The word research means “to search again” or “to

examine carefully”.

Research is systematic inquiry, or study to validate

and refine existing knowledge and develop new

knowledge.

The ultimate goal of research is the development of

a body of knowledge for a discipline or profession

such as nursing .

Research will help the development and

generation of knowledge in each area of

specialization.

It is helpful in evidence-based practice. Research

findings give first-hand experience on which

evidence-based nursing practice can be build

upon.

Improvement in nursing education and nursing

management is possible through research

studies.

Research will help in standardization and refining

nursing practice.

Strengthen the profession by generating knowledge through scientific studies.

Through evidence-based nursing, cost-effective care can be rendered to clients.

Research results will help to provide answers to guide practitioner in the decision-making process.

It enables the administrator to take prompt decisions on health-related problems.

It is essential for moulding attitudes, intellectual competencies and technical skills.

YEAR EVENTS

1850s Florence Nightingale studied nursing care during the Crimean War.

She called for research that focused on nursing practice.

1902 Lavinia Dock reported a school nurse “experiment” that was begun

by Lillian Wald. Nurses gave free care to school children and visited

the homes of sick children.

1906

Adelaide Nutting conducted a survey of the educational status of

nursing.

1909 The first university-based nursing program was established at the

University of Minnesota

1909 The first university-based nursing program was established

at the University of Minnesota.

1923 A well-known study of nursing and nursing education was

conducted by the Committee for the Study of Nursing

Education and funded by the Rockefeller Foundation.

1924 The first doctoral program for nurses was established in

1924 at Teachers College, Columbia University.

1927 Jean Broadhurst and her colleagues reported a research

investigation on handwashing procedures.

Edith S. Bryan became the first nurse to earn a

doctoral degree when she received a PhD in psychology

and counseling from Johns Hopkins University.

1928 Ethel Johns and Blanche Pfefferkorn published a study

concerning the activities in which nurses were involved.

This study was one of the first of many studies that focused

on nurses.

1932 Elizabeth Ryan and Virginia B. Miller investigated

thermometer disinfecting techniques

1936 Sigma Theta Tau, National Honor Society for Nursing, began funding

nursing research.

1948 Esther Lucille Brown, a social anthropologist, published her famous

study on nursing education, Nursing for the Future, which called for

nursing education to take place in university settings.

1949 The Division of Nursing Resources was organized within the U.S.

Public Health Service.

Esta H. McNett demonstrated the usefulness of masks in

preventing the spread of tuberculosis.

1952 The first issue of Nursing Research was published.

1953 The Institute of Research and Service in Nursing Education was

founded at Teachers College, Columbia University.1955

1955 The American Nurses Foundation was established with the goal of

promoting high-level wellness and the improvement of patient care.

The Nursing Research Grants and Fellowship Programs were

established by the U.S. Public Health Service.

1957 The first unit directed primarily toward research in nursing

practice was established at the Department of Nursing of the

Walter Reed Army Institute of Research.

The Western Council for Higher Education in Nursing

(WCHEN) sponsored a nursing research conference at the

University of Colorado.

1962 The federally supported Nurse Scientist Graduate Training

Grants Programs were begun.

1963 Lydia Hall published her 5-year study of chronically ill patients

who were cared for at the Loeb Center in New York.

1970 The National Commission for the Study of Nursing and Nursing

Education, established by the American Nurses Association

(ANA) and the National League for Nursing (NLN), published the

results of a 3-year study on nursing ed in both nursing practice

and nursing education.

called the Lysaught Report, after Jerome Lysaught, director of the project. One of the recommendations of the report was that research be financed in both nurisngpractice and nursing education.

1972 The ANA established a Department of Nursing Research.

1974 At its national convention, the ANA delineated nursing practice as the area to which nursing research should be directed in the next decade.

1976 The Commission on Nursing Research of the ANA recommended that research preparation be included in undergraduate, graduate, and continuing education programs.

1977 The Veterans’ Administration began employing nurse researchers.

1978 The first issue of Research in Nursing and Health was published.

1979 The first issue of Western Journal of Nursing Research was

published.

1980 The Commission on Nursing Research of the ANA set up a list of

research priorities for the 1980s.

1982 Eleven volumes were published of the work of the Conduct and

Utilization of Research in Nursing (CURN) project.

1983 The first Center for Nursing Research was established. It

encompassed the American Nurses Foundation and the American

Academy of Nursing.

1986 The National Center for Nursing Research (NCNR) was established

within the National Institutes of Health.

1987 Dr. Ada Hinshaw, director of the NCNR, called for nursing

organizations to identify their research priorities.

1988 The NCNR convened the first Conference on Research

Priorities to establish research priorities through 1994.The first issues of Applied Nursing Research and

Nursing Science Quarterly were published.

1992 The first issue of Clinical Nursing Research was published.

1993 The National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) was established within the National Institutes of Health (NIH). This organization replaced the NCNR.

The second Conference on Research Priorities was held to establish research priorities for 1995–1999.

1994 The first issue of Qualitative Nursing Research was published.

1997 The International Council of Nurses convened a group of experts to establish worldwide nursing research priorities.

1999 The first issue of Biological Research for Nursing was published.

2001 The budget for NINR reached almost $90 million.

2004 The first issue of Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing was published.

2005 The budget for NINR was over $138 million.

YEAR EVENTS

1964 Dr. Marie Ferguson conducted a valuable study on “Activity Study to

Define Nursing and Non-nursing Functions of Nurses in Selected

Health Institutes of India’’.

1966 "Time utilization Study '' with the help of Ms. Anna Gupta, Principal,

RAK College of Nursing, ably directed by Dr. Sulochana Krishnan.

1976 A seminar on Nursing Research for educationists was organized at

Delhi, Mussoorie (Uttarakhand) and Yercaud (Tamil Nadu) by Dr.

Aparna Bhaduri and Dr. Marce Farrell.

1981 Dr. Farrell and Dr. Bhaduri's book Health Research: A Community-

based Approach was published by World Health Organization

(WHO).

1982 The major development during this period was the organization of

the national conference "Nursing Research in India: Prospect and

Retrospect".

1984 The University Grants Commission conducted a workshop on

nursing research.

1986 During this year NRSI was developed to promote nursing

research. Dr. Indrajit Walia was the President and Mrs. Uma

Handa was the Secretary. The Committee conducts

conferences annually.

1998 Mr. R. Rajaratnam, Senior Nursing Tutor of National Institute of

Mental Health and Neuroscience (NIMHANS), organized a

nursing research interest section.

2002 During this period, the revised versions of Indian Nursing

Council for General Nursing and Midwifery course and Post

Basic B.Sc. Nursing were included in Nursing Research as a

subject.

2004 Jain & Co., Noida, started publishing Nightingale NursingTimes.

2005 The National Institute of Nursing Education, PGIMER,

Chandigarh, published a research-based journal namely

Nursing and Midwifery Research Journal. The Indian Nursing

Council constituted National Consortium Ph.D.

Nursing Programme under the leadership of Shri T. Dileep

Kumar, President INC, New Delhi. WHO also supported this

programme.

2009 During this period, the central Institute of Nursing Research

(CIN) came into existence under the supervision of the Trained

Nurses Association of India in New Delhi. Ph.D. Nursing was

started by IGNOU.

2010 Baba Farid university of Health Sciences in Faridkot, puniab

started Ph.D. programme in nursing.

YEAR EVENTS

2004 Nursing Research Society of India (NRSI), a state-level conference

of nursing research, was convened at the Nursing College, Calicut.

Ph.D. was taken by the following nursing personnel:

1. Dr. Jolly Jose (Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 1996)

2. Dr. Mary Lucitta (Kerala University, 1999)

3. Dr. C. Rema Devi (Kerala University, 2003)

4. Dr. R. Bincy (Kerala University, 2004)

5. Dr. Asuma Beevi (Calicut University, 2004)

2008 Govt. college of Nursing, Thiruvananthapuram, was upgraded as a

research centre.

2010 An international conference on "Challenges in clinical Nursing

Research" under the leadership of Prof. Y. Prasanna Kumari and

Dr. R. Bincy was held in Government college of Nursing,

Thiruvananthapuram.

2011 A state-level conference on "Paradigms in Experimental

Research" was conducted in Government College of

Nursing, Thiruvananthapuram.

A separate Ethical committee was formulated for

Nursing Research in Kerala.

Universities in Kerala conducting research programmes

in nursing

1. University of Kerala

2. University of Calicut

3. MG University, Kottayam

4. WHO and INC -Ph.D.Consortium,Ng College,

Thiruvananthapuram

5. Kerala University of Health Sciences (KUHS)

M.Phil. in nursing

l. Clinical Epidemiology, Medical college,

Thiruvananthapuram

2. MG University, Kottayam

Research in nursing began with Florence Nightingale. Her landmark publication, Notes on Nursing (1859), described her early interest in environmental factors that promote physical and emotional well-being.

Most studies in the early 1900s concerned nurses' education.

Sigma Theta Tau (which became Sigma Theta Tau International in 1985) was the first organization to fund nursing research in the United States awarding a $600 grant to Alice Crist Malone in 1936.

During the 1940s, government-initiated studies of nursing education continued, spurred on by the high demand for nursing personnel during World War II.

An increase in the number of nurses with advanced degrees, the establishment of a research center at the Walter Reed Army Institution of Research, increased availability of funding and the inception of the American Nurses' Foundation-which is devoted to the promotion of nursing research-provided impetus to nursing during this period.

In the 1960s, nursing leaders began to express concern about the dearth of research in nursing practice.

By the 1970s, the growing number of nursing studies and discussions of theoretical and contextual issues created the need for additional communication outlets.

During the 1970s, there was a change in emphasis in nursing research from areas such as teaching and nurses themselves to improvements in client care- signifying a growing awareness by nurses of the need for an evidence base from which to practice.

During the 1970s, there was a change in emphasis in nursing research from areas such as teaching and nurses themselves to improvements in client care.

Nursing research also expanded internationally.

The 1980s brought nursing research to a new level of development.

More attention was paid to the types of questions being asked, the methods of collecting and analyzing information being used, the linking of research to theory and the utilization of research findings in practice.

In 1986 in the United States, was the establishment of the National Center for Nursing Research (NCNR) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) by congressional mandate.

Several nursing groups developed priorities for nursing research during the 1980s.

Nurses also began to conduct formal projects specifically designed to increase research utilization, such as the Conduct and Utilization of Research in Nursing (CUNU) project.

In 1989, the U.S. government established the Agency for Health Care policy and Research (AHCPR).

Nursing science came into its maturity in the United States during the 1990s.

Funding for nursing research has also grown. Several journals were established in the

1990s. Cochrane Collaboration was inaugurated in

1993. This collaboration, an international network of institutions and individuals, maintains and updates systematic reviews of hundreds of clinical interventions to facilitate EBP (www.cochrane.org).

Continued focus on EBP

Development of stronger evidence base through multiple, confirmatory strategies

Greater emphasis on systematic reviews

Expanded local research in healthcare settings

Strengthening of interdisciplinary collaboration

Expanded dissemination of research findings

Increasing the visibility of nursing research

Increased focus on cultural issues and health disparities

Shared decision making

CLINICAL

NURSING

NURSING

ADMINISTRATION

NURSING

EDUCATION

Risk reduction interventions for vulnerable and minority groups

2. Problems of the old age. According to the International council of Nurses

(ICN), the priority areas of nursing research include:

1. Health promotion and prevention of illness 2. Control of symptoms 3. Patients living with chronic conditions 4. Enhancing quality of life 5. Assessing client's problems 6. Providing and testing nursing care interventions 7. Measuring the outcomes of care

Priority areas in Oncology Nursing as proposed by Oncology Nursing Society (2005-2009) include:

1. Cancer symptoms and side effects

2. Individual and family-focused psycho-social and behavioural research

3. Health promotion; primary and secondary prevention

4. Late effects of cancer treatment and long-term survivorship issues for patients and their families

5. Nursing-sensitive patient outcome

6. Factors affecting the clinical application of already created evidence- based guidelines for cancer patients

Priority areas in medical surgical nursing

1. Prevention of risk factors of coronary artery disease

2. Effect of diet and exercise on control of cholesterol

3. Effect of pre-operative exercises on post-operative complications

4. Problems of patient on ventilator

5. Effect of yoga on asthma

6. First-aid management of patients with head injury

7. Role of care-givers in degenerative diseases like Parkinson’s Disease Multiple Sclerosis, GBS, etc.

8. Effect of constrained, induced movement therapy for motor performance of patient with stroke.

9. QOL of patients with nephrotic syndrome, renal failure and kidney transplantation

10. Predisposing factors of osteoporosis

11. Relaxation therapy and life-style modifications in gastro-esophageal reflux disease/alcoholic liver diseases

12. Risk factors of diabetic foot ulcer

13. ICU-psychosis: Predisposing factors and prevention

Research in nursing administration

1. Employee satisfaction

2. Measures to reduce the workload of staffnurses

3. Decision-making technique

4. Assertive behaviour of nursing personnel

5. Compare the effect of different communication patterns

6. Comparison of patient assignments

7. Workload of staffnurses

8. Health problems of nursing personnel

8. Health problems of nursing personnel

9. Infection rates in ICU and general wards

10. ICU psychosis

11. Stress of nurses working in ICUs

12. Measures to prevent frequent turnout of staff

13. Analysis of the roles and responsibilities of nurse practitioners in various specialities.

14. Comparison of different communication models in clinical setting

Problems of care-givers

(a) Stress and fatigue

(b) Burn-out syndrome

(c) Orthopedic problems

(d) Back pain for staff working in neuro-ICU

(e) Psychological problems

I have concluded that research in nursing practice

has several purposes:

a) to increase knowledge in the field, thus laying the

basic foundations for the practice of patient care,

b) to build up evidence for such practice;

c) to contribute to the attention of the population’s

need for health, quality of life and wellbeing,

d) to guide efficiency in health and nursing services,

ensuring quality and cost-benefit,

e) to generate the knowledge that guides

educational and regulatory policies in the nursing

profession

ROSE MARY NIESWIADOMY .FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING RESEARCH. PEARSON EDUCATION . 5TH

EDITION PAGE : 5 – 20.

DENISE.F.POLIT CHERY TATANO BECK . NURSING RESEARCH PRINCIPLES AND METHODS. LIPPINCOTT . 7TH EDITION PAGE : 18 -20

DR. R. BINCY. NURSING RESEARCH . BUILDING EVIDENCE FOR PRACTICE. PAGE : 6 – 19

S.K. SHARMA

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