history and basic concepts of mohs surgery · technique for microscopically controlled excision of...
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The Skin Doctors’ Center - Trieste24
slides
Leonardo Marini, M.D., FEADV, FAADMedical & Scientific Director SDC – The Skin Doctors’ Center
Founder President ESLD
History and Basic Concepts of Mohs Surgery
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Disclosures
Honoraria: No
Grant/Research Supports: No
Consultancy: No
Shareholder: No
Equipment Loan: No
Off-Label Uses of Medications: No
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Greetings from The Skin Doctors’ Center Trieste, Italy
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Frederic E Mohs March 1,1910-2002
Mohs’s Surgery: The Origin
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Mohs Micrographic Surgery History And Evolution - USA (I)
1930 : FIRST CONCEPTS
Frederic E. Mohs research assistant at Dept. of Zoology of the University of Winsconsin, USA
1941 : FIRST PUBLICATION
Mohs FE, Guyer MF: Pre-excisional fixation of tissues in the treatment of cancer in rats Cancer Res 1:49-51, 1941
1941 : OFFICIAL PRESENTATION
Mohs FE: Chemosurgery a microscopically controlled method of cancer excision. Arch Surg 42:279-295, 1941
1948 : TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENTS
Mohs FE: The preparation of frozen sections for use in the chemosurgical technique for microscopically controlled excision of cancer. J Lab Clinic Med, 33:392, 1948
1974 : FRESH TISSUE TECHIQUE
Tromovitch TA, Stegman SJ: Microscopically controlled excision of skin tumors: Chemosurgery (Mohs) fresh tissue technique. Arch Dermatol 110:231-232, 1974
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Mohs’ Micrographic Surgery is a…
3D - CCDMAComplete Circumferential and Deep Margins Assessment Surgical Excision
The Mohs’ Method(modified)
Tubingen Torte Method
Fresh Tissue Technique
Slow Mohs Technique
…allowing a High Cure Rate while preserving maximal uninvolved healthy tissue when properly performed
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1977 : EVOLVING INDICATIONSMohs FE : Chemosurgery for melanoma. Arch Dermatol 113:285-291, 1977
1986 : EVOLVING INDICATIONS
Ratz JL, Luu-Duong S, Kulwin DR : Sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid treated with Mohs surgery, Arch Dermatol 14:668-73, 1986
1988 : EVOLVING INDICATIONS
Hobbs ER, Wheeland RG, Bailin PL. Treatment of dermatofibrosarcoma protruberans with Mohs micrographic surgery Ann Surg 207:102-107, 1988
1989 : EVOLVING INDICATIONS
Brown MD, Swanson NA : Treatment of malignant fibrous histiocytoma and atypical fibrous xantoma with micrographic surgery. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 15: 1287-1292, 1989
1997 : EVOLVING INDICATIONS
O’Connor WJ, Roenigk RK, Brodland DG : Merkel cell carcinoma: Comparison of Mohs micrographic surgery and wide excision in eighty-six patients J Dermatol Surg Oncol 23: 929-933, 1997
Mohs Micrographic Surgery History And Evolution - USA (II)
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Founded - 1967
Mohs’ Professional Associations in the US
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Mohs Micrographic Surgery: The European Experience (I)
1972 GERMANY: FIRST STEPS
Gunter Burg, Robins P Chemochirurgie, chirurgis entfernung chemisch fixierten tumorgewebes mit mikroskopischer kontrolle. Der Hautarttz, 1972
1977 GERMANY: FIRST DEVELOPMENTS
Birger Konz introduced the fresh tissue technique in Munich (Germany)
1980 PORTUGAL: THE SECOND COLONISATION
Antonio Picoto started to perform Mohs surgery in Lisbon (Portugal)
1981 SPAIN: THE THIRD COLONISATION
Francisco Camacho, Alejandro Camps Fresneda, Julian Sancez Conejo Mir started Mohs surgery in Granada, Barcelona and Seville (Spain)
1984-1986: THE FOURTH COLONISATION
Richard Mothey, Neil Walker, Christopher Zachary started their micrographic surgery practice in Cardiff and London (UK)
1988 GERMANY: INNOVATIVE TECHNIQUE
Helmut Breuninger developed the Tubingen Torte technique (Germany)
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Mohs Micrographic Surgery: The European Experience (II)
6-7 APRIL 1990 – Estoril, PORTUGAL
The European Society for Mohs Micrographic Surgery ( ESMS ) was established thanks to the contribution of the following founding members:
Helmut Breuninger, Gunter Burg, Birger Konz– GERMANY
Francisco Camacho, Alejandro Camps-Fresneda – SPAIN
Galvao Costa and Marai Celeste Brito, Josè Manuel Labareda, A.F. Ribas dos Santos, Paulo Santos, Antonio Picoto – PORTUGAL
Patrick Dierick, Arlette de Coninck, Diane Roseeuw – BELGIUM
Alejandro Ginzburg – ISRAEL
Martino Neumann – THE NETHERLANDS
Olle Larko, Bo Stenquist – SWEDEN
Neil Walker – UNITED KINGDOM
Giorgio Landi, Leonardo Marini - ITALY
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1977 : NEW DEVELOPMENTS
Krunic AL, Garrod DR, Viehman GE, Madani S,Buchanan MD, Clark RE : The use of antidesmoglein stain in Mohs micrographic surgery. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 23: 463-468, 1977
2000 : NEW DEVELOPMENTS
Zalla MJ, Lim KK, DiCaudo DJ Cagnot M : Mohs micrographic excision of melanoma using immunostains. Dermatol Surg 26(8): 771-784, 2000
Mohs Micrographic Surgery: Continuing Evolution (I)
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Mohs Micrographic Surgery: Continuing Evolution (II)
IMMUNOMARKERS IN MOHS SURGERY
NON INVASIVE PRE-SURGICAL CANCER EXTENSION ASSESSMENT
Confocal microscopy - CM
Fluorescence diagnosis – FD or Photodynamic Diagnosis – PDD
Positron emission tomography (PET)
MOHS SURGERY ADVANCED TRAINING AND EDUCATION
Today many Dermatologists performing Mohs Micrographyc Surgery follow independent procedural strategies based on the original Mohs’ method mostly re-elaborated by Mohs surgeons who are in charge of teaching and training
All personalized re-elaborations produce a high level of onchologic success but it is quite difficult to compare their technical advantages and disadvantages since no comparative studies have been performed so far
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Frederic Mohs: The “Origin of the Idea”
Frederic Mohs’ Trainees: First Interpretation of the original
Mohs’ concept
Frederic Mohs’ Trainees’ Trainees: further interpretations
of original Mohs concept
Frederic Mohs’ method re-elaboration
Frederic Mohs’ concept personalized optimization
Mohs’ Surgery has many technical variations around the World!
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Skin Cancers Need to be Treated According to a Standardized Procedural Flow Chart…
…in order to be able to obtain a consistent uniformity in Treatment Outcomes
1. Patient medical-surgical HX - UV exposure, Immune competence
2. Cancer HX - Primary vs Recurrent, previous treatment(s)
3. Cancer clinical assessment - anatomical location, margins assessment
4. Cancer preliminary BX - different BX techniques
5. Cancer dermatopathological diagnosis (!!!)
6. Eradication strategies: Conventional excision, Mohs, PDT
7. Mohs technique: standardized sequential steps
8. Reconstruction
9. Follow-Up
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Mohs’ Surgery Procedural Steps
1. Pre-Op Clinical-Photo-Graphic Time (Mohs 1)
Surgical excision of tumour + main orientation axis incisions on peripheral skin
Surgical specimen positioning on transport tray with main orientation axis
Pinpoint coagulation with minimal damage to deep and peripheral tissue
Temporary compressive dressing
2. Surgical Time (Mohs 2)
Pre-op “virgin” digital photograph of involved anatomical area (without markings)
Preliminary assessment+marking of superficial visible margins of skin cancer
Preliminary assessment+marking of proposed excisional margins
Identification+marking of main surgical excision orientation axis (vertical horizontal)
Pre-excisional digital picture with complete markings
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3. 3D Histology Time (Mohs 3)
4. Reconstruction Time
Surgical specimen splitting + differential colour marking of selected borders
Specimen splitting + colour markings reported on Patient Chart
Specimen divided parts manipulation to allow thorough assessment of peripheral and deep margins
Cryo-fixation + microtome cutting
Fast histologic dying
Microscopic assessment + further excision(s) in case of positive margins
Evaluation of size + shape + anatomical location of Final Surgical defect
Evaluation of pros and cons of different Reconstrutive strategies
Surgical reconstruction
5. Post-Op Follow Up TimeEarly and Late post-surgical assessment of healing processes
Early and Late post-Mohs assessment of onchologic effectiveness 13
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1. Pre-Op Clinical-Photo-Graphic Time
2. Surgical Time
3. Laboratory Time
Microscopic comparative assessment
MOHS’ Technique
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1. Pre-Op Clinical-Photo-Graphic Time
2. Surgical Time
3. Laboratory Time
4. Reconstruction Time
5. Post-Op Follow Up Time
MO
HS
’ Tec
hniq
ue
Rec
onst
ruct
ion
F/U
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Laboratory Time
Specimen sub-division planning
Specimen sub-division numbering
Specimen sub-division marking
Specimen sub-division flattening
Specimen sub-division cryo-fixation
Specimen sub-division sandwitch cryo-compression
Specimen sub-division cryostat
cutting
Specimen sub-division
microscopic reading
Specimen sub-division histologic
staining
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
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Nodular-Infiltrating BCC
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Nodular-Infiltrating BCC
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Ulcerated infiltrating BCC
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Morphea-like BCC
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Morphea-like BCC
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Recurrent (+++) BCC
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CAVEAT! SCC – clear margins Mohs surgery:positive cervical LNs 6 months after surgical procedure
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Conclusions
Mohs Micrographic Surgery is a highly effective treatment strategy to eradicate non-melanoma skin cancers with a cure rate of 97-99.8% for primitive tumours such as BCC and 93-94% for recurrent BCC
Mohs’ surgery is essentially a technical method of tissue handling and processing, the skill and training of the surgeon can greatly affect the end clinical outcome
Standardization of sequential steps of Mohs Micrographic Technique is essential to achieve statistically reproducible clinical results
Thorough analysis of the many variations proposed by Mohs’ Surgeons around the world should be properly performed in order to distillate the mostly effective approach to be tought in officially approved training programs
ESMS should be instrumental in designing and implementing properly standardized training programs to qualify and certify Mohs’ Surgeons in Europe
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