War of Independence: conflict with England and conflict between colonies brutal war, involving civilians mostly ambush and guerrilla warfare shifting from traditional war to a war for liberation conflict between colonies what way to go independence from Britain or not Second Continental Congress, 1775 functioning as a kind of national government deciding to set up a Continental Army, with George Washington as a commander (42 yrs. old, Virginian, slave-holder) sending olive-branch petition to the King, the reaction was a close-down (blockade) of the entire coastline of the colonies 1776, Thomas Paines pamphlet Common Sense everything that is right calls for independence 1776, Thomas Jefferson (lawyer, Virginian) wrote a Declaration of Independence 4th of July Birth of the USA set out the ideas behind the change, claimed that all men had natural rights (happiness, freedom etc.), all acts should be consulted with the government of the colonies ideas go back to Enlightening and John Lockes ideas when they signed the DoI the war was far from order, the outcome was not sure those who signed the document they risked everything the army was small and not organized, more like an armed mob most colonies were not accustomed to obeying rules Washington asked for foreign consultants Lafayette and a Russian guy diplomats to the French, to negotiate with the French King for helping them he wasnt really keen to help, as the colonies werent really successful the war brought together colonies first success: Saratoga, 1777 Benjamin Franklin could get the French King to help French ships, munitions etc. started to pour in the US (Statue of Liberty) 1781, The Battle of Yorktown final battle defeating the British 1783, the Treaty of Paris Great Britain recognizes the independence of American colonies US got territories (Mississippi Valley at the West) many British supporter fled from the colonies to GrB or Canada (first bigger English speaking groups) the war and the success of the colonies was a shock to Europe Aftermaths of the War: the USA was just a term at this time, the people were more loyal to their colonies (even today theres a very strong sense of allegiances of state) the direction wasnt clear each state had their own constitution and acted as independent countries national governments question nobody wanted a strong central government 1777, the states decided on the Articles of Confederation, later became official first constitution of US, loose union, huge degree of independence of the states only national authority is Congress (no president, no executive, no judicial power these were local) Confederation the AoC had the power of but didnt have the power to tax! soon there were problems with paying back war debtsit had the power to set up a navy and army but didnt have the right to recruit!1781-89 Critical Period very low reputation, British were laughing need for a stronger government bankrupt farmers rebelled in Massachusetts Shays Rebellion convinces many to join in the state matters again and to work out a way of governing Constitutional , 1787 half a year debate, and a document at the end the Constitution of 1787 got ratified by 1789

Lecture 4.03.05.THE WESTWARD MOVEMENT AND THE INDIAN QUESTION

Second constitution oldest constitution in the world Americans believe it to be the best still 1780s is about the Articles of Federation Federal Republic (state and local levels) theres a federal government, but the states enjoy a kind of individuality States Rights system of checks and balances separate judiciary, no federal judiciary system etc. based on the French revolutions ideas the Second Constitution creates a bi-cameral system: two senates, and theres also a House of Representatives according to the population of each state both houses have to accept laws Judicial Power: US Supreme Court combination: peak and constitutional the aim is that there wouldnt be tyranny James Madison (lawyer) was the writer (also wrote Virginia const.) Lockian, Enlightenments ideas, power branches can check on each other on federal, state and local level as well two years needed to ratify the Constitution: anti-federalists support state suvenirity, they wanted individual rights to be inclined, didnt trust central government federalists NYS and Virginia was very important in the ratification agreeing if Bill of Rights is added Bill of Rights freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly; right to carry arms; trial, unbiased jury 27 amendments the Federal Constitution always comes first even in local problems Power of judicial review, 1803 Supreme Court has the final decision, could not be questioned John Marshall serving 34 years as Supreme Court Chief Tenth amendment anything thats not stated in the Const. can be determined by the states (e.g. driving license, education, taxes, death penalties etc.) state vs. federal laws first American political party system the anti-federalists and the federalists became the first one: Federalists and Democratic-Republicans 1790s unspoken rule a president cant be in office for more than two terms (4 years is one term) John Adams presidency saw the first party system emerging John Adams and Alexander Hamilton (Federalist) vs. Thomas Jefferson (Dem.-Repub.) soon the differences disappear between the two parties New England was the center of Federalists but the westward movement changed it leads to the emerge of DR party DR party ruled for the very long time Era of Good Feelings, 1817-1824 (James Monroe) by the 1810-20s the DR party started to have its own fractions, clashing with each other Andrew Jackson vs. John Q. Adams split within the DR party, 1829 National-Republican party (JQA) vs. Democratic party (todays Democratic party is the oldest party in the world!) National-Republican party wasnt successful, so they became the Whig party in the 1830s major problem westward movement economic differences between US parts, slavery issue Whigs couldnt hold up by the 1850s a new party the Republicans presidency for a very long time stable political system

Western Movement, reaching todays size: state rights and federal law had a major conflict, huge differences after the WoI US territory goes up to the Mississippi line, different nations colonies all around first thing is to settle Mississippi valley New Orleans is French territory, but leads to the sea, so its a crucial issue western movement massive movement the Prairie and Louisiana was given to the French delegation went to Paris to negotiate with Napoleon on the matter of Louisiana the Americans bought Louisiana and the whole Prairie (Middle America!), 1803 DRs were happy as they wanted to expanse important for keeping out other nations, also for economic reasons The War of 1812 American expansionists wanted Canada, also, Indian tribes were a problem and the British supported Indians Washington DC and the center was bombarded down Americans lose but it brought the specifying of the Canada-US borderline Florida Indian tribes often raided, slaves escaped from US to Florida Indians used guerilla technique Andrew Jackson entered Florida, chasing Indians (Seminole tribe lived there) Jackson invaded Florida, Spanish gave it up, the Adams-Ons Treaty (1819) settled it US promised Spain the South West (Texas etc.) Mexicans lived there cotton plantations are important there American immigrants, bringing slaves Mexicans increase taxes Texas independence (1836, on their own) and applying admission to the US, but wasnt accepted until 1845 because of the slavery issue (US always accepted two states at the time, one slaveholder, one non-slaver) Mexico broke off diplomatic relations with the US, also borders werent clear Mexican-American War, 1846-48 Americans invade Mexican cities etc. Americans leave Mexico after taking them down in Mexico a mixture of Indians and Spanish lived and America shouldve given them rights, but they didnt wanted to give it them, so they left South-Western states born of it in the meantime there was an issue with Britain over Oregon country propaganda so that people would move to Oregon and outnumber British people there Manifest Destiny (God-given right to have the West) by the 1840s, Americans outnumbered the British there diplomatic solutions: Oregon Treaty, 1846 cutting Oregon in half, Washington, Montana, Oregon was born out of it Gadsden Purchase, 1853 Arizona and New Mexico buying this territory The US reached its present size by 1850s purchase of Alaska, 1867 from Russia was seen as a wasteland later oil by the 1850s they get to the end of the Frontier

Organizing: the newly bought/linked parts were called territories, not states! acceptance is not automatic question: old states expand or new states created? integrating new territories into the US system it was needed, because states had equal rights Frontier declared closed by the Census Bureau

Lecture 5.03.12.THE ISSUE OF SLAVERY AND THE CIVIL WAR

Westward Movement lead to various major crisis how to handle the Indians peaceful coexistence (noble savages) initial plan was respecting them, leaving them in peace farmers, people who wanted to settle there wasnt very peaceful Indians became uncivilizable Indians have to yield or disappear separation (not integration like in Latin-America) Bureau of Indian Affairs relocating Indians Indian Relocation Act 5 civilized tribes (Cherokees were the most civilized with constitution, alphabet etc.) Oklahoma = Indian Country the tribes were relocated there Cherokees resisted, applied to the Supreme Court which said theyre right Cherokees were forced anyway to todays Georgia Trail of Tears Cherokees had to force walk in the winter to Georgia thousands died reservations resistance went on till the end of 19th century, still a question today The Battle of the Little Big Horn, 1876 one of the last battles of the Indian Wars Apaches were the last tribes to hold on, Geronimo was their leader (New Mexico, Arizona part) all of them died as prisoners of war as most Indian tribes were nomadic tribes, closing them in reservations meant the end of their culture Ghost Dance movement last of the movement which tried to make Indians to rise up Wounded Knee Massacre, 1890 nowadays more and more people claim that theyre Indians, it became something to be proud of

The Civil War Northern and Southern US developed in very different ways climate, ways of farming North: cold weather small farms industrial quickly developing farm belt South: warm weather big plantations, based on slave labor (SE) AND a booming frontier region (SW) cotton is crucial to the South cotton gin an engine that helps speeding up the processing of cotton (separating cotton from seeds) 8000 times more cotton could be produced slavery was needed for cotton producing slavery and the south economy system was called The Peculiar Institution, and was popular in use before the Civil War, as calling it slavery was seen improper Mason-Dixon line: between Pennsylvania (N) and Maryland (S) cotton was very important at the time it was very dependent on the slavery South grew economically, but didnt develop they just produced raw cotton and exported it protective tariffs its an issue 1832, Nullification Ordinance declares these tariffs uncostitutional the real issue was the development of North and South South wasnt a solid block, slave-keepers were a minority, majority was farmers upper South not typically slave-holding areas lower South strong interest in slavery and plantation system it was economically successful slavery had different types few slaves, little farm, slaves were like family hundreds of slaves, huge plantation, sometimes awful circumstancesHOWEVER, slaves had no rights at all!!! after the end of Westward movement, the Wests position was a question more like North or South first major constitutional crisis: Missouris joining wanted to join as a slave-holder balance! (see earlier) Maine was chosen as a counterpart Missouri Compromise, 1820 slavery was forbidden North of Missouri! second major crisis: the problem of territories taken from Mexico California is the first to join (because of the gold-rush they had the needed population in a year) they wasnt slave-holders The Compromise of 1850 ends slave trade in DC; fugitive slaves couldnt flee to the North; new concept: Popular s California entered as a free state Free Soilers moved to the Republican party later Underground Railroad safe-places, safe routes were used to help slaves escape to Canada, where they couldnt be captured anymore emancipation movement grows, mainly in the North against slavery because of morals, and because it held development back abolitionism most black people lived in the South either on plantations as slaves or in the cities as free people free women typically worked as maids, nannies, in kitchens free men learned some trades, like blacksmith or carpenter 1854-59 new territories open up for settlement (Kansas, Nebraska opening) two groups in Kansas start to fight each other, bleeding Kansas mini Civil War (this lead to the disappearance of the Weed Party, and the emerging of Free Soilers) North and South democrats anti-slaverists vs slaverists some wanted slavery to leave as it is, but dont let to spread, others (like A Lincoln) thought it was immoral thoroughly, and there should be a conversion of Southern economy into the Northern one Dred Scott vs. Sandford case, 1857 DS was a slave, and he was moved with his owners to a Northern state, so he claimed, he is free, but Supreme Court said, he is a property either way Abraham Lincoln Lincoln-Douglas debates made him famous becomes the presidential candidate at the next elections Southern states said, that they would leave if he wins he wins Southern radicals (Fire Eaters) started to rise up, so the Southern states would leave the US only five states voted to stay (West Virginia was born than) Southern states decide to make Confederate States of America (CSA), Richmond is the capital, Jefferson Davis is the president April, 1861, Charleston, Fort Sumter the federal governments fort, attacked by Southerners uneven war, North leads, but at the beginning it cannot be seen, the first phase is full of Southern victories they fought a defensive war, fought for their liberty, they were really committed to the war, they had the advance of homeland, Northerners opinions were divided, they counted on European support the longer they fought, the lesser their chances were South wasnt producing food so they had to import, they were dependent on incoming shipments, while the North was stable, had its own food, heavy industry, economy blooming, strong enough to support the westward movement at the same time South 11 states 9 mill (3,5 million slaves!), no immigrants; 20%; 9000 (miles? transportation?)North 23 states 22 mill people, lots of soldiers, and immigrants kept coming; 80%; 22,000 (miles? transportation?) at first voluntaries, two years later official recruiting paper money appeared Southern and Northern soldiers knew each other, so friends fought friends, families were torn etc. Lee surrenders to Grant end of the war new period of the USA

Lecture 6.03.19.RECONSTRUCTION AND THE GILDED AGE

Civil War: South was in military advantage, they had enthusiasm three stages of CW: East Center Western (most important part, because of the food) areas largest battle (ever in the US) the battle of Gettysburg, 1863 July, more than 16?000 soldiers dead the battle of Vicksburg Norths territories wasnt affected by the war, whereas the South was demolished creating enthusiasm in the North: Lincoln knew its crucial Sept 1862 Emancipation proclamation all slaves were made to be free in the South freeing slaves without authority gives additional aim to the war clarifying good and bad guys preserving union and abolishing slavery are now the main goals by the end of the CW it was decided that the US was one nation, not to be separated by any means slavery ends in the US Jan 1865 Congress votes for the abolishment of slavery 13th amendment speed ratification immediate consequences of the CW: terrible destruction, huge numbers of dead (more death than in any other wars fought by the US) the American nation crystallized into a solid union

Reconstruction (1865-1877): bitterness and controversy attempts to reunite the US shattered nation, different views in the South and North North inflicts humiliation and revenge on the South North: the only way to reconstruct the nation is a strict control of the South, determined to stop the South creating another situation like the one which lead to CW vicious tyranny in the South, conservative program by 1877 black Americans were once again abandoned and second class citizens

negotiations were hard to come by, Southern states couldnt be simply reunited with the North wasnt clear how it should be done during this period the South was under total military control, it was a desolate place, population lost their valuables, homes, money, there was starvation, homelessness most blacks left plantations, first enjoying freedom, but then ended up with nothing attempt to restore the previous state, Southerners are determined to keep slavery blacks on the other hand want lands, education, the right to vote struggle between black and white people black people had the support of the Northern federal government 1865 March Freed Mens Bureau protection to blacks and poor whites establishing schools, teachers are missionaries South should be reinvented, reorganized on the picture of the North Republicans had three groups within the party huge disagreements on reconstruction Conservatives Radicals: wants to punish the military leaders of the South, Southerners right to vote should be taken away, black should be highly protected, all wealth of the wealthy Southerners should be confiscated and redistributed(??) among the poor Moderates: didnt want to punish the South, offering generous peace Lincoln liked the views of Moderates and Conservatives presidential plan amnesty, reconstruction and pardons with just a few exceptions Radicals demand an oath of loyalty from the Southerners Lincoln didnt accept, but thought some parts of their demands should be in the agreement Lincoln was shot in the Ford Theater by a Southern actor (sic semper tyrannis) same day the secretary of state was fired upon and there was another conspiracy Andrew Johnson was the new president offers amnesty to all leaders of the South by the end of 1865 all Southern states had their own government Southerners were terrified by the thought of giving their former slaves equal rights keeping black in an inferior position the Black Codes, 1865 laws passed by Southern states to restrict freed slaves rights unemployed blacks arrested, hired out to plantations, no right to vote, serve as juries, no right to buy or rent land blacks are continued to be slaves Radicals thought the liberation of blacks was the most important aim of the CW Freed Mens Bureau was lengthened from one year April 1866 radical reconstruction was passed in the Congress first civil right act anyone born on the US land would be a citizen to the US blacks declared citizens of US government has the right to interfere if citizens needed protection (so blacks as well) the Civil Rights Act became valid in 1866 14th amendment of the Constitution, 1868 no state would be able to join the States from the South if they dont approve to the 14th amendment from the 11 states of the South only one accepted Tennessee military governors lead the Southern states until they accepted the 14th amendment 15th amendment the right to vote (for blacks as well) widespread opposition and resistance in the South military government seen as corrupt Freedmen freed slaves Scalawags people who cooperated with the North were called that (good-for-nothing) Carpetbaggers Northerners who went to the South working to the governments Bourbons conservative Democrats / Redeemers southern wing of Bourbon Democrats, wanted to cooperate with the North period of corruption in the South in every part of life Ulysses Grant became president Grantism Ku Klux Klan, 1866 organization that wanted to plant fear in the black people strong brotherhood, secrecy using economical pressure blacks werent able to rent land, werent given credit in bank physical aggression aim is making blacks not want to claim their rights 1877 Reconstruction comes to an end troops withdrawn in the South Compromise of 1877 Southern democrats brought an end to this era realizing that local industry in the South should be strengthened South starts to develop by the end of the century industry for blacks on the level of law, rights were granted, but they wasnt seen as equals most of the confiscated lands go back to original owners, but 20% of the lands goes to the freed men still most continues to be an agricultural laborer or rented land and shared the crop with the owner public education: entirely closed before to blacks, by the end of Reconstruction black children could go to public schools blacks werent treated equally Grandfather clauses only those was given the right to vote whose grandfather was free only have the right to vote if they could read and recite the constitution poor tax taking away other rights: laws of radical separation Jim Crow Laws segregation of blacks in public places (schools, trains, restaurants, cemeteries etc.) 1896 Supreme Court sanctions legal segregation Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 separate but equal as long as the service is equal the segregation is alright stays that way till the 1960s not only in the South!! blacks who tried to break the laws were severely punished or even killed 190 blacks killed or lynched per year in the end of the 19th century first black PhD at Harvard DuBois Massachusetts NAACD crucial organization for the rights of oppressed people (not only black) the Civil Rights Movement has started here at the end of Civil War

Gilded Age (1865-1914/17): time of American industrial revolution, the time of the US becoming a world power etc. name comes from literature Mark Twain means its only good on the surface era of corruption nation-wide era of reform Progressive Era (1890-1917) factors of growth: ongoing industrial and technological innovations economic expansion, fast industrialization wealthy eastern industry the emergence of big business gold rush in the West, Sierra Nevada California becomes a state in a year even foreigners come to the US mining industry develop (silver, gold, precious metals) connecting the East and the West becomes important building a transcontinental railway line by 1869 it is completed transcontinental railway the middle of the country starts to become populated Homestead Act, 1862 giving a homestead to any family who was willing to settle down in the prairie settling in this middle section farmers are able to settle down because of the inventions of the time (watering system, still plows, etc.) necessary innovations for settling this part of the continent are available bread basket of the US grains compete with other countries products railway is crucial in transportation of the crops canal building era connecting different sections of rivers Erie Canal, 1825 Erie to Hudson River connecting a great lake to New York City meat processing industry beef brings more money to the US than gold international market traditional farmers replaced with commercial farmers depending on faraway market globalizing starts here (till World War I) industrial business becomes crucial fast development is because of the huge number of raw materials massive immigration from Europe emergence of a social layer Robber Barons/Captains of Industry ruthless, using their workers 100% most important industrial leaders of the time nation of inventors hundreds of patents issued Edison, telephone, trans-Atlantic cable by the 1890s more than 500 000 telephones in the US automobiles Henry Fords T Model first mass-produced car separating work in sections heightened production rate rich families, companies, bankers appear at the time, names that are still known trusts by the end of the 19th century it controls the market

Lecture 7.03.19.THE ROLE OF IMMIGRATION IN U.S. HISTORY

Gilded Ages economy very much depends on the immigration Prairies cultivation (todays corn belt) became possible in the middle and second half of 19th century not only gold but coal and iron in very huge amounts iron birth of heavy industry USA enters the world market by the 1890s business speculation, adventurousness new types of business by the end of 1890s new business structure was born, Robber Barons (their companies) start to control industry power is in the hands of a selected few idea of inequality is not living every 20 years there are recession periods, when the economy starts to struggle (1873, 1893) these periods strengthens monopolies and draws attention to these selected fews position social reform movements in the 1890s government starts to act against big business trust-busting policy in the US labor unions werent strong cheap labor force strikes were simply useless AFL (American Federal Labor..sg) urbanization direct result of industrialization and factory system US used to be a rural society this changes by the end of the 19th century by then more people were employed in industry than in agriculture population concentrated in the big cities birth of modern cities, suburbs, public transport etc. ghettoization birth of slums place of the newly arrived immigrants (Italians, Chinese etc.) crowded, not really safe, bad sanitary conditions and hygiene, city fires (Chicago, Boston, San Francisco etc.) political bosses, urban machine corruption, police involved birth of charity Salvation Army (helping homeless, hungry women and children) progressivism both parties in Congress involved 1893 panic creates the progressive movement many strikes, agitations progressivism was an optimistic, positive movement the Democratic and Republican parties became open to progression industrialization advantages and disadvantages using labor force for very little money muckrakers e.g. Upton Sinclair writers speak up against the injustices of industrialization women start to become politically active suffragette movements 1920 right to vote Theodore Roosevelts presidency: trust-busting is attached to his name (regulation, not destruction) government becomes an arbiter between big business and employees Square Deal improve life-conditions of everyday people, Christian values, dignity of labor, influence of companies Conservationism protection of the environment from the massive industrialization (e.g. killing of the buffalos) very first national park in the world Yellowstone National Park (mostly in Wyoming), 1872 followed by Yosemite National Park (California) after Roosevelt, his vice president became the head of the White House not so open to reforms tries to divide Republicans Democrats get the power Woodrow Wilson, a Democratic became president The New Freedom he wants to destroy the trusts at first increasing international competition in the market lowering the trusts power Graduated Income tax more governmental supervision to the issues relating to business and employees he supported the womens right movement the progressive movement starts to decline, but it achieved many things: it improved living circumstances made federal government more responsive to the problems children and womens labor controlled by the 1910s the US became a very big power, ready to join the international market

Immigration: immigration in the history of US itself technically everybody is an immigrant or the descendant of an immigrant the US is the most heterogeneous society on the world immigration becomes massive in the middle of the 19th century due to development of transport since then it hasnt lost its massive character about 80 million people migrated to the US from the colonial time to nowadays 1820 the first year we have exact numbers of migration only late in the 19th century the federal government becomes involved in the process of migration who is an immigrant? most important part of population growth in the US when the US became independent the population was around 3 million people in the 1820s it was about 10 million 1910-20s it was 100 million! immigration is crucial in this growth but natural fertility is the most important by the end of the 20th century immigration becomes the most important (without immigration there wouldnt be population growth) Mexico gave the most immigrants to the US, Germany is the second, Italy is the third (5.4 mill), UK is the fourth, Ireland is the fifth (4.7 mill), Canada is the sixth (4.6 mill), Austria-Hungary is the seventh (1.8 mill - 1.6 mill), Soviet Union/Russia is the eighth then Norway and Sweden, and the tenth are the Philippines, eleventh is China we dont have data on colonial immigration first major wave Old Immigration, 1820s-1880s 15 million people it became massive around the 1840s during this era immigration was free but limited (health and moral conditions qualitative restrictions) by 1875, the first exclusion laws were issued still qualitative list of diseases (mental, contagious); moral restrictions this law started to grow more and more undesirable immigrants after the Napoleonic era there was a population boom in Europe, also transportation developments railroad, steamships etc. political unrest, revolutions, social problems America fever Irish dominate the first half of immigration more than 2 million arrived at this time in the 1840s was the peak as the result of the famine and the potato blight (800 000 Irish died) artisans, farmers, settled down on the Northeast they came even during the Civil War the potato blight also affected the Netherlands and parts of Germany Germans dominate the second half of this era economic and political factors farmers and intellectuals settling down mostly in Northeast and Northwest Mexicans as the result of American-Mexican war mostly western states first Chinese came during the gold rush, then kept on coming because of the need of work they faced major opposition from white workers they worked for lower fee and accepted worse conditions it was a local issue in California the Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882 stopped immigration from China to the US Restrictionists/Nativists WASP (white Anglo-Saxon protestants) immigration would turn the US un-American fear of immigrants the Immigration Restricting Movement second major wave New Immigration, 1890s-1920s 22 million people explosion in the number of immigrants answer for need of labor and working hands Southern and Eastern European nations dominate not Anglo-Saxons, not protestants Italians more than 5 million establishing little Italies Austro-Hungarians mostly to Northeast and Midwest, typically miners or working in heavy industry Jews from all countries, but mainly Russia concentrated in NYS driven by pogroms and persecutions refugee movement stronger reactions higher demand for restrictions and making it not free Restrictionists were strong in Congress 1917 - Immigration Act have to be able to read and write (still qualitative measure) highly organizing immigration becomes the responsibility of the federal government major reception centers, e.g. Alice Island in NYC harbor by the 1910s as the result of the development of public education, most people could read so the literacy restriction wasnt working anymore Angel Island (San Francisco bay), from the South there was no border control in 1917(?) visa for immigration three major laws were issued by the 1920s worldwide to control global migration Immigration Quota Laws: 1924 Quota Act next to the qualitative measures, ethnicity was added racially biased law the national origins matter highest quotas were given to the Northern-Western European countries major cut in immigration only 150 000 could enter the US as immigrant 1924 Oriental Exclusion Act its roots are in the Chinese Exclusion Act global migration starts to rise again in the 1950s Recent Immigration, 1950s-2000s no longer Anglo-Saxon or white, most immigrants are from Latin-America and Asia the 1924 laws ended in 1965 Mexico is the most important, along with Cuba, Dominican Republic and El Salvador from Asia the Philippines (they are part of the US) US becomes the nation of colored people California is the trend-maker Impact on society: integration is a major issue and for a long time now becomes a nationally discussed issue around the turn of 19-20th century approaches to assimilation: melting pot after a play written by a Jewish-American playwright everybodys expected to melt into American society and culture it never worked dual allegiance feeling loyalty for both the mother country and America pizza different ingredients form a unity mosaic from far you see the larger picture, from close you see the different details kaleidoscope multicultural society society that is defined by cultural pluralism transnationalism dual citizenships etc.

Lecture 8.04.09.THE BEGINNINGS OF WORLD POWER

real success story in a very short time militarily the US still the most powerful country in the world

The beginnings: the Americas (N and South) are the only continents in the western hemisphere isolation has a geographic explanation until the nuclear age, the US was pretty safe from extra continental invasions weak neighbors USs neighbors never been able to challenge their power feeling superior to the rest of the world (society and political system should be copied etc.) Washington warned fellow politicians to stay away from the issues of Europe root of isolationism why? a nationality to be born needs internal stability and a common enemy Indians are the enemies stability is only possible if the nationalities dont quarrel over European issues thats why they shouldnt be involved with European issues remaining an isolationist power until 1917 (World War I) after the World War I the US retreats back to strict isolation in the 1820s it became a full-fleshed policy birth of the Latin American nations (inspired by American and French revolution) the US is interested in it, but remains neutral US is the first country to recognize the Latin American countries; Spain is not able to reconquer its colonies US didnt want to see the recolonization by other countries official statement against the Holy Alliance keeping out extra-continental invasions from the whole Americas becomes a major aim December 1823 Monroe Doctrine quarterstone for American foreign policy making clear that any attempt at recolonizing would be taken as an unfriendly move against the US isolationism comes with regionalism at the time the US wasnt a big power, Europe didnt take it seriously, challenges is if theyre not aware, someone comes in (e.g. France in Mexico) the Monroe Doctrine was a bluff at its time they didnt have the army to defend Latin America they count on the British Royal Navy as they had the same interests change in policies end of 19th century, after the industrial revolution becoming a major economic power need for new markets competing with other nations launching a major navy-building program becoming a major heavy industry power the US starts to invoke the Monroe Doctrine in international issues Venezuelas border disputes with British Guyana first time the invocation takes place the US acts arrogantly and aggressively ideology behind recolonization Darwinism used by sociologist to project the survive of the strongest to society and world policy relations racially higher ranked countries should lead the world scientific racism behind the recolonization business interests in Latin America and Asia interest in keeping them free jumping on the first possibility Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines and Guam remained Spanish colonies independence movements 1895 brutal second war for independence (the idea of concentration camps introduced in this war) born of yellow journalism in the US jingoism (pro-war policy in the US) becomes important US should move on the world sea overseas become the new Frontier! expansionism the president wasnt willing to get the US in war sending USS Maine to Havana to show sympathy blown up claiming war against Spain (Remember the Maine) April 1898 Spanish-American war the first war is not fought in Cuba but in Manila Bay (Philippines) taking over the Philippines the war wasnt just for Cuba! in 10 weeks the US won over Spanish colonies (Splendid Little War/Last Gentlemens War) Cuba becomes an American dependency (so technically a colony), the Philippines keep on fighting now against the US they become a colony until 1945 possessing territories in the Caribbean and the Pacific Ocean becoming a World Power! establishing regional power by interventions Roosevelt Corollary, 1904 official embodiment of the Big Stick Policy (1903) Roosevelt believed a strong navy was the key to a strong US talk softly, and have a big stick with you reassuring stability in Latin America by military interventions by the 1920s the US was a stabile major hegemony international police power taking over debts of the Latin American nations American imperialism is called economic imperialism President Taft introduces Dollar Diplomacy (1912) investing in American interests (e.g. Latin America, Philippines etc.) thereby economically set foot there using Navy to protect these interests becoming an anti-revolutionary power counter-revolutionary policy

Lecture 9.04.23.THE FIRST WORLD WAR AND THE ROARING TWENTIES

rivalry between Great Britain and Germany nationality issues of Austro-Hungarian Monarchy assassination in Sarajevo alliances allies vs. central powers World War I was the largest ever war until then president at the time: Woodrow Wilson large majority of Americans sympathize with the British and French trade interest and cultural affinity still the US remained neutral 1915 American factories produce weapons for the Allies Germany threatens the US but they ignore it Wilson issues protest against Germany Lusitania incident 1915 passenger ship, huge number of American passengers issuing strong protest public opinion goes towards the Allies major debates amongst pacifists and pro-wars they didnt declare a war on Germany because of the Lusitania! they re-elect Wilson sending a message to the war-participants Germany starts to attack neutral ships too the Western parts of the US were anti-war they felt its no related to them public opinion is not united March 1st 1917 a telegram (the Zimmermann Telegram) from Germany to Mexico to the German ambassador if the US joins the war at the side of the Allies than Mexico will attack with the support of Germany from the South and they would get their territories back Germany also contacts with Japan these news changes the opinions of Western population April 6th 1917 the US declares war on Germany for Wilson saw the war as a crusade to ensure the future peace of the world sending ground troops to Europe 5 million soldiers!!! (3 recruited, 2 volunteered) short but tense participation the US technically joined in very late (spring of 1918) November 1918 was the end of the war 53 000 deaths on the behalf of the US (in the war 10 000 000 people died), cost 32 billion dollars new, higher taxes, reorganizing economy, centralizing etc. protective leagues, united public opinion (by propaganda) suspicious atmosphere Wilson had an ideal plan on the peace-treaty for a long-lasting peace Fourteen Points, 1918 replace the European balance of power economically free, politically self-determined (anti-colonial step) offer a liberal alternative to bolshevism (it started to appear all over the world) how to adjust the boundaries and establish new nations he suggests national self-determination the population should vote on where they want to belong general principals of international relations e.g. neutralism of the seas, free trade, open diplomatic, equal adjustment of colonial claims etc. establishment of a League of Nations place for discussion of international differences resolve any kind of conflicts that would end up in another major war Wilsonian idealism had a long-lasting effect still his ideas were not supported politically! the British and the French stood against the Fourteen Points, while Germany supported it Britain and France planned to outmaneuver Wilsons points Wilson was very popular in Paris Paris the Big Four: Woodrow Wilson, David Lloyd George, Clemenceau, Vittorio Orlando (Russia unrepresented) vindictive peace conference mood of taking revenge most of Wilsons ideas rejected Britain and France try to make Germany paralyzed Wilson insisted on he fought against the German leaders not the people so they should not be punished George and Clemenceau wanted to cripple Germany so they wouldnt ever have the power to go to war Wilsons only point that was completely accepted the League of Nations (established in Switzerland, 1919) the winners didnt consulted with the losers! Versailles Peace Treaty 1919 the Kingdom of Hungary disappears (Treaty of Trianon, 1920) losing 59% of population, 2/3 of territory revisionism the Treaty had to be ratified by the Senate with a 2/3 majority there was a suspicious mood about joining an international league it could drag the US into major quarrels the Senates (lead by Senator Henry) are against it, they want to go back to isolation the Treaty of Versailles was not ratified by the Senate the US didnt sign the Versailles Treaty but signed individual treaties with each nations Treaty of Berlin, 1921

After the War: social and political problems unemployment, inflation (1919-1920 15%) etc. labor unrest, demonstrations, a wave of strikes suspicious mood against Bolsheviks the strike movement collapsed! red scare hysteria, panic over communist revolution in Russia aiming to export bolshevism all over the world 1919 5 bombs in 5 cities exploding at the same time radical actions to eliminate communists more than 6 000 people were arrested, but very few weapons found racial unrest great migration from the South to the North and West African-American veterans killed major urban disorders (biggest in Chicago) result: the next election sees the victory on Republicans Warren Harding promises to return to isolation 3 republican presidents in a row new era emergence of the US as a modern nation

The Roaring Twenties: Jazz Age, New Era era of conservatism, cultural frivolity the USs major rivals were out of the picture as they were weakened or totally defeated the US became a creditor nation turning into an urban, highly industrialized nation economy characterized by mass production the Roaring Twenties comes from the partying, loud music, etc. car industry becomes the most important and leading industry changes the lifestyle mobility 11 mill 20 mill 1920 30 mill beg1930s beginning of road building, suburbia electric industry fridges, washing machines, vacuum cleaners, radio beginnings of consuming society 1919-1922 economic expansion severe inequalities overproduction was known to be dangerous causing recession still nothing was done most people couldnt buy/sell their products European nations start a protective trading raising tariffs industrial workers lived on low wages couldnt buy stuff a new way to buy things credit the whole Era fuel reckless spending covering debts by making more debts Great Depression appearance of the new woman right to vote in 1920, education, taking job during World War I still less opportunities lower class women still stay at home first methods of birth control (diaphragm abortion is illegal) women start to go out, smoke, drink, dance, wear shorter skirts, make-up, short hair the Flapper still depending on men appearance of the New Negro an appreciation of Afro-American cultural heritage advertising industrys beginnings communication radios, first silent films and first loud films 1920 first commercial radio state in Pennsylvania 1927 first national radio station unifying experience movies consuming society Lost Generation artists, poets moving to Paris revival of the Ku-Klux-Klan in 1915 reorganized 4 million members! the largest group could be found in the Mid-West against blacks, Catholics, etc. religious fundamentalism immigration restriction Quota Laws, Immigration Acts Prohibition 1919-1933 the noble experimentation alcohol doesnt disappear they just sell it illegally and more cheaper gangster-era, gangs alcohol business was major income for the states and federal government goes to the hands of organized crime bootleggers worked in gangs they got extremely rich, bribe policemen illegal bars speak-easies in NYC 32 000 long-lasting harm law-breaking becomes an everyday activity for a citizen foreign political issues: all 3 republican presidents prefer isolationism Dollar Diplomacy (Taft) 1912 American businessmen got influence over certain regions the government promises protection becomes prominent in the 1920s Hoovers presidency promises unprecedented wealth and prospect popular after his election Great Depression determining the next decade!

Lecture 1004.30.THE GREAT DEPRESSION AND THE NEW DEAL

The Great Depression longer than we count it today worst years were 1929-1933 president: Hoover New York Stock Exchange at Wall Street (there used to be a wall there) Wall Street Crash, 1929 november?, Black Tuesday the beginning of the GD panic starts in one day the stock values fall by 50% it ends the prosperous Roaring Twenties it showed the weaknesses of the system weaknesses of the American system: lack of diversity most important industries were car industry and constructions start to decline by the end of the 20s mal-distribution of the purchasing power decline in the consumer demand serious overproduction European countries start to revive from World War I but still has no money to buy from the US also protective tarifs in the US they thought the world trade is weak because of Germany missing from it bad economic and credit structure population deeply indebted many banks go bankrupt also the US loans a lot of money to European countries by the end of the 20s world trade fell immensely! the 1930s were mostly about the depression all around the world effects of the Great Depression unemployment and loosing property starvation Hoover didnt want to create a welfare country he thought it would make people lazy absolutely unwilling to interfere with economy most difficult thing to deal with was unemployment by 1933 12 million American was unemployed during the Great Depression unemployment was an average 15% migration turns around more people leave the country than come in bread-lines government starts feeding people heightened income tax introduced 1932 unemployment is 25%, huge amount of homeless people, shanty(?) towns ( Hoovervilles) elections of 1932 Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) elected with the largest majority of the history of US he was very popular longest serving president 12 years (3 complete terms), he died at the beginning of his 4th term (1945) promises a new deal its identified with DRs policies hes the first president to use media regular broadcasts Fireside Chats along big business emerges big labor he couldnt solve the Great Depression but could handle it and give hope to the people

New Deal restoring peoples confidence in the American finance system bank holiday banks closed for 4 days emergency banking act support banks with federal money so they wont go bankrupt people start to put their money back in to the banks reducing federal employees salaries erasing Prohibition alcohol income was always an important part of the US budget agencies Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA), 1933 May first New Deal Great Depression affected agriculture the most still overproducing, farmers bankrupt major drought for years Dust Bowl providing relief to the farmers paying farmers so they wouldnt produce anything/much less reaction in a year prices starts to go up, economy is a bit more stable the concept of the act was attacked in 1936 the AAA was shut down by Supreme Court National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), 1933 June the backbone of the New Deal prices controlled and stabilized make firms pay fair wages and charge fair prices first time to introduce a minimum wage and a maximum work week in the US, abolition of child work allowing employees to bargain collectively with the employers Public Works Administration (PWA) decrease unemployment with public work building bridges, schools etc. public building projects major problem is that they were based on private interest also struck down by the Supreme Court Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), 1933 regional planning most successful plan of the New Deal the Tennessee Valley had lots of floods as the river was really winding low population the aim is to rehabilitate the Tennessee Valley reforestation dams were built producing electricity electricity prices drop soil made fertile again most celebrated accomplishment of the New Deal strengthening of the executive power during this time attacking the New Deal because of not being radical enough or being too radical unemployment was still a problem young men were carrying out rehabilitation activities and got food and one dollar/day feeling useful, regaining self-confidence and hope still the unemployment never went under 15% the real solution will be World War II Social Security Act - 1935 spring and summer creating a welfare system most important social welfare legislation in the history of the US creating pension funds unemployment insurance federal aid to the disabled federal aid to dependent children and single mothers changing peoples views of the federal government creating the idea that the government is there to help if people need them Roosevelt is reelected in 1936 the federal government sees things got better starts to retreat from many programs those programs start to fall back the New Deal is ended by 1936 Roosevelt try to persuade everyone to prepare for war

Before World War II after World War I the US goes back to isolation theyre not a member of the League of Nations apart from some diplomatic gestures, not part of international events the Hoover administration already prepared to make peace with neighboring countries trying to end American interventionism 1933 Good Neighbor Policy ends interventionism, Dollar Diplomacy within a few years Latin America felt the effects by the time of the World War II Latin America stood behind the US economically and diplomatically the population didnt want to get involved in an international conflict Neutrality Acts, 1935-1939 people look to the US administration to keep the country out of war also sympathizing with Britain and France being neutral without crippling US economy 1939 September Germany invades Poland, World War II broke out the US remained neutral for the first 2 years 1937 Cash & Carry Policy favoring British and French by 1940 Britain was on the verge of bankruptcy and also standing alone against Germany Roosevelt proposes the Lend Lease Plan, 1941 March gave the right to lend or lease military equipment to any country that was deemed vital to protect the US Britain, Soviet Union meeting Churchill, 1942 Atlantic Charter war and peace plans of the allies (resembling Wilsons 14 points) aim of the Atlantic Charter is to eliminate Nazi Germany and Japan Japan is very aggressive in Asia invading Eastern China determined to establish a Pacific empire occupying Thailand, Burma, French Indo-China etc. they offended American business interests in the area e.g. oil exports, scrap metal exports weakness of Japan lack of resources they expend in the direction of oil (in Indonesia) the American intelligence knew that Japan planned an attack on the US but didnt know where or when attacking the USs major base in Hawaii, Honolulu, Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941 many deaths, ships destroyed the attack on Pearl Harbor erases isolationism in the US once and for all declaring war on Japan and Germany December 1941 the US enters World War II changes after the declaration of war at the home front: major demand for American product overproduction is no longer a problem, unemployment ends economic boom centralizing production on war most of the New Deal programs were suspended the war affected women the most no longer pink color jobs construction of weapons, etc. they were needed, as 16 million men served in the army African-Americans, Indians entering the army segregation starts to break down in the military African-American veterans didnt let people to treat them the same as before, they demand respect it breaks down out of necessity Congress of Racial Equality is created at this time helps produce the civil right movements Navahos producing code talker Japanese are unable to break the code the Americans broke Japanese codes knowing about everything (planned attacks, munitions etc.) Japanese Americans suffered the most during this time 107 000 Japanese in America, large majority in California propagandistic picture of the Japanese violent, aggressive first and second generation Japanese (born in the US) were treated very badly national hysteria two month after entering the war the government orders the creation of relocation centers internment camps similar to prisons, harsh environment but no brutality Japanese were compensated in the 80s

Lecture 1105.07.WORLD WAR II (cont.)

The Beginning of World War II European theater of the war primary aim is to defeat Germany Roosevelt promises Molotov, the Russian foreign minister, that there would be an alliance to relieve the pressure on them also promises Stalin something between Oct 1942 and Rommels troops in Northern Africa defeated these troops move to Sicily than to Rome Roosevelt goes for the landing in Normandy June 6 1944 landing in German occupied Normandy, Omaha Beach D-day for Deliverance May 8 1945 European phase of World War II was over Pacific theater of the war in 6 months Japan overtakes Southeast Asia, also occupies Guam and Marianne Islands by 1942 they threatened Australia US plans two offenses from Australia and from New Zealand? Japanese first stopped at the Coral Sea in May 1942 Western Pacific, Battle of Midway, June 1942 Japanese losing their best pilots landing at Guadalcanal from there on Japanese were forced to retreat island hopping tactic navy captures strategically important island one by one Japanese put up resistance to the last man retaking the Philippines, starting to plan the invasion of Japan it would involve fighting from door to door, from street to street Tokyo was fire bombed (80 000 deaths) in the meantime in the US they start to create atomic bombs (first the Nazis idea) Little Boy first working atomic bomb Roosevelt dies, his vice president, Truman takes over August 6 1945 Hiroshima the first atomic bomb entering the nuclear age the Japanese didnt surrender August 9 1945 Nagasaki second atomic bomb Japanese only surrender at the intervention of the emperor Sept 2 1945 peace treaty signed, World War II was over problem of the atomic bomb morally wrong, but in theory it saved lives by ending the war in Hiroshima and Nagasaki hundreds of thousands died even after decades due to radioactivity more than 55 million(?) died, millions injured and disappeared billions were invested in the war future is still uncertain existence of nuclear weapons the Cold War started during World War II nuclear weapons secret Stalin was afraid the US would use it against the SU biggest conferences during the war Teheran, Iran, November 1943 Churchill, Stalin, Roosevelt agreeing to the landing in Normandy world organization established Polish borders determined Yalta, February 1945 Churchill, Stalin, Roosevelt before the defeat of Germany Stalin promises they will join the war against Japan after defeating Germany Germanys dividing into zones for occupying Yalta accords establishing pro-communist centers in Eastern Europe Potsdam, July 1945 Stalin, Truman, Attlee Truman was really suspicious of the Soviets issues of operations pressure on Stalin to recognize a non-communist leader to China (not Mao Ce Tung) Potsdam Declaration rejected by Japan first news of working atomic bombs

Cold War (1941-1991) the alliance between the Soviet Union and Britain, US was uncertain, they knew, the minute Germany is defeated the alliance will break down SU and US emerges as superpowers from World War II two different political systems proxy wars wars fought by the two superpowers allies national hysteria over communism eras of the Cold War the classical Cold War (1947-1962) made the US the strongest country in the world biggest economy, navy, army and the only nation with atomic bomb second strongest is the SU occupying all of Eastern Europe local communist forces emerge in the countries Churchill already talks about the iron curtain in 1946 Truman suspected Stalins plan to convert Eastern Europe to communism radical departure from earlier American foreign policies they have to commit themselves to the protection of the Western world World Bank is born as well as IMF 1944 United Nations in the place of the League of Nations center is in New York City 51 states were members of it today it has 193 members balance of power politics the West works on countering the communist expansion Turkey & Greece, 1947 local governments under heavy attack from the communists Truman creates a new framework to a new policy Soviet expansion should be stopped Truman embraces the containment policy = Truman Doctrine, March 1947 Soviet expansion should be contained in its boundaries World War II and Containment Policy reforms views on the USs defense National Security Act Integrated Department of Defense (Pentagon) National Security Council (NSC) advisory board for the President Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 1947 independent agency // FBI created much earlier assistance given to Europe Marshall Plan, 1947-52 the Soviet Block rejects it but 16 Western European countries participate make communism less appealing humanitarian efforts economy avoiding depression and unemployment both in the US and Europe USs economic growth continues but big inflations also happen at the same time problem of gender, race and segregation women dont want to leave their work war veterans demand respect Berlin, 1948 first major crisis of the Cold War ending the zones of occupation uniting West Germany Stalin responses with the blockade of West Germany they use airplanes to bring food to West Berlin spring of 1949 Stalin ends the blockade after this the Western countries feared an attack from behind the iron curtain military alliance, 1949, 12 countries sign it NATO an attack against a member is an attack against every member today 28 members first commander is General Eisenhower Warsaw pact a response to NATO from the communist countries the SU finally created their own atomic bomb USs nuclear monopoly is over China turns into a communism Mao Ce Tung (former leader escapes to Taiwan) Japan revives, restrictions and occupation lifted, rapid economic growth follows dream of an open and free world wasnt possible strong pro-American interest sphere as well as a communist sphere the US stops every attempt of expanding communism Dtente (1962-1979) little Cold War/ second Cold War (1979-1989/91)

Lecture 12.05.14.THE US IN THE COLD WAR: DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN POLICY ISSUES

by the 1950s, the dream of building an open world wouldnt work building a system of alliances instead the US is the leader of non-communist world trying to stop the spreading of communism

Korean War 1950-53 first major military action of the Cold War Korea is under Japanese rule during World War II power vacuum after the war Soviet Union North communist // US South democratic two leaders of the Koreas try to unite the two parts Soviet Union and Chinas interest is in a communist Korea June 1950 South Korea occupied by Soviet Union the United Nations vote on an intervention counterattack intervention becomes the first keyword of new US foreign policy from containment to liberation Truman believed in a liberation-approach Korea prompts China to intervene Truman has to reconsider his plans trench warfare for 3 years people expect the US to finish the war quickly doesnt happen in the 1953 elections Eisenhower is elected hinting the usage of atomic bomb Stalin dies in 1953 first H-bomb 1952 one year later the soviets make an H-bomb too (spy?) both parties wanted to end the Korean case restoring pre-war situation USs international prestige is questioned both sides claim to win the war

Domestic issues in the US anxiety over the USs abilities loss of the atomic secret need for NATO Soviet Union has an H-bomb one year later spies red scare renewed national hysteria communist party was full of the Soviet Unions people loyalty programs to federal workers Truman starts it because of Republican attacks Internal Security Act, 1950 all communist organizations must register and suspicious people can be investigated and even their citizenship could be taken away investigation of federal leaders proving: not enough was done on communist threats Alger Hiss sentenced to prison public thinks communists infiltrated the government spying search for spies Klaus Fuchs confesses arrested in Great Britain Ethel & Julius Rosenberg passing documents to Fuchs during World War II executed in 1953 Senator McCarthy used the scare to go upward Lincoln Day speech in 1950 long line of investigations start McCarthy witch-hunts/McCarthyism 1951-54 Eisenhower saw him as a bully and embarrassment ultimately he couldnt provide evidences and once he stepped over the line they investigated him turns out he lied loses position McCarthys effect is crucial of understanding the red scare Eisenhower has two terms of presidency Dullis secretary of state // his brother is the leader of CIA Dullis hated communism thought Truman was weak wanted an offensive on communists Eisenhower is more moderate propaganda liberation of captive nations massive retaliation US would retaliate with full force if needed building a nuclear arsenal is crucial all of this remains at a propagandistic, rhetoric level both parties would be able to destroy the other instead: balance of terror not stepping in to avoid a WWIII because of this not stepping in on Hungarian Revolution and Suez Crisis in 1956 Twin Crisis US is a major disappointment to allies

Cuban Missile Crisis, Oct 1962 Space Race Russians were more forward Sputnik its racket could carry nuclear weapons US starts developing fast ICBM (Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles), nuclear submarines 1958, manned space programs Yuri Gagarin (1961, Soviet Union) is the first man in space 1969 first landing on the Moon by 1962 it was clear that a nuclear war wouldnt have winners Cubas US friendly leader Battista is overthrown by Fidel Castro in 1959 wants to free Cuba from US power same case in all Latin American countries (US friendly dictators) results in anti-Americanism and pro-communism American interests in Cuba Castro wasnt a communist at first the US expects him to go the same way Battista has but he wants to end American influence in 1961 he announces that hes a communist Kennedy (president from 1961) Alliance for Progress, 1961 major execution of containment policy improving Latin American living conditions to stop communism from spreading the US starts to train Cuban exiles to overthrow Castro Bay of Pigs invasion, Apr 17 1961 the Cuban exiles land in BoP despite the expected, Cuban people didnt join the rebellion invasion fails major fiasco exiles killed or imprisoned Castro asks for weapons from the Soviet Union so he could stop further interventions US SU relationship gets to a low point Oct 1962 signs of major constructions for missile launching in Cuba Cuba is so close to the US that their Early Warning System wouldnt work with rackets launched from Cuba for 13 days the world waits for the outbreak of WWIII deal between US and Soviet Union: Soviet Union stops the missiles US doesnt invade and interfere in Cuba the crisis turns out crucial for peaceful coexistence beginning of dtente

Dtente - Indochina wars First Indochina War Indochina occupied by Japan during World War II Ho Chi Minh trying to collaborate with the US against Japan the US doesnt help as hes a communist when the Japanese lost France wants to return to their colony US supports France French are defeated Vietnam is divided by the 17th parallel North controlled by communist Ho Chi Minh, South controlled by France-friendly leader Second Indochina War/ Vietnam War Vietnam has a power vacuum, and is divided elections are promised but never take place the war takes place between 1957-1975; US involved between 1964-1973 domino theory: if a country fall for communism, neighbors follow brings about US military involvement its a showcase for the US fighting against communism Kennedy only sends a few troops and military advisers (16 000) after the death of Kennedy, Lyndon Johnson quickly becomes president and deploys American troops in Vietnam the war is originally popular in the US but soon turns into an embarrassment anti-war movements TET offensive turning point by 1967 student anti-war movements turn into political forces protests all over the US 76% of Americans rejected the war economy also suffers from it Civil Right movements, hippie movements, racial, religious movements at the same timetense atmosphere in the US Johnson didnt go for presidency again Republicans win the elections Richard Nixon, 1969-74 he knew Vietnam was a crucial issue also, most Americans were fed up with riots and movements Nixons presidency is a stabilization push to dtente solution to Vietnam relying on Henry Kissinger Vietnamization program withdrawing troops gradually Nixon-doctrine, 1969 the US is willing to assist allies but they should stand up for themselves Vietnam syndrome slow process Paris Peace Accords, 1973 ending US involvement, ending conflict between North and South Vietnam 1973 US troops leave Vietnam evacuating Vietnam major refugee movement of the Vietnamese refugee program the war was a huge blow to American self-esteem and confidence ar. 60 000 Americans die ar. 1,6 million Vietnamese die other parts of Indochina secret war in Cambodia after it comes out to the open there are huge protests in some states ban on demonstrations students die in a shooting also sending troops to Laos

Second/ Little Cold War dtente comes to an end with the Soviet Unions engagement in Afghanistan SALT treaty, 1972 agreement between the Soviet Union and the US on limiting the number of offensive intercontinental missiles Reagan steps up Little Cold War SDI program another space race mostly a bluff but pushes the Soviet Union to the verge of economic collision 1985 Gorbachevs perestroika and glasnost policy opening to the capitalist world 1989 collapse of the bipolar world and Soviet Union Cold War comes to an end quick end, nobody expects it this soon beginning of the multipolar world fight against terrorism