history of the english language
DESCRIPTION
History of the English Language. WS 2005/6. Topics. Linguistic changes: grammar and lexicon Social and political events that influenced the development of the English language English varieties Mechanisms of language change. Course script Digitale Bibliothek Thüringen - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
History of the English Language
WS 2005/6
Topics
• Linguistic changes: grammar and lexicon
• Social and political events that influenced the
development of the English language
• English varieties
• Mechanisms of language change
Course script
Digitale Bibliothek Thüringen
Search: Diessel – History of the English Language
What you will learn:
• Why the English spelling is so odd
• Why English does not have case marking
• Why English developed a rigid word order
• Why there are regular and irregular verbs forms
• Why many English words are similar to words in German
• Why many English words are similar to words in French
• Why questions require the use of ‛do’
• Why English has become a world language
Short exam for student who started last year.
Requirements
1 5%
2 10%
3 5%
4 20%
5 60%
ReadingsBarber, Charles. 2000. The English Language. A Historical Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Baugh, A.C. and T. Cable. 2002. A History of the English Language. London: Routledge. [fifth edition]
Jucker, Andreas H. 2004. History of English and English Historical Linguistics. Stuttgart: Klett.
Millward, C.M. 1996. A Biography of the English Language. Boston: Heinle. [second edition]
The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. I-V. 1992. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Readings
Aitchison, J. Language Change. Progress or Decay. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Trask, R.L. 1996. Historical Linguistics. London: Arnold.
McMahon, A.M.S. 1995. Understanding Language Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hock, H.H. 1991. Principles of Historical Linguistics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Croft, W. 2000. Explaining Language Change. An Evolutionary Approach. Harlow: Longman.
Time periods
450-1100 Old English
1100-1500 Middle English
1500-1800 Early Modern English
1800-present Present Day English
GermanicGermanic
West Germanic North Germanic East Germanic
English Swedish Gothic
Frisian Danish Vandal
German Norwegian Burgundian
Yiddish Icelandic
Dutch
Afrikaans
English German Swedishsun Sonne sol house Haus huscat Katze katapple Apfel äpplefather Vater faderhand Hand handgo gehen garsee sehen sarhear hören hörarun rennen rännardream träumen drömar
English Germancomputer Computeremail Emailinternet Internetjeans Jeansevent Eventlaptop Laptopcool coolmountain bike Mountain Bikeabsolutely absolut
English loan words in German
take Old Norsegive Old Norsethey Old Norsepaper Frenchstory Frenchforce Frenchwall Latinstreet Latinschool Latinkindergarten German
Loan words in English
English-German sound correspondences
English Germantime Zeittongue Zungeten zehntame zahmtent Zeltto zutwo zweitwins Zwillinge
English-German sound correspondences
that dasthere dathrough durchthirsty durstigthink denken
English-German sound correspondences
pan Pfannepath Pfadpole Pfahlpepper Pfefferpipe Pfeifeplant Pflanze
English-German sound correspondences
hate hasseneat essenlet lassen
grip greifendeep tiefsleep schafen
IE reconstructed word forms
*pe:s- ‘foot’*ed- ‘eat’*ghebh- ‘give’*aug- ‘increase’*wed- ‘water’
English-German sound correspondences
cheesechildchin
cheerychurch
king
KäseKindKinnKirscheKirche
König
Loan words from French
crime crimeprison prisonletter lettrejustice justicecontract contratmusic musiquedemand demanderpronounce prononcerpropose proposerresponsible responsable
Cognates: English-French
one un, unetwo deuxthree troisfour quatrefive cinqsix sixseven sept eight huitnine neuften dix
Romance
French CatalanItalian GalicianSpain SardinianPortuguese ProvencalRomanian Rhomansh
Sound correspondences in Romance
Italian Sardinian Romansh French Spanish
HundredSkyStagWax
TEntoTeloTErvoTera
kEntukElukErbukEra
tsjEnttsiltsErftsairaE
sa sjElsERsiR
TjenTjeloTjerboTera
Indo-European
Germanic GreekRomance IranianSlavic IndianBaltic AlbanianCeltic Armenian
Balto-Slavic
Balto-Slavic
Baltic Slavic
Latvian
Lithuanian East Slavic West Slavic South Slavic
Old Prussian
Russian Polish Serbo-Croatian
Russian Czech Slovene
Belarusian Slovak Bulgarian
Sorbian Macedonian
Cases in Indo-European
IE Sanskrit German English Lithuanian
NOMVOCACCGENABLDATLOCINST
*wlk+os**wlk+e**wlk+om**wlk+osyo**wlk+od**wlk+oi**wlk+ei**wlk+o
vrkasvrkavrkamvrkasyavrkadvrkayavrkevrka
der
dendes
dem
he
himhis
vilkasvilkevilka
vilkovilkuivilkevilku
Celtic
Celtic
Gaelic
Irish Scottish Welsh Manx Cornish Breton
Sanskrit
700 English
500 Armenian
400 Gothic
0
200 Latin
400 Classical Sanskrit
800 Greek
1000 Old Persian
1200 Hittite
1500 Vedic Sanskrit
3000 Proto Indo-European
Second Germanic sound shift
time Zeittongue Zungeten zehn
that dasthere dathrough durch
pan Pfannepath Pfadpole Pfahl
hat hasseneat essenlet lassen
grip greifendeep tiefsleep schlafen
Numerals in Indo-European and non-Indo-European languages
English Gothic Latin Greek Sanskrit Chinese Japanese
one
two
three
four
five
six
seven
eight
nine
ten
ains
twai
Trija
fidwor
fimf
saihs
sibun
ahtau
niun
taihun
unus
duo
tres
quattuor
quinque
sex
septem
octo
novembe
decem
heis
duo
treis
tettares
pente
heks
hepta
okto
ennea
deka
ekas
dva
trayas
catvaras
panca
sat
sapta
asta
nava
dasa
i
erh
san
su
wu
liu
ch’i
pa
chiu
shih
hitotsu
futatsu
mittsu
yottsu
itsutsu
muttsu
nanatsu
yattsu
kokonotsu
to
Sound correspondences in IE English Latin Greek Irish
fishfatherfootfor
sixsevensweetsalt
newnightnine
piscispaterped–pro
sexseptemsuavissal
novusnoct–novem
ikhthyspaterpod–para
hexaheptahedyshal
neosnykt–(en)nea
iasgathairtroighdo
seseachtmillissalann
nua(in)nochtnaoi
Sound correspondences across unrelated
languages
Arabic Urdu Turkish Swahili Malay
newstimebookservicebeggar
xabarwaqtkitabxidmatfaqir
xabarvaqtkitabxidmatgarifaqir
habervakitkitaphizmetfakir
habariwkatikitabuhudumafakiri
khabarwaktukitabkhidmatfakir
Sir William Jones
Sound correspondences between Sanskrit,
Latin and Greek
Sanskrit Latin Greek
asmiasiastismassthasanti
sumesestsumusestissunt
einieiestiesmenesteeisi
August Schleicher
Latin Old English Gothic
/p/ /f/
/t/ /θ/
/k/ /x/h/
/b/ /p/
/d/ /t/
/g/ /k/
pedumpiscis
trestu
cordemcentum
turba ‘crowd’
edodecem
agergenus
fotfisc
three [Tri]thou [TaU]
hearthundred
thorp ‘village’
eatten
acrekin
fotusfiskis
thrirthuU
hairtohund
itantaihun
akrskuni
IE Old English Gothic
/bh/ /b//dh/ /d//dh/ /d/
*bhero*dhura*ghostis
berandurugasts
baíradaúrgiest
Grimm’s law
*p t k f T x/h
*b d g p t k
*bh dh gh b d g
Exceptions to Grimm’s law
[p t k]
[f T x] [b d g]
Sanskrit Old Englishvártate weorTanvarárta wearTvavrtimá wurdonvavrta:ná worden
Verner’s law
[p t k] [f T x] / [stressed syllable] __
[b d g] / [unstressed syllable] __
Neogrammarian Hypothesis
Every sound change takes place according to laws that admit no exceptions.
[Karl Brugmann]
Evidence for the IE homeland
Common words for:
cold
winter
snow
honey
wolf
beech
pine
No common words for:
ocean
palm
elephant
camel
Amerind hypothesis
Eskimo
Na Dene
Amerind
Number of speakers
Mandarin 907
English 456
Hindi 383
Spanish 362
Russian 293
Arabic 208
Bengali 189
Portuguese 177
Indonesian 148
Japanese 126
French 123
German 119
Nostratic
Indo-European
Altaic
Uralic
Afro-Asiatic
Kartvelian