history of agriculture agr 199. the question of forever or
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History of Agriculture
AGR 199
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The Question of FOREVER
OR
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Agriculture & Food
Which came first?? Food NOT agriculture
- hunter / gatherers - small food plots - larger food production for subsistence - “sellable food”
Agriculture over past 10,000 years
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Usable Land Area
Oceans ¾ of earth (1/4 land mass) 1/8 is desert, swamp, artic, etc and cant be
used Remaining 1/8 is where people live Slice this remaining 8th into 4 pieces, 3 of
them are cities and unusable soil, The remainder is what we have left to farm.
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Early Civilizations
Egypt – Nile River agriculture Iraq – Tigris-Euphrates Rivers Mexico – Ancient Indian civilizations Europe – Roman Empire
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Era’s
1). Agriculture Era’s (1600-1900’s) 2). Industrial Era (1900 – 1970’s) 3). Computer Era (1980 – 2000) 4). Biotechnology Era (2000 - ?) 5). Space ? ? ?
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Crop Origins
Broad beans – Europe Soybeans – China – Ben Franklin Corn – North American/Central American
Indians (Maize) Most common Squash – Central – So. America Tobacco – So. America (Brazil area) Potato – Andean Highlands (Peru/Ecuador)
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Crop Origins
Tomato – South and Central America Cotton – Mexico area Peanuts – Brazil (soil like Georgia)
Temp, humidity, soil conditions Chocolate – Aztecs, Used seed for currency
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Origins
1/3 of all crops originated in America’s Cattle Came to US in 1525 1609 – First corn grown 1611 –First wheat planted in Va. 1612 – First tobacco by English Settlers
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Early Ag Developments
Indians used fish and shells as fertilizer Grass, roots, ashes, etc as well
Other forms of Fertilizer: Manure Organic Matter Other Forms
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4 Principal Food Crops
These 4 feed the world in order of greatest to least:
1.) Rice 2). Wheat 3). Potatoes 4). Corn (Maize)
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6 Breadbaskets to the World
1). Central North America (Iowa, etc) 2). Middle East (Syria) 3). Asia (Manchuria) 4). South America (Argentina) 5). Eastern Europe (Ukraine – old USSR) 6). Asia (Mongolia)
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AGR Developments
1701- Seed Drill 1786 – Thresher (Wheat) 1793 – Cotton Gin Invented 1797 – Cast Iron Plow 1804 – Canning 1831 – McCormick Reaper invented
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AGR Developments
1837 – John Deere Plow built (steel plow) 1839 – Congress made 1st agricultural
appropriation 1858 - Harvester 1874 – Barbed wire invented 1892- Gasoline tractor produced
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Land in the 1700-1800’s
Land was sold for $1.00-1.25 per acre by the government to individuals
40-80 acres was sold at first Then determined that one needed 150 to stay
profitable in the mid-west Late 1700’s – 96% of pop. Involved in
agriculture
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An acre was / is ?
The amount of land a man or Beast of Burden could plow in the late 1700’s
About the size of a football field 43,560 sq. ft. Cost $10.65 acre in 1900 in Calloway Co. Cost $2,500 acre in 2000 in Calloway Co. Cost $6,500 acre in 2011 in Calloway Co.
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Land Distribution Theories
1) . Alexander Hamilton – - Large tracts of land (European)
- Wealthy to have land, others to work for them
- Maximize profit for Government at sale- Southern plantation style (European)
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Land Theories
Thomas Jefferson –- Small tracts of land (60-80 acres)- Everybody (family) gets a chance to own- Sold at reasonable prices (cheap)- Promote subsistence farming and more democratic state in U.S.- Eventually won out
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Land Development
Hamlet – Township – 5000 acre pie shaped structure in North East – Did not last long
Plantations – South – large tracts owned by few families, slavery, commodity based
on cotton, corn, tobacco Western U.S. – 640 ac. Perfect squares
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Other Characteristics of Early Ag.
Subsistence Farming Surveying became more common Recording of deeds of land
description/ownership Fight for water rights in west Barbed Wire Cattle Barons
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History of Food & Agriculture1800’s
Much of country on subsistence farmsRobert Reid – 1846, crossbred two different types of Indian Corn, Guordseed and Flint Corn and developed field corn.Heredity – Gregor Mendel – father of genetics, laws of heredity
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Robert Reid
Utilized principles of heredity from his knowledge of Gregor Mendel – father of genetics.
One of the first agriculture and science integrators!
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U.S. Department of Agriculture
1862 – The Department of Agriculture wasestablished by President Lincoln.
Washington wanted one even earlier Was called the “Peoples Department” Two Objectives in the beginning:
Distribute Seeds Gather, disseminate and distribute information
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Agriculture Higher Education
1862- Morrill Land Grant Act Established Land Grant Universities in States Primarily for Agriculture and Mechanics Texas A & M, etc. Huge sums of land were granted to the states This was the “study” aspect of agriculture ed. 1890- Land Grants for African Americans
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Research
1887 – Hatch Act Created the Agricultural Experiment Stations These were a research component attached to Land
Grant Universities Modeled after German research stations Practical research for farmers and students- This
was the “research aspect” of education Started with research on commercial fertilizers.
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1870’s
53% of U.S. population involved in agriculture
Average farm was 153 acres
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Agricultural Extension
1914 – Smith Lever Act Created Agricultural Extension Service Attached to Land Grant Universities Carry information and research to the farmer “Outreach aspect” of education in agriculture
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1800’s Transportation
Turnpikes Canals Steamboats Railroads – fast & cheap Refrigeration – beef industry Interstates – Military,Germany, after WWII
1900’s
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1890-1920
Called Golden Age of American Farmer 1910 – Agriculture was 31% of labor Good production for the most part Farmers were “labor” and “management”
What are they now?
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Early 1900’s in Agriculture
1916- Federal Farm Loan Act – land banks 1926- Commercial hybrid seed corn 1920’s – Overproduction in agriculture 1929 – Stock Market Crash Early 1930’s- Dust Bowl 1933 – Soil Erosion (Conservation) Service
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Prior to Depression
Wheat acreage up 42% within 6 years.
Wheat production up 27%
Wheat prices tripled!
1919 – 33 million more acres than 5 years earlier.
Livestock were up 29 million head.
Land was 5 times greater than 1900.
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Dust Bowl
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Aftermath of the Depression
Diversified Farming Federal Farm Loan Act Marketing Acts Farm Credit Administration Soil Conservation The Beginning of Urban Sprawl
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American Farm Bureau
1919 – American Farm Bureau Federation Founded to help formulate a national farm
policy Conservative Believes in free trade among countries Supports all aspects of agriculture
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1920-30’s
WPA – Works Projects Administration CCC – Civilian Conservation Corps – improving
soil conditions 1920’s – Food, Drug and Insecticide
Administration – protected farmers from false labeling of chemicals, and consumers from false labeling
Start of Social Programs and Work Programs
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Structured Ag Policy
The three beginnings of organized farm policy: American Farm Bureau – producer side Agricultural Adjustment Act – gov. side Farm Credit Administration – financial side
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Ag Adjustment Act of 1933
1933- Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) Roosevelt Administration Raised money from taxes on commodities
bought by processors and consumers Cash relief payments to farmers for debt,
farmers had to limit their production Goal was to raise prices by making commodities
scarce Beginnings of modern day agricultural policy
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Mid 1900’s in Agriculture
Labor and Credit were scarce during WWII Women helped fill the gaps in agriculture
WWII GI’s did not return to the farm (suburbs) 1947- General Agreement on Tariffs/Trade
(GATT) 1950’s- Massive farm subsidies
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1950-1960’s
1950 – Farmers were 12.2% of labor force 1956- Food Stamp Program (social program) 1957 – 4 wheel drive vehicles 1960’s – Chemicals and fertilizers cause
explosion in crop production
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Malthus Theory
Thomas Malthus Predicted large scale starvation as the population
grew faster than the food supply. Malthus was wrong! The advances in agriculture allowed food
production to outpace the population explosion.
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Green Revolution
1950-1960’s Norman Borlaug Creation of new varieties, higher yields Boosted by: GENETICS, fertilizers, pesticides,
technology and early biotech World wide boom in agriculture production Targeted Mexico, Brazil Thanks Norman!
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1960’s
Chemicals, fertilizers and genetics cause an explosion in crop productivity
Known as “The Green Revolution” Agriculture was good Good access to capital ($) Expansion mentality
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1970’s Agriculture
Farmers were 4.6% of labor force Large scale production-industrial agriculture Corporations Modest profits – high commodity prices Large scale expansion Fence Row to Fence Row Philosophy (Its Back) Land prices soared! Late 70’s interests rates soared (18% +)
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1980’s Agriculture
CRASH! Did we not learn our lesson? 1981-82 – Ag Economy Plunged Bankruptcy, foreclosures, auctions Land was to high, commodity prices plunged due to
overproduction of the 1950, 60 & 70’s People expanded too fast Rest of the 80’s spent digging out of debt, for those
left No-till farming became widely used
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1990’s Agriculture
1993 – NAFTA 1993- GPS adapted to agriculture Lots of mergers and integration after 1980’s Agriculture was up and down for most commodities It depended on which commodity as to how
profitable. Hogs 10c lb., cattle plummeted
poultry rose, tobacco steady
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Agriculture Today
2% (1.8%) involved in Production Agr. (U.S.)
20% involved in Agriculture/Agribusiness
(U.S.) Food and Fiber ------ 1 U.S. Farmer Feeds
155 people + worldwide
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Modern Definitions
Definition of Agriculture: Biological Control of Plants and Animals for Human and Food Production
Definition of a Farm: (IRS) any entity that produces and sells $1,000 of commodities
(no limits on land acreage)
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How has Norman Borlaug’s impact played a key role in the issues that the agriculture sector is currently facing?
How has Agricultural Education from the 1700’s until now, advanced the society?
Why should we study and be aware of history? 1920’s? 1970’s?
Will there be more of this pattern in Agriculture?