history of ifa 2000 - usaid sari/energy...
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Th hi t f IFA 2000The history of IFA 2000
by Philippe ADAM
RTE InternationalRTE International
March 2nd, 2007
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A brief view of the history of the interconnection
The interconnection of the French Transmission S t t t d i 1946 ith B l i d G t
of the French power system
System started in 1946 with Belgium and Germany at the 225 kV level.
A first DC interconnection with Great Britain was commissionned in 1961 (160MW connected to the 225 kV network)
The first interconnection in 400 kV started operation in 1964 with Spain.
225 kV network)
operation in 1964 with Spain.
In 2007, RTE operates 46 interconnection lines with its neighbouring countries (22 x 400 kV – 20 xwith its neighbouring countries (22 x 400 kV 20 x 225 kV – 4 x 270 kV DC).
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1964 2000
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A brief view of the history of the France to
The learning period : 1955 - 1975
England Interconnection
g p
The first study of a DC link between France and England (1950 – 1955)
The achievement of a first project IFA 160The achievement of a first project IFA 160 (decision : 1957 – commissionning : 1961)
A useful feedback from experience (1961 – 1975)
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The first project of a DC Interconnection between France to England (IFA 160)
+/- 100 kV between Lydd (GB) and Echinghen (F); 160 MW (8 x Gotland 1st DC link)
Mercury arc valve converters
Manufactured by ASEA (valves) and nationalManufactured by ASEA (valves) and national companies (cables, transformers and capacitors)
Submarine cables laid on the sea bed (50 – 60 m)
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March 2nd, 2007
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The experience gained with IFA 160The experience gained with IFA 160
DC cables were very often damaged by shipDC cables were very often damaged by ship anchors and trawlers : availability < 50%
1971 th i t l t t i i ll1971 : a thyristor valve prototype is occasionnally connected in the place of a mercury arc valve in Lydd converter station
1974 : replacement of a complete 80 MW mercury arc valves bridge by a thyristor valve bridge in Echinghenvalves bridge by a thyristor valve bridge in Echinghen converter station
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The first discussions on IFA 2000The first discussions on IFA 2000
1969 : first economic studies concluded that an optimal1969 : first economic studies concluded that an optimal size was 2200 MW in 1980, and 4000 MW in 1985.
1974 : new economic studies found that the optimum was 2000 MW in 1980.
1978 : studies showed that mutual assistance and fuel savings guarantied a 5 years return on money
1985 : updated studies showed that given the low cost of nuclear energy, 4 years was more probable figureof nuclear energy, 4 years was more probable figure
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Theoretical daily load on the interconnection as shown by studies made in 1978made in 1978.
March 2nd, 2007
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The choice of HVDC for the interconnectionThe choice of HVDC for the interconnectionTechnical justification
Decoupling of the European and British power systems : each country keeps its own frequency control; no stability problemno stability problem.
Difficulty to install an overhead line, because of the density of the ship traffic on the Channel : submarinedensity of the ship traffic on the Channel : submarine cables are a better solution.
Over a transmission distance of 50 to 60 km, HVDC is more economical.
March 2nd, 2007
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LA = AC line cost
LC = DC line costLC = DC line cost
PA = AC substation cost
SC = DC converter station cost
I = total cost of DC solution
II = total cost of AC solution
d = breakeven distance
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Main characteristics of the interconnectionMain characteristics of the interconnection
Geographical position.g p p
Position in the French Power Grid.
Structure of the interconnection
Structure of Les Mandarins converter station
Structure of Sellindge converter station
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Geographical positionGeographical position.
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1984
Position in th F hthe French Power Grid.
1986
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Structure of the interconnection
March 2nd, 2007
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Structure of Les Mandarins converter stationStructure of Les Mandarins converter station
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Structure of Sellindge converter stationStructure of Sellindge converter station
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Some aspects of the p
design studiesg
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The main requirements
Transmission of bulk power essentiallyTransmission of bulk power, essentiallyCapacityModes of operationModes of operation
Control principles
Dynamic behaviourDynamic behaviourCompatibility of end functions and equipment
T l i ti b t t ti dTelecommunications between stations and control centers
Commissionning testsCommissionning tests
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The rating studiesThe rating studies
DC voltage : +/- 270 kV (optimum for 500 MW in 1978)1978)
DC current = 1852 A
T f d l 118 kV ( ) &Transformer secondary voltages = 118 kV (star) & 204 kV (delta)
N i l fi i d ti ti l 15° & 18°Nominal firing and extinction angles = 15° & 18°
Converter transformer power = 618 MVA
Reactive power consumption = 1 200 MVAr
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The rating studies (continued)The rating studies (continued)
Valve design :
-12 valves per pole
- 96 thyristor levels in series
- 2 thyristors in parallel
Thyristor characteristics :Thyristor characteristics :
- diameter = 77 mm
- max repetitive voltage (direct &reverse) = 4.5 kV
- max repetitive current @ 70°C = 1350 A
Smoothing reactors = 370 mH
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The system studiesThe system studies
Insulation coordination
System stability
Harmonic filtering and reactive power compensation
System stability
Converter behaviour on system faults
Overvoltages
Subsynchronous interactions
AC system protection behaviour
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I l ti di tiInsulation coordination
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H iHarmonic filtering and reactive power pcompensation
- global distorsion < 1.6%
dd h i- odd harmonic voltage rate < 1% 160 MVAr /- even harmonic voltage rate
160 MVAr / filter
g< 0.6% rank = 11 & 13 rank = 3
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System stability
Power
Transient stability of close nuclear groupsgroups
Rotor angleRotor angle
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C t b h i t f ltConverter behaviour on system faults
AC voltage Mandarins
DC voltage Mandarins pole
DC current Mandarins poleDC current Mandarins pole
DC voltage on the cable
DC voltage Sellindge pole
DC current Sellindge pole
3 phase short circuit at the converter station bus @ Import
AC voltage Sellindge
3 phase short circuit at the converter station bus @ Import from the UK at full load (dc simulator result).
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Overvoltagesg
Overvoltages at LesOvervoltages at Les Mandarins 400 kV bus after a 3 phase fault resulting in the loss of two feeding lines and thelines and the blocking of the converters
Without filter tripping
EMTP simulation
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Overvoltages (continued)O e o ages (co ued)
Overvoltages at LesOvervoltages at Les Mandarins 400 kV bus after a 3 phase fault resulting in the loss of two feeding lines and thelines and the blocking of the converters
With filter tripping
EMTP simulation
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Subsynchronous interactions
Damping of torsionnal oscillation on Gravelines turbo-generator shaft.
Without the With the Without the interconnection interconnection
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AC system protection behavioury p
Fault currents asFault currents as seen by protections with the presence of AC filtAC filters.
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Controls
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The equipment designThe equipment design
studiesstudies
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HVDC cables
Submarine cable
Land cableLand cable
Specific means and machines to manufacturemachines to manufacture, lay and embed the submarine cables.
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Thyristor valves
Quadrivalve structure
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Thyristor valves
Valve module
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Converter transformers and smoothing reactors
Single phase 3 windings 206 MVA unit 277 kV – 1852 ASingle phase 3 windings 206 MVA unit 277 kV 1852 A
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Filter and capacitor bank and its protections
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Testing facilities : thyristor valves
High DC voltage teststests
Heating tests
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Testing facilities : thyristor valves (continued)
S th ti t t i it d ltSynthetic test circuits and results
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Testing facilities : smoothing reactor
HV DC tests
Mechanical tests
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Testing facilities : cables
Endurance tests : 6000 hours @ 420 kVDC, 250 thermal cycles (1 kA)@ , y ( )
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Testing facilities : DC simulator
> Control compatibility tests on EDF DC simulator
> Preparation of the on site commissioning tests
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Testing facilities : site tests
EDF R&D monitoring and testing facilities at Les Mandarins in 1986Mandarins in 1986.
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Project organisation and management
Planning
P j t tProject team
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PlanningPlanning
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Project teamProject team
Project leader : EDF generation & transmission di i i N t k i i d t t (CERT)division – Network engineering department (CERT)
Design studies : EDF R&D division (ERMEL)
Testing : EDF R&D division (ERMEL)
Main manufacturers : CGEE AlsthomMain manufacturers : CGEE Alsthom + Câbles de Lyon & Pirelli
C di ti ith CEGB t i ittCoordination with CEGB : steering committee + technical committee + operational
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Cost of the interconnection
Investment cost : 6 billions FF (1981) = 1,8 B€ (2001)
Operation and maintenance annual cost = 5 M€ (2005)
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20 years later, thank you for your kind attention !
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