history of islam interfaith cultural organization

History of ISLAM

INTERFAITH CULTURAL ORGANIZATION

www.interfaithathens.org

INTERFAITH CULTURAL ORGANIZATION www.interfaithathens.org

Djahiliyya Period

• Society of Mecca (c. 550 CE)− location on trade route between southern Arabia and

Egypt/Syria− site of lucrative religious ritual− the Ka’aba, the Black Stone, and idols of the tribal

gods• –by tradition, Ka’aba stretches back to Abraham

and Ishmael• Tribal idols of God

• Mecca ruled by the Quraish tribe, descendants of

Abraham and Ishmael


The Prophet Muhammad (SAW)

• born 571, sufferings from early childhood

• 610, first revelation from angel Gabriel during Ramadan

• 610-619− first converts; Khadija, Ali, Zaid and Abu Bakr (first

among the “Six Companions”)

• 622, Migration to Medine (The Hegira). Starting date for Islamic Calendar.


The Prophet Muhammad (SAW)

• 622 - 630: Medina Years− sets rituals of prayer and involved with practical

problems of theocratic rule and judgment

• Conquest of Mecca 628-630, without blood shed. - Ten year’s truth-Hudaibiyah; exchange of annual pilgrimage for safety of caravans

• 632, Farewell Pilgrimage at Makkah, The Ka’ba− At the final preach announced all muslims to be

brothers of each other− Death of the Prophet


The Kor’an

• Writing of The Kor’an− Prophet Muhammad (SAW) dictates revelations;

written on parchment, leather, palm-leaves, bones for deposit

− also memorization and oral recitement

− 633, Caliph Abu Bakr orders Muhammad’s (SAW) chief amanuensis, Zaid ibn Thabit, to “search out the Kor’an and bring it together”

− 651, under the rule of Caliph Uthman (Osman) the official text of the Kor’an is established


The Period of Four Caliphs

• Abu Bakr (r. 632-634)

• Umar (Omar ibn al-Khattab) (r. 634-644)

• Uthman (Ummayyad clan) (r. 644-656)

• Ali (r. 656-661)


Expansion of Islam


The Great Islamic Dynasties

• Ummayad Caliphate (661-750 CE)• Capital to Damascus, Caliph of God, Hereditary

Succession• Extension of Boundaries, Orderly and Liberal

Government• Hereditary Lottery: Incompetence, Extravagance and

Surrender of Administration

• Abbassid Caliphate (750 - 1058 CE)• Restoration of Hamishite line; capital to Anbar, then

Baghdad• Administration of Persians, Establishment of Vizierate• Inauguration of the Golden Age of Islamic Culture and

Science


Expansion of Islam



• Seljuks (1055-1258 CE)

• 1071, Battle of Manzikert (Malazgirt), Byzantine defeated

• Crusades (1096, 1147, 1189)

• 1187, Salahaddin, and battle over Jerusalem

• 1258, Mongols conquer Baghdad and bring end to the dynasty. Turkish Anatolia fragmented to small principalities (beyliks), one of them led by Uthman (Osman) later to become Ottoman Empire



• Ottoman Empire (late 13 CE - 1258 CE)

• 1453, Ottomans conquer Constantinopol (Istanbul), and was set to be the capital

• Development and regularization of Islamic Law, administration, education, arts and etc.

• 1923, Treaty of Lausanne, brought an end to 600+ year old Ottoman, and granted international acceptance to the boundaries of the new Republic of Turkey

history of islam interfaith cultural organization

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