History of History of ExplorationExploration

& Marine Science& Marine Science

Have humans seen much of the Have humans seen much of the oceans?oceans?

..

First Voyages of DiscoveryFirst Voyages of Discovery

Explorers and Explorers and NavigatorsNavigators•The first vessels-The first vessels-

3000 B.C.3000 B.C.•Merchants 2000 Merchants 2000

B.C.B.C.•Fall of the Roman Fall of the Roman

EmpireEmpire

5000 B.C to 800 A.D5000 B.C to 800 A.D EgyptiansEgyptians- made the first sailboats- made the first sailboats

PhoeniciansPhoenicians- made the first trade routes - made the first trade routes (Mediterranean)(Mediterranean)

PolynesiansPolynesians- made primitive maps and were - made primitive maps and were the first to have long distance open ocean the first to have long distance open ocean voyages.voyages.

Greeks- Greeks- Major advancements in navigationMajor advancements in navigation• Pytheas- mapped out latitude using the North StarPytheas- mapped out latitude using the North Star• Eratosthenes- calculated Earth’s circumference. Eratosthenes- calculated Earth’s circumference.

Latitude and LongitudeLatitude and Longitude

What is a parallel?What is a parallel?What is a meridian?What is a meridian?

Latitude lines never intersect, so Latitude lines never intersect, so they are called “parallels”.they are called “parallels”.

The equator is at zero degrees The equator is at zero degrees parallel.parallel.

Longitude lines are called meridians. Longitude lines are called meridians. Zero degrees meridian is called the Zero degrees meridian is called the prime meridian and it runs through prime meridian and it runs through Greenwich, England. Greenwich, England.

Stage 2 – The Middle AgesStage 2 – The Middle Ages

VikingsVikings- Improved sailboats- Improved sailboats• Bigger sailsBigger sails• Oarsmen if no windOarsmen if no wind• Flat-bottom boats (get closer to land)Flat-bottom boats (get closer to land)

Sea exploration was only done by Sea exploration was only done by VikingsVikings•This lasted from about 800-1100 A.D. (the middle of the dark ages)This lasted from about 800-1100 A.D. (the middle of the dark ages)

800 A.D to 1400 A.D

Major Viking discoveriesMajor Viking discoveries 99thth century: warming climate led to century: warming climate led to

melting N. Atlantic ice, this allowed melting N. Atlantic ice, this allowed more Viking voyages through more Viking voyages through previously frozen area.previously frozen area.

Discoveries:Discoveries:1.1. Iceland (mild climate)Iceland (mild climate)

2.2. Greenland (frozen land)Greenland (frozen land)

3.3. North America (Newfoundland North America (Newfoundland Canada) led by Leif ErikssonCanada) led by Leif Eriksson

Leif Eriksson day is Oct. 9Leif Eriksson day is Oct. 9thth

Middle Ages = Dark AgesMiddle Ages = Dark AgesIn EuropeIn Europe

Any thoughts on why they were Any thoughts on why they were called the dark ages? called the dark ages?

Knowledge of geography and science Knowledge of geography and science entered an intellectual “darkness” entered an intellectual “darkness” there was also, poor communication there was also, poor communication and lack of education. and lack of education.

Meanwhile… In China…Meanwhile… In China…

During the European “Dark Ages” During the European “Dark Ages” other parts of the world, were other parts of the world, were making intellectual progress. making intellectual progress.

In 1125 the magnetic compass was In 1125 the magnetic compass was invented and being used by the invented and being used by the Chinese sailors.Chinese sailors.

Stage 3Stage 3European Discovery (1400-European Discovery (1400-

1700)1700)

The End of the Dark AgesThe End of the Dark Ages Bartholomeu DiasBartholomeu Dias

•A Portuguese navigatorA Portuguese navigator•1487-Sailed around the tip of 1487-Sailed around the tip of

Africa, which he called: "Cape Africa, which he called: "Cape of Storms" (of Storms" (Cabo das Cabo das TormentasTormentas). Later named the ). Later named the Cape of Good HopeCape of Good Hope

Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus •1492 went to sea to find a 1492 went to sea to find a new route to India for trade, new route to India for trade, he headed west and crossed he headed west and crossed the Atlantic and landed in the Atlantic and landed in the Bahamasthe Bahamas

•Later he reached South and Later he reached South and Central AmericaCentral America

Later ExpeditionsLater Expeditions John Cabot-John Cabot- 1497 left England and sailed to what 1497 left England and sailed to what

is now Delaware.is now Delaware. Vasco Nunez de Balboa Vasco Nunez de Balboa – 1500s crossed the – 1500s crossed the

Isthmus of Panama, first to see the East coast of Isthmus of Panama, first to see the East coast of the Pacificthe Pacific

Amerigo VespucciAmerigo Vespucci explored 9600 km of coastline explored 9600 km of coastline from North to South Americafrom North to South America• Mapmakers in Europe named the Americas after Mapmakers in Europe named the Americas after

himhim• First to recognize S. America as it’s own First to recognize S. America as it’s own

continentcontinent

Later Expeditions Cont. Later Expeditions Cont.

Ferdinand MagellanFerdinand Magellan, a Portuguese , a Portuguese navigator , was the first to attempt to navigator , was the first to attempt to circumnavigate the earthcircumnavigate the earth

Francis DrakeFrancis Drake- 1577 second - 1577 second successful circumnavigation of the successful circumnavigation of the world, his purpose was to raid world, his purpose was to raid Spanish ships for treasure.Spanish ships for treasure.

Stage 4:Stage 4:Scientific ExplorationsScientific Explorations

Modern Marine ScienceModern Marine Science

Science – Using observation Science – Using observation and experimentation to find and experimentation to find

answers (empirical evidence).answers (empirical evidence).

Scientific ExplorationScientific Exploration

James Cook:James Cook: Mid 1700’s Mid 1700’s• Figured out how to prevent scurvy (A Figured out how to prevent scurvy (A

crippling disease caused by vitamin C crippling disease caused by vitamin C deficiency)deficiency)

• 11stst to use chronometer (accurate clock to use chronometer (accurate clock or watch) to determine longitude. or watch) to determine longitude.

• Mapped many islands in the Pacific Mapped many islands in the Pacific including Australia and New Zealand.including Australia and New Zealand.

James Harrison: James Harrison: Invented the Invented the chronometer.chronometer.

• The chronometer is a clock invented to The chronometer is a clock invented to be used specifically at sea. This allowed be used specifically at sea. This allowed sailors to accurately comparing sailors to accurately comparing Greenwich Mean time to the local time.Greenwich Mean time to the local time.

Cornelis DrebbelCornelis Drebbel- 1620 1- 1620 1stst submarinesubmarine

http://www.dutchsubmarines.com/specials/special_drebbel.htm

Benjamin FranklinBenjamin Franklin, US postmaster, , US postmaster, wanted to know why it took longer wanted to know why it took longer for mail to come from Europe to for mail to come from Europe to America than vice versaAmerica than vice versa•Later he drew an accurate map of Later he drew an accurate map of

the Gulf Streamthe Gulf Stream

Ben Franklin’s Gulf Stream- Image 1

Drebbel’s 1st Submarine

Matthew Fontaine MauryMatthew Fontaine Maury:: American Naval OfficerAmerican Naval Officer•““The Father of Oceanography”The Father of Oceanography”•1855 analyzed the logbooks of 1855 analyzed the logbooks of

navy ships and published the navy ships and published the first books on oceanography first books on oceanography called called The Physical Geography of The Physical Geography of the Seathe Sea

More ExplorationMore Exploration

•Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson: 1807 authorized : 1807 authorized Survey of the Coast Survey of the Coast (the predecessor to (the predecessor to NOAA)NOAA)

•NOAA- National Oceanic and NOAA- National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationAtmospheric Administration

•Charles WilkesCharles Wilkes: 1836 the Wilkes : 1836 the Wilkes Expedition (U.S. Exploring Expedition) Expedition (U.S. Exploring Expedition) proved the existence of Antarctica. proved the existence of Antarctica.

Charles Darwin Charles Darwin Marine ContributionsMarine Contributions

naturalistnaturalist• 1831, sailed on the HMS 1831, sailed on the HMS Beagle Beagle • Studied coral reef construction Studied coral reef construction

and theorized that corals build and theorized that corals build upward as the seafloor receded upward as the seafloor receded (this is still accepted today)(this is still accepted today)

• Found new species of plants and Found new species of plants and animals.animals.

• Proposed Theory of Natural Proposed Theory of Natural Selection Selection in his publication the “Origin in his publication the “Origin of Species”of Species”

Galapagos Tortoise

Marine Iguana

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qd-1_CjgGCQ&safe=active

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VfZQfCkKuKM&safe=active

HMS HMS Challenger- Challenger- 1873-18761873-1876• First exploration mission devoted entirely to First exploration mission devoted entirely to

marine sciencemarine science• Led by Sir Charles ThompsonLed by Sir Charles Thompson• Led the most successful ocean expedition Led the most successful ocean expedition

devoted exclusively to scientific studydevoted exclusively to scientific study• Collected water, sediment, and temp dataCollected water, sediment, and temp data• Identified more than 4700 new species of Identified more than 4700 new species of

marine organismsmarine organisms• Challenger II expedition discovered the Challenger II expedition discovered the

“Challenger Deep” in the Mariana’s trench. “Challenger Deep” in the Mariana’s trench. (over 35,000 ft. deep, deepest ocean trench)(over 35,000 ft. deep, deepest ocean trench)

Technology Advancements Technology Advancements in Marine Sciencein Marine Science

Exploring the OceanExploring the Ocean

Under world called Under world called Inner SpaceInner Space

2500 B.C., glass 2500 B.C., glass was discovered was discovered and the first mask and the first mask was madewas made

In the 17In the 17thth century century a diving a diving chamber/bell was chamber/bell was inventedinvented

Later came a Later came a diving suitdiving suit

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oxWFqwFHXoo&safe=active

Diving BellDiving Bell

1797 1837

1855

The Modern Scuba TankThe Modern Scuba Tank

1943- 1943- Jacques Cousteau and Emile Jacques Cousteau and Emile Gagnan Gagnan made final improvements made final improvements

A tank with compressed air was developed A tank with compressed air was developed that was strapped on the diver’s backthat was strapped on the diver’s back

air breathed through a regulatorair breathed through a regulator marketed as the marketed as the aqua-lungaqua-lung S.C.U.B.AS.C.U.B.A- Self Contained Underwater - Self Contained Underwater

Breathing Apparatus.Breathing Apparatus.

1880 to 19501880 to 1950

V. Walfrid EkmanV. Walfrid Ekman – Figured out the Ekman – Figured out the Ekman Spirals and Ekman LayerSpirals and Ekman Layer

Fridtjof NansenFridtjof Nansen – Made the Nansen Bottle. – Made the Nansen Bottle. Now people could take samples of water Now people could take samples of water from from differentdifferent depths of water. depths of water.

Beebe and BartonBeebe and Barton – First – First bathyspherebathysphere to to 4,000 feet4,000 feet• Steel sphere at the end of a long cable Steel sphere at the end of a long cable

(tethered)(tethered)

The Bathysphere

Diving VesselsDiving Vessels

Also called submersiblesAlso called submersibles

1.1.BathysphereBathysphere, allowed aquanauts to go to , allowed aquanauts to go to deeper depthsdeeper depths

2.2.BathyscapheBathyscaphe is a steel untethered is a steel untethered submersible that could be controlled. submersible that could be controlled. Deepest dive in history (1960).Deepest dive in history (1960).

3.3.AlvinAlvin is a self-propelled machine with is a self-propelled machine with mechanical arms that can pick up specimens mechanical arms that can pick up specimens and can carry three humansand can carry three humans

4.4.JASONJASON, a robot, does not carry people, a robot, does not carry people

JasonJason AlvinAlvin

BuoyancyBuoyancy

Discovered around 200 B.C. by Discovered around 200 B.C. by ArchimedesArchimedes

DefinitionDefinition: The force on any object is : The force on any object is equal to the weight of the liquid that equal to the weight of the liquid that the object displacesthe object displaces• Buoyancy was the reason the Titanic Buoyancy was the reason the Titanic

sanksank

Marie Thorp and Bruce HeezenMarie Thorp and Bruce Heezen – – made the first map of the ocean made the first map of the ocean bottom and provided evidence for bottom and provided evidence for the theory of Continental Drift.the theory of Continental Drift.

Auguste PiccardAuguste Piccard – First bathyscaphe – First bathyscaphe to reach the bottom of the Mariana's to reach the bottom of the Mariana's Trench at 35,800 feet.Trench at 35,800 feet.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dC0hXmO9Phs&safe=active

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5XX7WdfCgnM&safe=active

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0mBG0LbAoqk&safe=active

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FGzaUiutuRk&safe=active

This trip was made in 1960 and never Repeated!! The decent took 4 hours and 48 minutes.

Don Walsh and Jacques Piccard inside Trieste

The The Meteor, Meteor, aa German ship, 25 German ship, 25 months on Atlantic ocean using months on Atlantic ocean using sonarsonar

•Sonar- Sonar- sosound und nanavigation vigation rranginganging•mapped the ocean floor mapped the ocean floor revealing many different depths revealing many different depths and featuresand features

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4dftaWQLtPQ&safe=active

Put everything except a notebook and pen/pencil up front where it says “backpacks here”

FAU Human powered subFAU Human powered sub

http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BowxagcXpho&safety_mode=truev=BowxagcXpho&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=activ&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active e

Watch the following clip and Watch the following clip and note down the major note down the major

contributions in each section.contributions in each section.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aMWJIOyiY8o&safety_mode=true&v=aMWJIOyiY8o&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active

The 5 Oceans The 5 Oceans ArcticArctic- smallest, covered in ice- smallest, covered in ice PacificPacific- largest, ring of fire- largest, ring of fire IndianIndian- warm latitudes, whale - warm latitudes, whale

sanctuary sanctuary AntarcticAntarctic- lots of krill and marine life - lots of krill and marine life

(aka- Southern Ocean) (aka- Southern Ocean) AtlanticAtlantic- growing @ mid-ocean ridge- growing @ mid-ocean ridge

Mediterranean SeaMediterranean Sea- not an ocean but connected - not an ocean but connected to Atlantic. Pollution is a huge problem.to Atlantic. Pollution is a huge problem.

OceansOceans

There is really only ONE ocean!!There is really only ONE ocean!!

This makes navigating difficult so we This makes navigating difficult so we subdivide it into several smaller subdivide it into several smaller ones.ones.

The 5 OceansThe 5 Oceans

ArcticArctic PacificPacific IndianIndian AntarcticAntarctic AtlanticAtlantic

Arctic OceanArctic Ocean

Smallest oceanSmallest ocean Covered in pack iceCovered in pack ice Attracts migrating animals, like Attracts migrating animals, like

whaleswhales

Pacific OceanPacific Ocean

1/3 of the globe is covered by this ocean1/3 of the globe is covered by this ocean• Half of the planet’s seawaterHalf of the planet’s seawater

Has the highest mountain – Mauna Kea Has the highest mountain – Mauna Kea Volcano (10,200m)Volcano (10,200m)

Has the deepest trench – Mariana’s Has the deepest trench – Mariana’s Trench (11,034m)Trench (11,034m)

Shrinking because of subduction zone Shrinking because of subduction zone causing the “Ring of Fire”.causing the “Ring of Fire”.

Nuclear Testing during the 40’s and 50’sNuclear Testing during the 40’s and 50’s

Indian OceanIndian Ocean

Warm latitudesWarm latitudes Tropics and coral reefsTropics and coral reefs Subtropics have monsoons (reverse Subtropics have monsoons (reverse

currents)currents) Whale sanctuaryWhale sanctuary Red SeaRed Sea

Antarctic OceanAntarctic Ocean

Marine life flourishes hereMarine life flourishes here Krill, planktonKrill, plankton Cold goes north to balance the Cold goes north to balance the

tropicstropics

Atlantic OceanAtlantic Ocean

Icy northern region, but includes the Icy northern region, but includes the CaribbeanCaribbean

North Atlantic Drift CurrentNorth Atlantic Drift Current• The Gulf StreamThe Gulf Stream

Spreading and growing b/c of the Spreading and growing b/c of the Mid-Atlantic RidgeMid-Atlantic Ridge

Abundant sea life, suitable habitatsAbundant sea life, suitable habitats

Quiz: History of Marine…Quiz: History of Marine…

1. How many oceans are there? 1. How many oceans are there? Name them.Name them.

2. Who is known as the “father of 2. Who is known as the “father of oceanography”?oceanography”?

3. What did Cornelis Drebbel do?3. What did Cornelis Drebbel do? 4. Who mapped out the Gulf Stream?4. Who mapped out the Gulf Stream? 5. Who figured out how to prevent 5. Who figured out how to prevent

scurvy?scurvy?

Quiz: History of Marine…Quiz: History of Marine…

6. Which expedition discovered the 6. Which expedition discovered the deepest point in the ocean?deepest point in the ocean?

7. Who created the first sailboats?7. Who created the first sailboats? 8. What was named after A. 8. What was named after A.

Vespucci?Vespucci? 9. What group of people used the 9. What group of people used the

North Star to figure out latitude?North Star to figure out latitude? 10. Who found a route around the 10. Who found a route around the

Cape of Good Hope?Cape of Good Hope?

Did You Know?Did You Know?

Horseshoe crabs have existed in Horseshoe crabs have existed in essentially the same form for the essentially the same form for the past 135 million years. Their blood past 135 million years. Their blood provides a valuable test for the provides a valuable test for the toxins that cause septic shock, which toxins that cause septic shock, which previously led to half of all hospital-previously led to half of all hospital-acquired infections and one-fifth of acquired infections and one-fifth of all hospital deaths. all hospital deaths.

Sept. 19Sept. 19thth 2014 2014

ObjectiveObjective: I will prove that I have : I will prove that I have mastered the skill of buoyancy by mastered the skill of buoyancy by showing my boat can hold the most showing my boat can hold the most passengers.. passengers..

AgendaAgenda::-15-20 minutes to build-15-20 minutes to build

- Test - Test

HomeworkHomework::• Have a happy weekendHave a happy weekend GO CUDAS!!!! GO CUDAS!!!!

Boat BuildingBoat Building

Teams of 3-4 people pleaseTeams of 3-4 people please

1. 1 boat per team1. 1 boat per team 2. Please listen to the rules before you 2. Please listen to the rules before you

beginbegin

3. Boat that holds the most max without 3. Boat that holds the most max without drowning them will receive 5 points drowning them will receive 5 points extra formative credit.extra formative credit.

Titanic ConclusionTitanic Conclusion don’t need to write don’t need to write

Theories of why the Theories of why the ship sank could not ship sank could not be proven because be proven because for 73 years the ship for 73 years the ship could not be locatedcould not be located

In 1985 the ship was In 1985 the ship was found with the help found with the help of sonar and an of sonar and an underwater robotunderwater robot

With modern technology With modern technology scientists concluded that scientists concluded that the ship sank due to water the ship sank due to water flowing over the bulkheads flowing over the bulkheads and causing the ship to and causing the ship to lose buoyancy.lose buoyancy.