historical globalization & rwanda
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Historical Globalization & Rwanda. Overview. Pre-colonization Colonization Independence Genocide Rwanda Post-Genocide. Pre-Colonization http:// vimeo.com/15176894. Pre-Colonization. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Historical Globalization & Rwanda
1.PRE-COLONIZATION2.COLONIZATION3.INDEPENDENCE4.GENOCIDE5.RWANDA POST-GENOCIDE
Overview
Pre-Colonization
There is a wide variety of views on the distinctions between cultural groups in Rwanda that existed prior to colonization: One view – prior to imperialism, the Hutu were
agricultural based, and the Tutsi had cattle
Second view – Hutu nation, and the Tutsi’s were outsiders
Third view – All the same people, same culture, no Hutu, Tutsi, or Twa. (This view is what is now taught in Rwandan schools)
Colonization
1897 German colonialists and missionaries arrived in Rwanda Tutsi were considered “superior” by Germans, as they
were seen as more “European” and had seemingly taller stature and were believed to be more “honourable and eloquent”.
The social structure in Rwanda was simplified, so that all high positions were given to the Tutsi, while the Hutu were oppressed and treated as an inferior ‘race’.
1923 Belgium took over control of Rwanda (following the defeat of Germany in WWI)
Colonization Belgian colonizers issued
Identity cards with classification
Classification was based on things like facial measurements, height, number of cattle, and position in society 10 cattle – Tutsi 9 cattle - Hutu
There was a large amount of corruption – some people were able to pay in order to have their identity cards changed
http://vimeo.com/15176894
Large numbers of Rwandans left during colonization.
The Belgians required forced labour (Tutsi were exempt).
There were massive crop failures for families as men were forced to work on ‘white plantations’.
Tutsi were required to do the Belgian’s “dirty work”, whipping Hutus who would not work, etc.
With the movement towards Rwandan independence – there was a shift, and the Belgians started to tell the Hutu that the Tutsi had been persecuting them.
IndependenceIndependence from Belgium was
granted on July 1st, 1962
Independence A process called
‘Dehumanization” begins under the extremist Hutu’s ruling Rwanda
Tutsi are called names including: “Cockroaches” “Foreign Invaders” “Bloodthirsty parasites” “Elite minority” “Ferreting”
Population: 85% Hutu 15% Tutsi
A series of elections organized led to a Hutu majority gaining power
This led to ongoing conflicts between Hutu and Tutsi
The Tutsi became a minority group with restricted rights
Organization of GovernmentIn 1973, Jevenal
Habyarimana took control of the country through a government coup
The country was run by a small group of political elite, and extreme Hutu nationalism was encouraged
Conflicts with the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF-Tutsi), occurred in the 1980’s, the Hutu regime was supported by France
Practice Genocides1990 onwards, “Dress
rehearsals” for the massacre occur
“Practice Killings” of anywhere from 30-100 Tutsis over 2-3 day periods
International community would ‘condemn’ the killings, but not act to stop them
Preparing for the Genocide
In the final stages before the start of the Genocide, preparation took place.
Lists were made in classrooms and churches
Increasingly ultranationalist propaganda
Arms (machetes) were stockpiled
Rwanda Genocide
April 6, 1994 - The plane carrying Rwanda’s President is shot down. To this day – no one knows who shot down the
President’s plane.
Within minutes of the plane crash, the Rwanda Genocide began
Genocide – the mass killing of human beings, especially a targeted
group of people
Eight Stages of Genocidehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VU4mkZAbn8M
(outlined by Gregory Stanton from Genocide Watch)Stage One: Classification (during Colonization)Stage Two: Symbolization (during Colonization)Stage Three: Dehumanization (Upon independence)Stage Four: Organization (Under extremist Gov’t)Stage Five: Polarization (Practice Genocides)Stage Six: Identification (Preparation)Stage Seven: Extermination (The Genocide)Stage Eight: Denial (Today)
The church was bull dozed down, killing everyone seeking refuge in the building.
The idea was to ‘erase’ the Tutsi:
Destroy ID Cards
Destroy all records
Destroy person
Rape Guns Machetes Bull dozers Any weapons
available (rocks, shovels, etc)
The Tactics
July 4th
Celebrates the liberation of the city of Kigali by the RPF forces
Liberation day commemorates the end of the Genocide
Liberation Day
Blue stripe - happiness and peace. Yellow stripe - country's mineral wealth and economic development Green stripe - country's natural resources and prosperityThe sun - unity, transparency and enlightenment from ignorance.
The Cost
800,000 dead Rwanda gov’t uses 1.1
million Over 10% of the
population2 million refugees1 million displaced$2 billion in aid in
1994
Responses to the Legacy of Historical Globalization
Rwanda Post-Genocide
Justice & Reconciliation1994 International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
Was created to try high ranking officials involved in Genocide & war crimes.
By 1996 – they had only tried 28 people.
(Ga-cha-cha)
literally means "justice on the grass”
a form of citizen-based justice
put into place in an attempt to deal with the crimes of the 1994 genocide.
Gacaca Court System
Process
Trial is a combination of testimony and question & answer with the prisoner to cover the exact details of their involvement
Trials are held in Kinyarwanda 7 judges chosen from the
community where the crime was committed
The Gacaca system has tried about 1.5 million cases so far
Everyone is able to share information First the detainee Then the witnesses who
provide verbal and written testimony
Then the floor is opened to anyone else who wishes to testify
Incredible detail and dedication to the process
Gacaca Court System
AVEGA Agahozo
Organization of 25,000 Rwandan women
Was founded by a genocide survivor – Esther Mujawayo – who lost her family to the genocide
They work to provide support for the widows, and orphans from the genocide.
- Medical Assistance- Economic Opportunities- Legal Assistance- Advocacy (Right to Inherit Land)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VU4mkZAbn8M
Social 10-1 – Complete handout using pages 188- 193