History and Careers of History and Careers of PhotographyPhotography

From it’s origins to the digital age, featuring innovations, inventions, people, and careers.

By: Sheila Boester and Lisa Collard

MVHS Photography

By: Sheila Boester and Lisa Collard

MVHS Photography

Photography…Photography…

Is a science and an art. It combines the sciences of physics, chemistry,

and optics with the craftsmanship of printmaking and the aesthetic values

of drawing and painting.

What is photography?What is photography? The name or term

photography was coined by Sir John Herschel in 1839.

He also coined the terms “negative” and “positive” to photographic images, and the word “snap-shot”

Photography is derived from the Greek words for light and writing~ writing with light

(Sir John Herschel)

Camera ObscuraCamera Obscura Latin for “dark

chamber” The Camera Obscura,

first camera, with a pin hole for viewing scenes was invented in 1519.

First drawing of Camera Obscura was made by Leonardo da Vinci.

Camera ObscuraCamera Obscura Go into a very dark room on a bright day. Make a small hole in a

window cover and look at the opposite wall. What do you see? Magic! There in full color and movement will be the world outside the window, upside down! This magic is explained by a simple law of the physical world. Light travels in a straight line and when some of the rays reflected from a bright subject pass through a small hole in thin material they do not scatter but cross and reform as an upside down image on a flat surface held parallel to the hole.

First Successful PhotographFirst Successful Photograph First photograph

was produced in 1826 by Joseph Niepce.

First photograph used silver halide salts on a metal sheet instead of film.

Took 8 hours to expose!

World’s first camera image by Joseph Niepce. Photo from an apartment building window.

Photographic ChemicalsPhotographic Chemicals Procedure for chemical

photo development was developed by Schulze in 1727.

Etched plates were first shown in public by Daguerre in 1839.

Daguerre's prints called daguerreotypes.

Daguerre was the first to widely use chemical photo development.

DaguerreotypesDaguerreotypeswere positive images, one of a kindwere positive images, one of a kind

Gold rush daguerreotype- 1849

1871

1882

Photographic PaperPhotographic Paper Process to produce

negative pictures on paper developed in 1840 by William Fox Talbot.

A positive was made on another sheet of paper chemically sensitized with silver salts.

Talbot’s negative/positive approach formed the basis for all the photographic processes that followed. He called it the Calotype.

A woodcut showingHenery Talbot

Talbot’s first photograph on paper

Photographic PaperPhotographic Paper Calotype- Latin for

“good paper” Make multiple copies

of a single image The paper was washed over

with a solution of silver nitrate and dried by gentle heat. When nearly dry, it was soaked in a solution of potassium iodide for two or three minutes, rinsed and again dried.

Collodion ProcessCollodion Process 1851 Fredrick Scott

Archer- improves photographic resolution by spreading a mixture of collodion (nitrated cotton dissolved in alcohol) and chemicals on sheets of glass. Wet plate collodion photography was much cheaper than daguerreotypes, the negative/positive process permitted unlimited reproductions, and the process was published but not patented.

Wet-plate featuring President Theodore Roosevelt

Carte de Visite

1854 - Adolphe Disderi – introduced a rotating camera which could reproduce eight exposed images on a single negative. After printing on Albumen paper, the images were cut apart and glued to business card sized mounts. These tiny portraits were traded between friends. Thus began the worldwide boom (Cardomania) in portrait studios for the next decade.

Albumen paper The albumen print was

the first commercially exploitable method of producing a photographic print on a paper base from a negative. It used the albumen found in egg whites to bind the photographic chemicals to the paper and became the dominant form of photographic positives from 1855 to the turn of the century, with a peak in the 1860-90 period.

Ambrotypes and tintypes 1855-57: Direct positive

images on glass (ambrotypes) and metal (tintypes or ferrotypes) popular in the US.

Compared with other processes the tintype tones seem uninteresting. They were often made by unskilled photographers, and their quality was variable. However, they are significant in that they made photography available to working classes, not just to the more well-to-do. Until then the taking of a portrait had been more of a special event. After the introduction of tintypes, we see more relaxed, spontaneous poses.

War popularizes photographyWar popularizes photography The Civil War(1861-1865)

was the first war recorded with photography by Matthew Brady.

He became one of the first photographers to use photography to chronicle national history.

He brought “home to us the terrible reality and earnestness of war.”

His war scenes demonstrated that photographs could be more than posed portraits, and his efforts represent the first instance of the comprehensive photo-documentation of a war.

Photo of Matthew Bradytaken in 1864.

Motion PicturesMotion Pictures Zoopraziscope-

produced a series of still images that make a subject move.

Eadweard Muybridge took the first sequence of photos of action in 1877.

It was to settle a bet as to whether or not running horses lifted all four hooves off the ground at one time.

Leads to motion picture industry.

Photography for the massesPhotography for the masses

George Eastman founded Eastman Kodak Company in 1880.

1888 - first mass-market, point-and-shoot camera, called the Kodak.

Simple box camera preloaded with enough film to make 100 exposures.

Sold 100,000 cameras in first 2 years of the company.“You press the button,

we do the rest.”

Photography for the massesPhotography for the masses

George Eastman founded Eastman Kodak Company in 1880.

1888 - first mass-market, point-and-shoot camera, called the Kodak.

Simple box camera preloaded with enough film to make 100 exposures.

Sold 100,000 cameras in first 2 years of the company.“You press the button,

we do the rest.”

Color PhotographyColor Photography Autochrome –

The first color process marketed

Invented in France by the Lumiere brothers in 1907

Color photography not widely available until the 1950s due to cost of film development.

Autochrome of WW I biplane

The SLR CameraThe SLR Camera SLR- single lens reflex 1924: The "Leica", the

first high quality 35mm camera introduced.

Uses and automatic moving mirror system which permits the photographer to see exactly what will be captured by the film

Non-SLR cameras- the view through the viewfinder could be significantly different from what was captured on film.

1942 Kodacolor, Kodak’s first print film

Old school SLR Camera with a zoom telephoto lens

Polaroid CameraPolaroid Camera 1947, Edwin Land-

invention of first instant camera

Founds Polaroid Corporation 1957

Utilized “pack film,” which required the photographer to pull the film out of the camera for development, then peel apart the positive from the negative at the end of the developing process.

February 2008- no longer making Polaroid cameras

The Polaroid Land Camera model J66

The Polaroid SX-70 Model 2

Careers during the early yearsCareers during the early years War Photographer- documentary Photojournalist- newspaper, magazine Portrait Photographer- family,

weddings Freelance- product photography,

fashion Architecture Photographer Landscape Photographer

Photography as Social ChangePhotography as Social Change People who wanted to bring

about social change began to use photography for their causes.

Jacob Riis- New York newspaper reporter- wrote and photographed desperate living conditions of immigrants in slums.

Book- How the Other Half Lives

Photography as Social ChangePhotography as Social Change Lewis Hines- used

Photography to change child labor laws in the U.S.

Produced images of the many dangers of working in mines and factories.

Because of his photography, the laws were changed.

FSA

1935 - Farm Security Administration hires Roy Stryker to run a historical section. Stryker would hire Walker Evans, Dorothea Lange, Arthur Rothstein, et al. to photograph rural hardships over the next six years.

Photojournalists of the 20th Century…Photojournalists of the 20th Century…

Walker Evans- Great Depression 1935

Dorothea Lange Migrant Mother 1936

Photojournalist of the 20th CenturyPhotojournalist of the 20th Century

Robert Capa- Falling Soldier, 1936

Margaret Bourke-White War Photographer- 1945 Concentration Camp- Buchenwald, Germany

Life Magazine, the most prestigous for photographers at the time

Portrait PhotographyPortrait Photography Nadar- first great

portrait photographer Produced formal,

eloquent portraits of the artists, writers, and actors of the time.

1855- patented the idea of using aerial photographs in mapmaking and and surveying.

1863- Nadar

Portrait PhotographyPortrait Photography

Photography would replace painting as the primary medium of portraits.

Photography was inexpensive and became common place.

1859- portrait of Sarah Bernhardt, the most famous actress in the history of the world.- Nadar

Landscape PhotographersLandscape Photographers

Ansel Adams: Tetons and the Snake River- 1942

Brett Weston: Dunes 1946

Recent advances

1985: Minolta markets the world's first autofocus SLR system (called "Maxxum" in the US

1987: The popular Canon EOS system introduced, with new all-electronic lens mount

History of Digital PhotographyHistory of Digital Photography Two inventions made the

miniaturization of computers a reality:

1947- transistors 1959- integrated circuits These advances paved the

way for computers to become smaller.

History of Digital PhotographyHistory of Digital Photography Invention of the imaging chip 1970- CCD (Charge-Coupled Device)

invented by George Smith and Willard Boyle at Bell Laboratories.

They were trying to invent a solid-state camera phone

Their invention became the basis for all video cameras and eventually digital cameras, copiers, fax machines, and scanners.

First film-less camerasFirst film-less cameras Were electronic Video cameras

that captured still images.

1981-Sony Mavica

1986- Cannon RC-701

First film-less camerasFirst film-less cameras 1990- first black

and white only digital camera with a small, one-tenth of a mega pixel (MP) sensor.

Also first year Photoshop was released.

Logitech Photoman

Logitech Dycam Model 1

Consumer oriented camerasConsumer oriented cameras 1994- Apple QuickTake

100 Could record up to eight

color images (640 X 480 pixels) in its internal memory.

At the time, over 12 billon was spent on photography in the U.S.

Logitech Photoman

Digital SLR’sDigital SLR’s 1999- Nikon came

out with the first totally original digital SLR (DSLR)

Nikon D1 SLR, 2.74 megapixel for $6000,

2004: Kodak ceases production of film cameras

2005: Canon EOS 5D, first consumer-priced full-frame digital SLR, for $3000

Nikon D1

And the rest is History!And the rest is History!

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