history of catholicism in rome: medieval ann t. orlando 3 october 2005
TRANSCRIPT
Outline
Review from last time Constantine Barbarian Invasions Tensions between Eastern and Western
Christianity Importance of Rome in West
Christianity in Rome before Constantine
Small, Greek speaking community Site of martyrdom of two great apostles: Peter and
Paul c. 64 AD Bishop of Rome is preeminent among other bishops Christians worship in small house churches Martyrs are the great heroes of the period
– Catacombs are places of burial– Tombs of martyrs become site of reverence and pilgrimage
Diocletian: Just before Constantine
Roman Empire suffering internal and external strife at end of 3rd C
Diocletian divides Empire into 2 sections (East and West) with an Augustus and a Caesar
– Constantine’s father Caesar in West To encourage unity Diocletian starts an Empire-wide
persecution of Christians in 303– This was the worst of all persecutions
When Diocletian retires, war breaks out among successors
Constantine the Great (c. 280-337)
Constantine’s father, Constantius, one of the Caesars
When he dies Constantine declared Augusts by his army
Pivotal battle was at Milvian Bridge in Rome
– Constantine has a vision (dream) of a cross and sees “By this sign conquer”
– Victory at Milvian bridge gives Constantine sole control of the Empire
Considers Christianity true religion; but only baptized on his death bed
http://harpy.uccs.edu/roman/constant.jpg
Constantine and Rome
Constantine celebrates his victory by
– Building an arch in forum near the Coliseum
– By completing huge basilica in forum
Leaves Rome to establish Constantinople as Eastern Capitol
http://harpy.uccs.edu/roman/archcon10.jpg
Constantine and Church in Rome
Before he leaves, he ‘gives’ most of Rome to the Pope
– That is, he gives the land and buildings of his enemies to Pope
– Most important of these is the Lateran Palace
Church overnight becomes the most important landholder in Rome
– Converts pagan temples into Christian churches– Builds new Churches, especially at site of martyrdoms with
money from Constantine
Conversion of Temples: Pantheon
Built c. 120 AD Renamed Mary of the
Martyrs– But everyone still calls it
the Pantheon
http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Pantheon.html
Main Churches in Rome
Built by Constantine on Site of martyrdoms
– Church of St. Lawrence– St. Peter’s Basilica– St. Paul Outside Walls– St. John Lateran
All rebuilt in later centuries
– Baptistery of John Lateran remained
http://www.holycross.edu/departments/visarts/projects/kempe/pilgrimage/chr_stjohn.htm
Former House Churches
Become sites of major Churches
Known as Titular Churches Example: San Clemente
– Large churches built over site of house churches
Churches Celebrating Mary
Starts with Council of Ephesus, 431, which formally declares Mary Theotokos, Mother of God
Most famous and earliest in Rome is Mary Major, built in 432
http://www.hp.uab.edu/image_archive/cr-03/cr-01/mosaic03.jpg
After Constantine
Little has changed in terms of pressures on Empire– Barbarians– Internal strife; civil war amongst Constantine’s
sons
Barbarians attack and sack Rome in 410– Huge psychological impact throughout Empire
After Sack of Rome
Waves of Barbarian invasions– Goths– Huns– Visigoths– Vandals
Increasingly in the West only civil authority is in the Church– Bishops act as judges and magistrates– Only people who can read
Western and Eastern Churches become increasingly separated, as political divisions grow
– Takes centuries– Roman Empire exists in East with Constantinople as its capitol
until 1453
Development of Church as Political Power
Church did fill vacuum Church was a ‘democratic’ place
– Place of meritocracy
Pope was the most politically powerful person in Western Europe for about 1000 years– Pope crowns Charlemagne, 800– Pope crowns Holy Roman Emperors
Driving Force: Monasteries
The center of spirituality, education, culture in Western Europe during the ‘dark’ ages
Started in East in 3rd C, but adopted in West in 4thC Most important Western Monastic figure: St. Benedict of Nursia
– Lived in Rome for a while– Moved to Monte Cassino just outside Rome– Benedicts Rule
Many churches is Rome have cloisters and monasteries associated with them
Many Popes, including Gregory Great (d. 604) were monks
Pope St. Gregory Great (540-604)
Benedictine monk; wrote a life of St. Benedict– Lived in Monastery of St. Andrew (now known as
St. Andrew and Gregory the Great)
Gregorian Chant Clerical reforms Sent missionaries to England
November: Renaissance and Baroque Rome
Great churches Great art Great city planning All in a time of great upheaval in the Church (the Reformation) Why I am skipping 800 years
– Rome was the political capitol of Europe; Pope as king maker in Germany and France
– But great intellectual and artistic developments moved to France (e.g., University of Paris; Romanesque and Gothic architecture)
– Much of Medieval Rome destroyed in Baroque and Modern periods
– Greatest Christian city in this period was Constantinople (New Rome