Date1517151715431555160216091651166016881689169416961698170117091711171217171720172117331752176417691769177417751776177617761776177917851785178917901791179317981798180018011801

1804180418071818181918191819182518251825182718301830183218331838183818401840184018401842184518451850185018501850185118511852185518561857186018621863186318651866186718671868186918701873

18751876187718781880188818891890189018901895190619081909191219131920193019301930193619581960196919701994

1450 - 16501500 - 16001657 - 16681660 - 17601701 - 17141720 - 18601740 - 18501750 - 18201760 - 18151770 - 18301803 - 1815 Napoleonic Wars - Gold Standard Suspended1807 -18211825 - 18701850 -19001861 - 18651870 - 19141870 - 19141870 - 19141914 - 19501936 - 1939

1950 - 19751950-1960

19211789

1861-18651700179518141830182218301835

1790-18151793187117911851

1870-1871 1882

1887-18981815-18481851 - 18811890-1913

1807181818331869

1873 - 18951879185018821905180918641890184918521861

1853-18561891

1904- 19051905191718531867

1868-19121873187718811898

1894 - 189519101832183918451856184918601879188118821892189118871876187118791900189718971848189419171834189919101830188119121869187518821898191218961884

1838 - 18421842

1850 - 1864 18991900

1912189319141915

1914-19181915191719211932192219301921192319231924192519291929193119321933193319331935192619361931193319361922

1923 - 19301931

1936- 1939 19171918192219211921192419281929

1936 - 19371933193819471941

1944194719441947194819451948194819491952195019581961

1946 - 1973197119461953194719481949195619681949195319581966197119761960196219481950

1960-19701959197219651958196019471951194919571965196019721979

1971196319751961197319792002193619191848

1947 - 19911991199719941995196019731985196419851998198019681993196119891990199519991989200019861994197919991992199119931995

Economic History Dates and Facts

FactLuther ThesesUtopiaOn the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres - Scientific Revolution BeginsPeace of AugustaDutch East India CompanyAmsterdamsche WisselbankLeviathanRestoration Glorious Revolution - many joint stock companiesBill of RightsBank of England - Legal monopoly of joint stock bankingGreat RecoinageThe miner's friend by SaveyCalico ActDarby's smelting process: coke from coal, not charcoalSouth Sea Company FundedNewcomen's atmospheric steam pumpGold Standard in England de FactoSouth Sea BubbleCalico Act (II)Flying shuttlePrice - Specie-flow MechanismsSpinning Jenny by HargraversWatt's separate condenserWater frame by Arkwright - moving to factory system near streamsWilkinson's cannon barrels25-year patent granted to Watt -> Watt Boulton PartnershipDeclaration of IndependenceAn Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of NationsDeclaration of the Rights of ManDeclaration of IndependenceCrompton's MuleSpinning mill with Steam enginePower loom by CartwrightFrench RevolutionCotton Spinning adapted for steam engineLe Chapelier LawGin by Whitney, to cultivate cottonAn essay of the principle of the population as it affects the future improvement of society First vaccinationsPaper Making Machinesfirst censusJacquard Loom - preprogrammed

Napoleon proclaimed EmperorCode CivileCode de CommerceZollverein startsRedumption Act - Formal Adoption of Gold StandardBritain reestablishes the Gold StandardLithographyBubble Act repealedStockton - Darlington railwayBubble Act repealedPhotographyCourse of positive PhilosophyLiverpool - Manchester railwayElectric Telegraph by MorseZollverein = "Custom Union" (bavary Added)St. Petersburg - Summer Palace railwayRegular transatlantic serviceSt. Petersburg - MoscowScrew propellers in steamshipsPenny PostFree incorporation in the USAFrench railway plan centred on ParisGreat FamineComplete Belgian Railways networkGold Found in California - Higher supply, lower priceGrand Railways ageSteamshipscompound engine in steamshipsGreat ExhibitionEnglish Channel cableFrench II EmpireBessemer Process for Steep Production (Condenser)Netherlands connect their railways network to EuropeA Joy Foreversteel hulls in steamshipsLimited liability Allowed in EnglandLetter to NadarLimited liability below 20 million Francs in FranceLatin Monetary UnionTelegraphic cable laid under the North AtlanticFree incorporation in FranceDynamiteTypewriterSuez CanalFranco Prussian USA adopt the Gold Standard - Silver demonetarized

Scandinavian Monetary UnionBell's telephoneGilchrist steelmaking process for Phosphorous Continental OresLight Bulb DemoInternal combustion enginesOrient Express: London - ConstantinopolisIndustrial Exhibition in ParisUSA Leading World EconomyFirst TransformersElectric MotorsMarconi's wireless telegraphySimplon TunnelFirst Ford - TFirst Bread TosterTitanic Moving Assembly Belts in Ford PlantsHenry Ford starts the automotive industryIrish currency pegged to £ leads to poor investmentsGreat DepressionCurrency issuing monopolyThe General Theory of Employment, Interest and MoneyTreaty of Rome - European Economic Community (EEC)European Free Trade Association (EFTA)The Unbound PrometheusUk Admitted to EECTunnel ChannelLittle Ice AgeNation StatesStockholm BancoBritish argicultural surplusWars of Spanish successionEra of Artisan InventorEurope's Third LogisticCanal AgeMajor Enclosures (50% or arable land)First Industrial Revolution

1803 - 1815 Napoleonic Wars - Gold Standard SuspendedStein Hardenberg Institutional reforms in Land - LabourContiental Industry catch-upVictorian BritainCivil WarSecond Industrial RevolutionAge of ImperialismGold StandardGold Stand SuspendedCivil War

Golden AgeEuropean Union

Agriculture is not the largest employer in GBAmerican Constitution EffectiveCivil War in USABelgium belongs to Austrian HasburgsBelgium under French RepublicKingdom of United NetherlandsKingdom of Belgium, Independent secession"Société Générale pour favoriser l'Industrie Nationale des Pays-Bas"; Joint stock bank"Société generale de Belgique" (renamed)Banque de Belgique, a second bankNapoleonic warsWar France-BritainAlsace and Lorraine from France to Germany10 Amendments to US ConstitutionSecond Empire in France, Coup d'étatFranco Prussian WarGreat DepressionTariff War France - ItalyHigh Growth in FranceSuper Growth in FranceBelle époqueAbolition of SerfdomPrussian Tariffs reduction, beginning of the union ZollvereinFree Incorporation law in Northern German ConfederationGreat Depression Protectionism in GermanyBegin of swiss industrializationGotthard Tunnel opened (construction 1870-1880; inaugurated 1880)Norway independent (form Sweden, before it was Denmark)Finland Becomes RussianSchleswig and Holstein from Denmark to Prussia and AustriaHydroelectric power in SwitzerlandNavigation Acts RepealedCavour Prime MinisterUnited Kingdom of ItalyCrimean War (Russia vs Turkey, France, Britain, Italy)Trans Siberian railway startedRussia - Japan WarRussian Revolution, suppressedRussian RevolutionPerry, US marine, forces Japan to open to the worldMeiji Restoration

Meiji EraCentral Bank (US National Banking System model, wartime, no monopoly) - Land tax on potential productivitySatsuma Rebellion, suppressed at high cost New Central Bank (Belgian Model) - Forced Deflation End oof Unequal treatiesJapan-Chinese war; Taiwan annexed to Japan; Korea independentKorea Part of Japanese EmpireFranchise to urban middle classesAnti Corn-law League Potato BlightCorn Laws repealedNavigation Acts RepealedCobden - Chevalier TreatyZolverein treaties denouncedNew TariffsBack to open tradeMeline Tariffa, refined protectionismEven Higher russian tariffsMerchandise Mark ActReichsbank in Germany (until 1945) Gold Mark, Gold Standard; sole bank of issueGerman EmpireGOLD STANDARD informally - Northern Greenbacks redeemable in gold (law of 1873)Congress legally adopts the GOLD STANDARDRussia on Gold Standard (form Silver, French Pressures)Japan on Gold StandardRevolutionsFranco russian AllianceRussia Repudiates all debtsAbolition of Slavery in the whole EmpireSouth African - Boer WarUnion of South AfricaAlgeria under FranceFrench Occupation of TunisiaFrench Occupation of MoroccoSuez Canal OpensBritain Buys Egyptian stake in suez canal companyEngland bombs AlexandriaBritain Occupies SudanItaly gets Lybia ( Tripoli)Italy fails in Adua, EthiopiaBerlin Conference for African Affairsopium WarTreaty of Nanking, Hong Kong goes to GBTaipying Rebellion in ChinaOpen Doors policy in China, by all foreign tradersBoxers' rebellion

Sun Yat-Sen revolution, no more empireUnion of french IndochinaGermany leaves gold - > Papiermark"Imperialism, the highest stage of Capitalism" - LeninGreat WarLusitania EpisodeUS intervention in War, after submarine warfareEmergency tariff Acts - Embargo on German dyestuffs Official Protectionism, bilateral treaties, not extensibleFardney - McCumber tariff actSmooth-Hawley tariffs under Hoover's presidencyReparations commission announces German debtsOccupation of Ruhr area, after Germans stopped paying debts; Hyperinflation-> Papiermark -> Rentenmark ->ReicDawes loan; resclaing, reichsbank reorganizedGermany back to gold StandardBritain back to gold standard; previous parityCrisis in octoberYoung PlanSuspended payments in gold by Britain and AustriaLusanne conference of European Countries: Debts lapse"End of german interest slavery" ; stop repaymentsWorld Monetary conferenceRoosevelt in Charge - New DealNRA inconstitutionalBack to Gold Standard, 20% previous parityPopular front (Communists Socialists Radicals) wins in FranceBritain/Sterling block leaves goldDollar DevaluationFrance devalues; Tripartitic Monetary Agreement (GB; France; U.S.)Mussolini in ItalyPrimo de Riveira in SpainSecond Republic in SpainFranco's Civil WarRiots in St. Petersburg, Tzar Abdication; LeninBrest Litovsk treaty Russia- GermanyUSSRTreary of Riga Russia- PolandNaval mutiny; NEPLenin DiesStalin First 5-year plan (Second Bolshevik revolution)Great PurgeSecond 5-year planThird 5-year planInternation Refugee org; World Health orgAtlantic Charter

Bretton Woods conferenceITO --> GATT general agreement on tariffs and tradeWTO World Trade org replaces GATT Marshall Plan; Committee of European Economic Cooperation CEEC meetsTruman admin: foreign assistence act -> European Recovery program ERP admin by Economic coop. Admin ECAPotsdom meeting Russia, Uk, US, extended occupation of GermanyReichsmark --> Deutschemark (10:1); MiracleWest Germany in ERPOfficial division of Federal Rep of Germany and german Democratic RepEnd of Marshall PlanEuropean Payments UnionFree currency convertibility in OEEC;OEEC -> OECD for econ cooperation and developmentEconomic MiraclesUNILATERAL DEVALUATION OF $$$4 five year planKrushev in place of StalinTreaties with USSR Satellites for independenceTito breaks with USSRCOMECON council for mutual economic assistanceDisorders in Hungary vs USSRSoviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, violent repressionCommunists send Chang kay Skek in exile to Taiwan : PRC with Mao TsedongCollectivization of agricultureGreat Leap ForwardGreat Cultural revolutionPRC admitted to UNMao diesUSSR withdraws support from ChinaMongolia in COMECON Two KoreasKorean War, peace in 1953Vietnam WarFidel Castro, Maoist, in CubaCuba in COMECONSingapore independentDe Gaulle's Government -> Independence proposed to coloniesLAFTA Fail il South americaBeneluxECSC European Coal and Steel CommunityNATO north Atlantic Treaty OrganizationTreaty of Rome: EURATOM; EEC, european economic communityMerger treaty of Brussels, all supernational committees MERGED (EEC+ECSC+EURATOM); Euro ParliamentEFTA Euro Free trade associationBritain, Eire, Denmark in EEC, European parliament elections

End of Bretton WoodsYaoundé conventionLamé conventionGermany revalues against $ (again in 1967)Gold convertibility abandonedEMS (European Monetary System); GB in 1990Euro circulatesGeneral theory by KeynesEconomic consequences of PeaceThe communist manifestoCold WarEnd of soviet unionHong Kong back to China (treaty of 1964)North American Free trade Association NAFTAPeso Crisis in Mexico -> Pegging to €OPEC Org of petroleum exporting countriesArab Israeli warreduction of value of $Brezchev instead of KhurscherGorbachevRussian Default on BondsSolidarity in PolandNew Economic Mechanism Split Czech Republic - SlovakiaBerlin WallBerlin Wall torn downFederal Republic of GermanyNato intervention in Bosnia (Ethnic cleansing by Milosevich nationalist serbia)Nato air war in Kosovo (Muslim)Tianammen Square protestsChina WTO memberSEA Single european ActChunnel OpenedEMS and ERM (exchange rate mechanism)Common Currency on financial marketsExchange rate crisisMaastricht treaty effective 1993: EEC->EC->EU, including Common foreign - security policy CFSPEuropean Economic Area EEA(EC + EFTA)More countries in EU

Country interested People InterestedGermany Martin LutherEngland Thomas More

Copernicus

NetherlandsNetherlandsEngland HobbesEnglandEnglandEnglandEnglandEnglandEnglandEnglandEnglandEnglandEnglandEngland Isaac NewtonEnglandEnglandEngland

HumeEnglandEnglandEnglandEnglandEnglandUSA; EnglandScotland Adam SmithFranceUSAEnglandEnglandEngland

EnglandFranceUSAEngland MalthusEngland

EnglandFrance

FranceFrance

EnglandEngland

EnglandEnglandEngland

France Auguste ComteEngland

Germany; PrussiaRussia

Russia

USAFranceIrelandBelgiumUSA

England

FranceWorldwideNetherlandsEngland John Ruskin

EnglandVictor Hugo

FranceEurope

FranceSweden

France, GermanyUSA

Sweden; Norway

EuropeUSA

FranceUSAWorldwide

Italy, SwitzerlandUSAUSA

USA

IrelandWorldwide

KeynesEurope

David LandesEnglandEnglandWorldwide

SwedenEngland

EuropeEnglandEngland

Germany; PrussiaEuropeEnglandUSA

WorldwideSpain

WorldwideEurope

EnglandUSAUSABelgiumBelgiumBelgium; NetherlandsBelgiumBelgium William IBelgiumBelgiumEuropeFrance; BritainGermanyUSAFrance Napoleon IIIFrance; PrussiaWorldFrance; ItalyFranceFranceFrance PrussiaPrussiaGermanyGermanyWorldGermany BismarkSwitzerlandSwitzerlandNorwayFinlandPrussia; AustriaSwitzerlandBritainItalyItalyRussia, Turkey, France, Britain, ItalyRussia Russia; japanRussiaRussiaJapanJapan

JapanJapanJapanJapanJapanJapan ; ChinaJapan; KoreaBritainBritain CobdenBritain; IrelandBritainBritainBritain; franceGermany BismarkFranceFranceFranceRussia BritainGermanyGermanyUSAUSARussiaJapanEuropeFrance, RussiaRussiaBritainSouth AfricaSouth AfricaFrance Charles XFranceFranceEgyptBritainBritain; EgyptSudan; britainItalyItalyAfricaChina; EnglandChina; EnglandChinaChinaChina

China Sun Yat SenFrance

Russia LeninWorldUSAUSAUSABritainUSAUSAGermanyGermanyGermanyGermanyBritain ChurchillUSAGermanyBritainEuropeGermany HitlerWorldUSA RoosveltUSAFranceFranceBritainUSAFranceItaly MussoliniSpainSpainSpainRussia leninRussia RussiaRussiaRussiaRussia LeninRussiaRussiaRussiaRussiaRussia

Roosevelt, Churchill

Keynes

EuropeGermanyGermany Germany Germany EuropeEuropeWorldWorldWorldUSA NixonRussiaRussiaRussiaYugoslaviaRussiaHungaryCzechoslovakiaChinaChinaChinaChinaChina

Korea

Cuba

SingaporeFrance

Hungary

China

Europe

Notes

"Cuius regio, eius et religio"

"Homo Homini Lupus"

"No Taxation without representation" National Debt vs Crown DebtCurb Crowding out effectAdapt Face Value to Silver market Value

Purpose: carry the burden of public debt, in exchange for trade monopoly in South America, and an annual interes

Christal Palace

Religious basis

Nationalism, democracy, socialism

Disastrous retaliation by Europe

Gold Exchange Standard

National industrial recovery act; national recovery administration

stabilize rates

Roosevelt, Churchill

IMF; World Bank (international bank of reconstruction and development); international trade org

CEEC ->OEEC; OEEC and ECA administer american aid

Glasnost - Perestroica