history of computer ok
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History of the Computer
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2400 B.C. – 300 B.C.• The first counting device was the abacus, originally
from Asia. • It worked on a place-value notion meaning that the
place of a bead or rock on the apparatus determined how much it was worth.
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1600s
• John Napier discovers logarithms.
After his death his bones were used for calculation, as in abacus. The bones are in sets of eleven rods with numbers placed side by side that are used in finding quotients and products of large numbers.
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1600s
• Robert Bissaker invents the slide rule.
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1620• William Oughtred
first to used two scales sliding by one another to perform direct multiplication and division.
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1642• Blaise Pascal, a french
mathematician and philosopher, invents the first mechanical calculator using gears, called the Pascaline. Although this machine could perform addition and subtraction on whole numbers, it was too expensive and only Pascal himself could repair it.
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A 6-GEARED PASCALINE
AN 8-GEARED PASCALINE
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1670Stepped Reckoner• a calculating machine
designed (1671) and built (1673) by the German mathematician-philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz. The Step Reckoner expanded on the French mathematician-philosopher Blaise Pascal’s ideas and did multiplication by repeated addition and shifting.
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1804• Joseph Marie Jacquard used punch cards to
automate a weaving loom.
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Mechanical Calculating Devices
Punch cards• First used in the Jacquard Loom
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1812
• Charles P. Babbage, the “father of the computer”, discovered that many long calculations involved many similar, repeated operations. He designed the difference engine which would be steam powered, fully automatic and commanded by a fixed instruction program.
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• In 1833, Babbage quit working on the difference engine to concentrate on the analytical engine.
Babbage Difference Engine
Babbage Analytical Engine
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Mechanical Calculating Devices
The Arithmometer• First commercially
constructed mechanical calculating device
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1840s• Lady Augusta Ada Byron, the “first
programmer” suggested that a binary system should be used for storage rather than a decimal system.
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1850s
• George Boole developed Boolean Logic which would later be used in the design of computer circuitry.
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1890
• Dr. Herman Hollerith introduced the first electromechanical punched card data processing machine which was used to compile information for the 1890 U.S. Census.
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Hollerith’s tabulator became so successful that he started his own business to market it.
His company would eventually become International Business Machines (IBM).
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1906
• The vacuum tube was invented by American physicist Lee De Forest.
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Electrical Calculating Devices
First Keyboard• Developed in 1936
by John Dvorak• Designed such that
the least used keys are on the outside corners
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1939
Dr. John V. Atanasoff and his assistant Clifford Berry build the first electronic digital computer.
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Their machine, the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) provided the foundation for the advances in
electronic digital computers.
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1941• Konrad Zuse introduced the first
programmable computer designed to solve complex engineering equations.
• This machine, called the Z3, was also the first to work on the binary system instead of the decimal system.
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1943
• Alan Turing developed a hypothetical device, the Turing machine which would be designed to perform logical operation and could read and write.
• It would presage programmable computers.
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He also used vacuum technology to build British Colossus, a machine used to counter-act the German code of scrambling device.
Colosus II
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1944
• Howard Aiken, in collaboration with engineers from IBM, constructed a large automatic digital sequence controlled computer called the Harvard Mark I.
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This computer could handle all four arithmetic operations, and had special built-in programs for
logarithms and trigonometric functions.
Harvard Mark I
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1945
• Dr. John Von Neumann presented a paper outlining the stored-program concept.
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1947• The giant ENIAC (Electrical
Numerical Integrator and Calculator) was developed by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert Jr. at the University of Pennsylvania.
• It used 18,000 vacuum tubes, punch card input, weighed 30 tons and occupied a 30x50 foot space.
John W. Mauchly
J.Presper Eckert Jr.
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• It wasn’t programmable but was productive from 1946 to 1955 and was used to compute artillery firing tables/artillery trajectory.
ENIAC
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1947
• William Shockley, John Bardeen, & Walter Brattain of Bell Labs invented the transistor.
• It would rid computers of vacuum tubes and radios.
W. Shockley
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1949
• Maurice V. Wilkes built the EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer), the first stored-program computer.
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1949
• EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer), the second stored-program computer was built by Mauchly, Eckert Jr., and Von Neumann.
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1949• An Wang developed magnetic core
memory. • It was patented as the Pulse
Transfer Controlling Device.
• Jay Forrester reorganized the magnetic core memory for it
to be more efficient.
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1950
• Turing built the ACE, considered by some to be the first programmable digital computer.
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Take the QUICK DEX link.
• Click ME!!
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The First Generation(1951-1959)
These computers were bulky, took up large space, and needed to be kept in a cool environment. They use wired circuits that had thousands of vacuum tubes,
each of which was about the size of a light bulb.
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1951
• Mauchly and Eckert Jr. built the UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer), the first computer designed and sold commercially, specifically for business data processing applications.
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1950s
• She was also credited for the
term debugging in the 1940s.
• Rear Admiral Grace Murray Hopper developed UNIVAC I compiler.
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1957
• The programming language FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator) was designed by John Bacchus, an IBM engineer.
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1959
Jack St. Clair Kilby and Robert Noyce
of Texas Instruments
manufactured the first integrated circuit, or chip,
which is a collection of tiny little transistors. Robert Noyce
Jack St.Clair Kilby
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The Second Generation(1960-1965)
Unlike the 1st generation computers, which used vacuum tubes, these computers used transistors
which were smaller, more efficient, and less energy-consuming.
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1960s
• Gene Amdahl designed the IBM System/360 series of mainframe (G) computers, the first general purpose digital computers to use integrated circuits.
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1961• Dr. Hopper developed
validation software for the programming language COBOL and its compiler as part of a COBOL standardization program for the entire Navy.
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1963• Ken Olsen, founder of DEC, produced the PDP-
I, the first minicomputer (G).
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1965
BASIC (Beginners All-purpose
Symbolic Instruction Code)
programming language
developed by Dr. Thomas Kurtz and Dr. John
Kemeny.
Dr. John Kemeny
Dr. Thomas Kurtz
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Mechanical Calculating Devices
• Codex Madrid• Discovered from the manuscripts of
Leonardo da Vinci
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Mechanical Calculating Devices
• Replica of Codex Madrid• Created in 1967
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The Third Generation
1969-1971Called minicomputers, these computers were
compact, reliable, and less expensive. Instead of transistors, they use integrated circuits (ICs) or
chips which are much smaller compared to transistors.
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1969
• The Internet started.• October 29, 1969 ARPANET (Advanced
Research Projects Agency Network) introduced the network of today's Internet.
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1970
• Dr. Ted Hoff developed the famous Intel 4004 microprocessor (G) chip.
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1971
• Intel released the first microprocessor, a specialized integrated circuit which was able to process four bits of data at a time.
• It also included its own arithmetic logic unit, PASCAL, a structured programming language, was developed by Niklaus Wirth.
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The Fourth Generation1975-present
These computers are much smaller, faster, and more powerful than the earlier models. The use
of microprocessors make them more multi-functional. Consist of million of transistors, they
can do millions of calculation per second.
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Xerox Alto was the first prototype computer to used a graphical user interface (GUI)
GUI (gooey) provided graphics or symbols
1975
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1975
• Ed Roberts, the “father of microcomputer” designed the first microcomputer, the Altair 8800, which was produced by Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS).
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1975
• William Gates III and Paul Allen approached MITS and promised to deliver a BASIC compiler.
• Microsoft was born.
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1976
• Seymour Cray developed the Cray I supercomputer (G).
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1976• Apple Computer, Inc. was founded by Steven
Jobs & Stephen Wozniak.
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Modern Day Computer
Assembled boards with wooden casing Had video terminals and keyboard
interface Includes cassette interface and Apple
BASIC
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1977
• Jobs and Wozniak designed and built the first Apple II microcomputer.
Apple II
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Tandy Corporation released their first personal computer which include a keyboard and screen.
1977
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1980
• IBM offers Bill Gates the opportunity to develop the operating system for its new IBM personal computer.
• Microsoft has achieved tremendous growth and success today due to the development of MS-DOS.
• Apple III was also released.
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1981
• The IBM PC was introduced with a 16-bit microprocessor.
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1982
• Time Magazine chooses the computer instead of a person for its “Machine of the Year”
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The first TCP/IP wide area network was operational by
January 1, 1983 (this is technically the birth of the
Internet),
1983
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Modern Day Computer
Lisa (1983) First PC to use GUI
(use of mouse, windows-like interface, etc)
Too costly
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1984
• Apple introduced the Macintosh computer, which incorporated a unique graphical interface, making it easy to use.
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1984
• IBM released the 286 AT.
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Laser Writer printer was introduced.
1985
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1986
• Compaq released the DeskPro 386 computer, the first to use a 80036 microprocessor.
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1987
IBM announced the OS/2 operating system technology.
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1988
A non-destructive worm was introduced into the Internet network bringing thousands of
computers to a halt.
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1989
• The Intel 486 became the world’s first 1,000,000 transistor microprocessor
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1989
• Timothy “Tim” Berners Lee developed the World Wide Web.
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1993
• The Energy Star program, endorsed the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), encouraged manufacturers to build computer equipment that met power consumption guidelines.
• When guidelines are met, equipment displays the Energy Star logo.
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1993
Several companies introduced computer systems using the Pentium microprocessor from Intel that contains 3.1 million transistors and is
able to perform 112 million instructions per second (MIPS).