1. HISTORY OF PAIN THEORIESPRESENTED BY: HANNAH SANDERS

2. JOHANNES MULLER (1801-1858) Specific energies within the nerve fiber Led to the idea that there were specific fibersfor pain (neuroreceptors) Reactions of a sensory nerve from a stimuluswould only occur in a sensory nerve, not amotor nerve the central parts of the sensory nerves thattransmit to the brain are capable of feelingindependently of the nerve cords orconductors. Sensations are determinedappropriate to each sense Pain was not imaginary Pain could occur without an externalstimulus 3. MAXIMILLIAN VON FREY (1852-1932) Identified specific points on the skin with hisinvention the aesthesiometer Touch, heat, cold and pain Pain was perceived when it exceeded acertain threshold Pain results from the stimulation of specialorgans 4. ALFRED GOLDSCHEIDER (1858-1935) Proposed a different theory based onprevious research findings Postulated that there was some type ofcumulative process of pain that acted atboth the spinal cord and the brain No specific fibers for pain but insteadspecial pathways that depended onstimulus intensity 5. ADVANCES IN THE 19TH CENTURY Text books during this time started to focus on the link between the mental andphysical aspects of pain Development of clinics influenced the increasing interest in the study of pain Debate over whether pain was predetermined by fate The advancement of microscopes allowed the identification of neural structures The concept that receptors were structurally diverse and equipped differentfunctionality was now accepted 6. CHARLES SHERRINGTON (1857-1952) Coined the term synapse for the spaceseparating two neurons Studied the integration of the nervoussystem The entire nervous system operates as a singleintegrated structure Studied the simple reflex Received the Nobel Prize for physiology in1932 7. WILLIAM K. LIVINGSTON (1892-1966) Started a pain project at the University ofOregon Medical School where he wasChairman of the Department of Surgery Conduct research on the physiological andpsychological aspects of pain Considered pain as a perception, not as asimple sensory event In Pain and Suffering, he wrote about therole of psychology and pain as our basic assumption the concept thatnothing can properly be called pain unless itis consciously perceived as such pain is not always measurable in terms ofstimulus intensity. Be cause we now knowthat the brain has the power to suppress thesensory signal before it can ascend to thebrain 8. Chen, J. (2011). History of pain theories. Neuroscience Bulletin, 27(5), 343-350. RetrievedOctober 10, 2014, from PubMed. Olson, K. (2013). History of Pain: A Brief Overview of the 19th and 20th Centuries. Practical PainManagement, 13(7), 1-15. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington http://www.neurophysiology.med.saga-u.ac.jp/page020.html http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alfred_Goldscheider.jpg https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Johannes_Muller.jpg