history lecture 4

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT -I

LECTURE-4

Introduction to the River Valley Civilizations

Comparative study of different manifestations with reference to location, materials and techniques, socio-cultural influences and other contextual factors

1st Semester B .Arch, August - December 2013

Unit-I

• Definition and scope of Architecture. Interdependence of various components of the built environment. Need for a holistic approach.

• Man’s early/prehistoric attempts to colonise and personalize space. Examples of early shelters, Stonehenge, tumuli, etc. as expression of man’s physical and spiritual needs

• Determinants of Built Form - geo-physical, societal, political and technological, etc. Global examples of vernacular architecture.

• Introduction to the River Valley Civilizations. Comparative study of different manifestations with reference to location, materials and techniques, socio-cultural influences and other contextual factors

Unit-II

• Egyptian Civilization: Concept of the Royal Necropolis, locational context and architectural characteristics of public buildings, e.g. mastabas, pyramids and temples(rock-cut & structural) -one example of each type to be chosen. Worker’s settlement- city of Kahun.

• Mesopotamian Civilization; the urban context and architecture of public buildings (ziggurats and palaces). Examples of the city and Ziggurat of Ur, city and palace and of Khorsabad.

Unit-III

• Indus Valley Civilization: Form of the Harappan City, location and role of public buildings.• Architecture of the typical Harappan dwelling, Granary and Bath.• The Vedic Village, Building typology and construction

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT -I

What is the meaning of civilization

The most advanced stage of human development

People were NOMADIC

People became SEDENTARY

Domestication of AnimalsStart Growing own foodThey built hutsThey start living is settlements

Neolithic Revolution

They sheltered in caves

Relying on hunting

Neolithic to civilizations

Beginning of civilization

• Settlements need rules/law to maintain order

• Rules and laws needed to regulate irrigation

• Threat of outside invasion made it necessary to have rules who could provide protection

CIVILIZATION

Civilization is a human society which is more populated where people, share and spread a common culture.

CIVILIZATION

The civilizations occurred first near the River valley because conditions there were most conducive for living and agriculture.

They could fish in the rivers and hunt the animals that came there to drink. Annual floods spread silt- tiny bits of rocks and dirt from the river bottom- across the valleys. silts made the valleys fertile, which is good for crops to grow in. This allowed farmers to grow more food than they needed for themselves and their families.

Extra food also let some people living in river valleys do jobs other than farming.

CIVILIZATION

They began developed, systematically agriculture and domesticate animals and they learned the secret of reproducing abundance in plants and animals through controlled implantation of the seed.

CIVILIZATION Cities served as administrative centers Had a political system on control of a defined territory rather than kinship

connections Monumental building Major advances in science and technology Long distance trade System for keeping permanent records

EARLY RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATION


Made lasting contributions to civilizations.


Impact of geography (location) on the origin of civilizationReligion, beliefs Social structureWriting Government

RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS- EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION

Egyptian civilization began along Nile river

The land of Egypt was protected by natural barriers on all sides.

It was very hard for an outsides to even enter Egypt.

The Mediterranean Sea

The Red Sea

Western Desert

Eastern Desert

Egypt’s natural isolation and material self-

sufficiency fostered a unique culture that for

long periods had relatively little to do with other

civilizations.

IMPACT OF GEOGRAPHY (LOCATION)


• The Nile River was the most important thing to ancient Egyptians• It rises and falls at the same time every year• When the water recedes, it leaves fertile soil along its banks, which was very

good for agriculture.• Egyptian agriculture depended upon the floods.• Floods were regular, and this inspired the Egyptians to view the universe as a regular

and orderly place.


The climate was good

for agriculture, but

with little or no rainfall,

farmers had to

depend on the river

for irrigation by

constructing canals to

carry water out into

the valley.


The Nile provided the perfect waterway for trade.



RELIGION, BELIEFS

• Egyptians believed in reincarnation, or, life after death• This belief was influenced by the rise and fall of the Nile, which represented a

cycle of life and death• They believed every person had double life force• This force fled the body at death and returned to join with the deceased in the

afterlife• Their belief in re-birth after death became their driving force behind their funeral

practices ‘ mummification’.• Mummification is a 70 day process that would preserve a person’s soul for after

life.

• The priest would remove all of the organ from the deceased, dry them out with spices and salt and place them in canopic jars which had spells written on them.

• Like the organs, the body was also dried out with spices and salt to keep from rotting.

• The body was then wrapped with bandages and a death mask was places on his head.

• The wrapped body would be placed in a sarcophagus along with cloths, jewellary, fruits that he could use in his afterlife.


RELIGION, BELIEFS

• The King, or pharaoh, was a supreme ruler in the earliest period of Egyptian history and became a god after he died.

• The dead were buried in monumental tombs: Pyramid, mastabas. The amount and quality of tomb goods and the form of the tombs themselves reflect the social status of the deceased.

Pyramid Mastabas


RELIGION, BELIEFS

They also worshipped natural elements (Nile river, earth)and some animals that were considered sacred: crocodile, cat , beetle.Egyptian religion was ‘polytheistic’, that is ,they believed in various gods and goddesses and The lineage of the gods extended to the pharaoh himself.

The deities had a half human appearance and half animal.


RELIGION, BELIEFS

Temple of Khons,Karnak


SOCIAL STRUCTURE

• The population of ancient Egypt was divided into groups of people with different jobs and responsibilities to society.

• These social classes were structured as a pyramid . • This social pyramid shows the levels of each social class in terms of importance.


SOCIAL STRUCTURE


Workers settlement – Kahun town

SOCIAL STRUCTURE


GOVERNMENT

• Earlier ,Egyptians lived in farming villages. Each village had its own rituals , gods.

• Around 2000 B.C. lower and upper Egypt were divided into one. This beginning the old kingdom.

• Pharaohs, were the center of Egypt's government.

• Theocracy- A type of government in which a ruler is a divine figure ; ruled Egypt

• People believed that it was the pharaoh who caused the sun to rise, the Nile to flood and the crops to grow.


GOVERNMENT

• Viziers were responsible for the registrations of people and property for tax purposes. These people recorded transactions dealing mostly with land.

• The government structure included: viziers, army commanders, chief treasures, the minister of public works and tax collectors.

• Taxation was paid for mostly through labour and goods . People were drafted to serve in the army if necessary and were forced into labor to pay labor tax.


GOVERNMENT

• Laws in Egypt were based on the crimes being committed. Some punishments were lenient like caning or some as dismemberment and executions.

• Buildings the pyramids , it showed that the dynasties had developed the strength to support government organization to carry them out.

CaningDismemberment Executions.


WRITING

The Egyptians invented a form of writing called hieroglyphics. Hieroglyphs are little pictures . Some stand for an object

RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS- INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION


About 2500 BC, the time when pyramids were rising in Egypt , the first Indian civilizations were forming in Indus river valley.


The Indus Valley civilization flourished in the western part of South Asia, in what today is Pakistan and western India.

Natural borders consisted of mountains and the Arabian Sea, sheltering the civilization from attack and disease.


Himalaya, Hindu Kuch mountains provides a continuous source of water for the Indus and its tributaries These mountain ranges also provided important timber, animal products and minerals , gold, silver , tin and some precious stones that were traded throughout the Indus valley .

Water from the river fertilized and irrigated crops. Proximity to the river allowed boats to become a viable transportation option.



Seasonal winds known as monsoons bring rain every

summer. This valley was dependent upon monsoons to

grow their crops.



Monsoons were unpredictable and led to famine or floods and destruction

RELIGION, BELIEFS


Sun was regarded as one of the greatest gods. People believed in magic and superstitions also and wore amulets for some protection. No temples found.

Terra-cotta figures found for sacrificial purposes

RELIGION, BELIEFS


Discrete cemeteries and burial grounds . Human figures in yoga position with ornaments and headdresses symbolizes fertility god.

RELIGION, BELIEFS


Geometric symbols show beliefs in cosmology.‘Shiva seals’ show a man seated in yoga position surrounded by animals represent religious views .Various deities were worshipped and their images can be found on the seals. Evidences have also established the practice of several religious ceremonies and rituals. Although, no remains of any monument have been excavated but numerous terracotta statues of Mother Goddess have been found suggesting that Mother Goddess had been worshipped extensively by these people which symbolizing fertility

Mother Goddess Shiva seals Religious ceremonies

SOCIAL STRUCTURE


The caste system was a major impact on the social structure within Indus River Valley civilization. It consisted of a variety of levels displaying social status.

GOVERNMENT


Indus government was well organized, had powerful leaders (Priest-Kings), and that the government promoted skills in mathematics and surveying to lay out the cities so precisely.

Indus Priests were in charge of government and were rulers as well. The rulers governed through trade and religion, instead of military strength.

Religion had an immense impact on government

WRITING


Unlike other civilizations the language of ancient Indus valley civilization cannot be deciphered. Our knowledge of this civilization is based almost entirely on various physical remains.

The Indus people used the pictorial script. In additions to the pictorial signs, the seals and amulets often contains iconographic motifs, mostly realistic pictures of animals apparently worshipped as sacred, and a few cultic scenes, including deities and worshippers.

• The most characteristic feature of the Indus valley Civilization was its

urbanization.

• The cities show evidence of an advanced sense of planning and

organization.

• Each city was divided into the citadel area where the essential institutions of

civic and religious life were located and the residential area where the urban

population lived.

Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro the two main cities.

Both were carefully planned out.

CITY PLANNING


CITY PLANNING


The regularity of plan and construction suggests a government with organization.

citadel area

Residential area

CITY PLANNING


A high degree of standardization in city planning architecture

CITY PLANNING


Indus river was used, in order to maintain and develop urban society

RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS- MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION


Mesopotamia is a flat plain between the two rivers, Tigris and Euphrates in SW Asia.Because of this region’s shape and the richness of its soil, it is called the Fertile Crescent.



Environmental Challenges

1. Unpredictable flooding during periods of little rain / dry summer monthsDug irrigation ditches… brought water to fields



2. No natural barriers for protection - small villages lying in open plain were defenseless

Built walls around cities



3. Limited natural resources, especially building materials - stone, wood, metal

Trade



Lacked building materials

Used Mud bricks

RELIGION, BELIEFS


Polytheistic religion i.e. believe in so many god, goddesses and demigods

They believed it was their duty to serve the gods. If the gods were not happy then they would be punished by a flood or natural disaster. The flooding of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers was unpredictable and so these people lived in constant fear.

RELIGION, BELIEFS


• Deities were in human forms and represent some natural phenomenon.• Gods were worshipped at huge temples called ziggurats.

They were believed to be homes for gods and goddesses. Only priests were permitted on the ziggurat and it was their responsibility to care for the gods and attend to their needs. As a result, priests were very powerful members of society.

RELIGION, BELIEFS


• They believe that the gods influenced much of what happened to them in their lives.

• They also believed in demons created by the gods, which could be good or evil.

• Cities and kingdoms were believed to be protected by individual gods and it was the

duty of the ruler to act on the god’s behalf , building temples and performing

ceremonies to gain the god’s blessings

• They thought world as a sphere , one half occupied by living , the other by the

dead.

• Souls of the dead wandered in the land of no return


SOCIAL STRUCTURE

Responsible for creating the laws of each city-state.

They were the closest to the gods

Priest

Kings and Government Officials

Soldiers and ScribesThe soldiers were proud members of a city-state. In the same social class as the soldiers were the scribes (writers).

They usually spent their day creating items to send to other places, selling goods, or trading with neighboring city-states.

When one city-state conquered another, they usually brought back prisoners to work as slaves for the upper class


GOVERNMENT

Politics:The political system was a Theocracy – Religious authority by divine rulers

Divine Rulers – Kings who got their power to rule from gods and therefore had god-like powers themselves; kings were aided by priests

There was no central government. Mesopotamia was divided into independent city-states, which often fought for control of land and water.

Sumer- southern partAkkad- northern partBabylonia- these two regions were unifiedAssyria- Assyrian Empire

GOVERNMENT

Although all the cities shared the same culture . Each city had its own government , rulers, warriors. It’s own patron god and functioned like an independent country. At the center of each city was the temple called ziggurat.


UrBabylon


WRITING

They invented a form of writing called Cuneiform that means wedge shaped

It’s a Pictograms form of writing i.e. a picture used to symbolize a word or phrase .

They wrote on wet clay tablets with the point of a reed, then dried in the sun to make a tablet

RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS- CHINESE CIVILIZATION


Chinese civilization grew up in the river valley of the Huang He River (i.e. the Yellow River) and the Yangzi River.

Huang He or Yellow River

Yangzi RiverHuang He or Yellow River

Yangzi River

The yellow soil particles in the river give it its name “Yellow”



The mountains, deserts, jungles and other geographic features have isolated Chinese culture. Having little contact with others , the Chinese believed their culture was the center of the earth.

China’s natural resources include timber, stone, and metals.


• Early Chinese people were polytheistic, and prayed to many Gods and nature spirits.

• They also looked to dead relatives to help them in daily life and to help them please the Gods.


RELIGION AND BELIEF

Ying and Yang

• Many Chinese also believed that the universe held a delicate balance between opposing forces.

• The Ying and Yang must be in balance for prosperity and happiness to occur in one’s life.


RELIGION AND BELIEF

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Yin_yang.svg


GOVERNMENT

• Mandate of Heaven says that the gods allowed a dynasty to rule until that dynasty got old & corrupt

• New dynasty was given new Mandate of Heaven to over throw old• This changing of dynasties is called the Dynastic Cycle

New Dynasty

•Brings peace

•Builds roads

•Land to peasants

•Protects people

•Too many taxes

•No protection

•Unfair treatment

•No building

Old Dynasty

• Floods

• Quakes

• Revolts

• Invaders

Problems

• The Chinese civilizations made achievements in early writing systems that include both pictographs and ideographs and is now as one of the earliest writing systems.


WRITING

history lecture 4

Technology

civilization civilization

indus valley civilization

civilization settlements

mesopotamian civilization

civilization cities

meaning of civilization

nile river

river valleys