history and philosophy of sciences: aristotle
TRANSCRIPT
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ARISROTLEPrepared by:
Joevi Jhun A. Idul
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born in 384 BCE. at Stagirus, a Greek colony and seaport on the coast of Thrace.
Father Nichomachus, court physician to King Amyntas of Macedonia
Aristotle's long associated with the Macedonian Court, iluenced his life
father died when Aristotle was 17
guardian, Proxenus, sent him to Athens, the intellectual center of the world, to complete his
education
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STAGIRUS, GREECE
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STAGIRUS, GREECE
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joined Plato’s Academy and studied under him, attending his lectures for a period of twenty years
began to lecture on rhetoric
divergence from Plato's teaching was too great, Plato's nephew Speusippus was chosen instead
Plato died in 347, but Aristotle was not designated to lead Academy
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PLATO TEACHING ARISTOTLE
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stayed 3 years, married Pythias, the niece of the King married a second time to Herpyllis later; she bore him,
Nichomachus At the invitation of Philip of Macedonia he became the
tutor of his 13 year old son Alexander (later world conqueror); he did this for the next 5 years
Philip and Alexander appear to have paid Aristotle high honor, and there were stories that Aristotle was
supplied by the Macedonian court, not only with funds for teaching, but also with thousands of slaves to
collect specimens for his studies in natural science. These stories are probably false and certainly
exaggerated.
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Alexander the Great
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Alexander the Great
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Upon the death of Philip, Alexander succeeded to the kingship and prepared for his subsequent conquests
Aristotle's work was finished, and he returned to Athens Platonism was then the dominant philosophy of Athens
he set up his own school: the Lyceum walked about as he discoursed = peripatetics, meaning
"to walk about."
13 yrs teaching and composing philosophical treatises
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THE LYCEUM
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sudden death of Alexander in 323 BCE., pro-Macedonian government in Athens overthrown; general
reaction against anything Macedonian Aristotle charged with impiety
to escape prosecution he fled to Chalcis in Euboea In the first year of his residence at Chalcis he complained of a stomach illness and died in 322
BCE.Last great Greek Philosopher, but first
great biologist of Europe
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CONTRIBUTIONS
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CONTRIBUTIONS1. LOGIC
2. PHYSICAL WORKS
3. PSYCHOLIGICAL WORKS
4. NATURAL SCIENCES
5. PHILOSOPHY
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1. LOGIC Father of Logic
First to provide a systematic way of solving arguments
a. Categories (10 classifications of terms) b. On Interpretation (propositions, truth, modality)
c. Prior Analytics (syllogistic logic) d. Posterior Analytics (scientific method and syllogism)
e. Topics (rules for effective arguments and debate) f. On Sophistical Refutations (informal fallacies)
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Logic is an instrument used for organizing our thoughts
ex. (Syllogism)All creatures are mortalsGloria is a creatureGloria is a mortal
Clear thinking that leads to a definitely true conclusion.
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2. PHYSICAL WORKS
a. Physics (explains change, motion, void, time)
b. On the Heavens (structure of heaven, earth, elements)
c. On Generation (through combining
material constituents) d. Meteorologics (origin of comets,
weather, disasters)
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Aristotle proposed a fifth element, aether, in addition to the four proposed earlier by Empedocles.
Earth, which is cold and dry; this corresponds to the modern idea of a solid.
Water, which is cold and wet; this corresponds to the modern idea of a liquid.
Air, which is hot and wet; this corresponds to the modern idea of a gas.
Fire, which is hot and dry; this corresponds to the modern ideas of plasma and heat.
Aether, which is the divine substance that makes up the heavenly spheres and heavenly bodies (stars and planets).
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ELEMENTS
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EL:EMENTS
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ANCIENT WORLD MAP
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ARRANGEMENT OFTHE UNIVERSE
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ARRANGEMENT OFTHE UNIVERSE
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3. PSYCHOLOGICAL WORKS
a. On the Soul (explains faculties, senses, mind, imagination)
b. On Memory, Reminiscence, Dreams, and Prophesying
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4. NATURAL SCIENCES
-Father of Biology
-He is the one who first classified organisms based on their shared characteristics called “The
Ladder of Life” and recognized similarities of human anatomical structure to other animals.
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a. History of Animals (physical/mental qualities, habits)
b. On the parts of Animals
c. On the Movement of Animals
d. On the Progression of Animals
e. On the Generation of Animals
f. Minor treatises g. Problems
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ARISTOTLE’S CLASSIFICATIONOF LIVING THINGS
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ARISTOTLE’S CLASSIFICATIONOF LIVING THINGS
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5. PHILOSOPHY
a. Metaphysics (substance, cause, form, potentiality) b. Nicomachean Ethics (soul, happiness, virtue,
friendship)
c. Eudemain Ethics
d. Magna Moralia
e. Politics (best states, utopias, constitutions, revolutions)
f. Rhetoric (elements of forensic and political debate)
g. Poetics (tragedy, epic poetry)
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METAPHYSICSAristotle defines metaphysics as "the knowledge of immaterial being," or of "being in the highest degree
of abstraction." He refers to metaphysics as "first philosophy", as well as "the theologic science.“
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ARISTOTLEAN ETHICS
Good is that at which all things aim.
The proper function or excellence of a things is its arete (virtue).
The human arete or virtue is activity of the soul in accordance with virtue (over a lifetime).
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Happiness
Good Character
Good Habits
Good Actions
Good thoughts
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Aristotle’s Division of the Three Sciences
Theoretical Practical ProductiveContemplation of things that are permanent and cannot be “otherwise.” In the theoretical sciences, understanding is pursued for its own sake.
Example: metaphysics and logic.
Knowledge of things that can be “otherwise” or variable given human freedom, choice, and circumstance.
Example: politics, ethics.
Knowledge of rational production or the science of making, producing things.
Example: technological know-how, carpentry, pottery. The productive sciences result in the making of some “product.”
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POLITICS
The Six Forms of Regimes
Number of Rulers Rule Serving the Common Good
Rule Serving Private Interest or Those Who Rule
One Kingship or monarchy TyrannyFew Aristocracy OligarchyMany Polity Democracy
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RHETORICS
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RHETORICS
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RHETORICS
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RHETORICS
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ARISROTLE