history: early renaissance architecture
TRANSCRIPT
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Early Renaissance Architecture
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Renaissance- from M. F., rebirth, from O. F. renaistre to be born again- started 14th to 17th century in Italy and later spread to the rest of Europe“Early Modern” - it falls between the medieval period and the industrial revolutionFlorence – birthplace of Renaissance
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Early Renaissance- Growing importance of the upper bourgeoisie (especially merchants, bankers)- Expansion of industry and world trade; voyages of exploration begin- Commercial and financial dominance of Flanders and Italy- Increased patronage of the arts by wealthy individuals
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Culture- revival of learning based on classical sources, the rise of courtly and papal patronage, the development of perspective in painting, and advancements in science- wide-ranging consequences in all pursuits but is best known for its artistic aspects
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DemographicItaly, 13,000,000Spain and Portugal, 10,000,000France, 16,000,000, in its boundaries in 1600England and Wales, 4,500,000Scotland and Ireland, 2,000,000Netherlands, 3,000,000, including the Spanish Netherlands in 1600Denmark, 600,000Sweden, Norway, and Finland: 1,400,000Poland with Prussia: 3,000,000Germany: 20,000,000
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TechnologyPrinting press - most important technological innovation of the time- led to a higher literacy rate
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"Man is the measure of all things.“ - Protagoras
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(Basilica of Sant'Andrea, Mantua by Alberti)
Characteristics- Plans were square, symmetrical appearance in which proportions are usually based on a module which is often the width of an aisle
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(Basilica of Sant'Andrea, Mantua by Alberti)
Characteristics- Arches are often used in arcades, supported on piers or columns with capitals
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Characteristics- The Roman orders of columns are used:- Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian and Composite which can be structural or decorative- architects aimed to use columns, pilasters, and entablatures as an integrated system Old Sacristy, Brunelleschi
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Characteristics- Vaults do not have ribs. They are semi-circular or segmental and on a square plan, unlike the Gothic vault which is frequently rectangular(Basilica of Sant'Andrea, Alberti)
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Characteristics- Dome is a very large structural feature that is visible from the exterior, and also as a means of roofing smaller spaces where they are only visible internallyFlorence Cathedral’s Dome, Brunelleschi
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Characteristics- Façades are symmetrical around their vertical axis- Church façades are generally surmounted by a pediment and organized by a system of pilasters, arches and entablaturesCathedral of Pienza, Rossellino
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Characteristics- Domestic buildings are often surmounted by a cornice- There is a regular repetition of openings on each floor, and the centrally placed door is marked by a feature such as a balcony, or rusticated surround Palazzo Rucellai, Alberti
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Architectural Materials
- Italian Renaissance construction used materials like stone, marble, terracotta tile and stucco (a mortar mixture)- Watermills to saw timber and convert trees to planks
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Filippo Brunelleschi- More interested in construction rather than the visual appearance of Roman buildings- one of the founding fathers of Renaissance- best known for his work on the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore (the Duomo) in Florence
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Science of Florence Cathedral's Dome - Building up the dome in a succession of horizontal courses as in the concrete dome of the Pantheon - Giving it a double shell so as to reduce the weight, a device borrowed from the baptistery of Pisa - Echoing Gothic rib construction by stretching the outer skin of the de over a frame of 24 ribs - Giving the dome a pointed profile because it exerts less side thrust
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Foundling Hospital (1419) 1st in Europe to have its elegantly arcaded loggia
Pazzi Chapel
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Church of Santo Spirito
Church of Santo Lorenzo
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Leon Battista Alberti- provided the first theory of what we now call linear perspective in his book, Della Pittura- His book De Re Aedificatoria was the first architectural book published in moveable type (1485) and was instrumental in reviving the Classical style of architecture- architecture was not merely a means of constructing buildings; it was a way to create meaning
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LINEAR PERSPECTIVE
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Church of Sant’Andrea Palazzo Rucellai, Florence
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Baptistery of San Giovanni
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Michelozzo di Bartolomeo- architect under
patronage of the Medici family- He was one of the first architects to work in the Renaissance style outside Italy, building a palace at Dubrovnik- has respected the Florentine liking for rusticated stone
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Palazzo Medici Riccardi
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Dubrovnik Palace
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Donato Bramante- if a building's design is perfect, nothing could be either added to or subtracted from it without ruining the design- first great Renaissance architect in Rome, working on St. Peter's, the Vatican and the Tempietto in S. Pietro in Montorio, Rome
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Santa Maria delle Grazie
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Tempietto - San Pietro in Montorio
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QUESTIONS
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How did Brunelleschi come up with the science behind the Florence Cathedral’s dome?
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Why did the Renaissance started in Florence, not in other parts of Italy?
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What’s the difference between domestic buildings and churches in terms of their facade?
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What’s the importance of the printing press during the Renaissance period?
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What makes the Early Renaissance architecture different from Roman architecture?
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Video• https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=Vufba_ZcoR0
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Sourceshttp://regentsprep.org/regents/global/themes/goldenages/ren.htmhttp://libguides.lib.msu.edu/c.php?g=96083http://
www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/renaissance
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/itar/hd_itar.htm
http://www.pitt.edu/~tokerism/0040/syl/src1030.html