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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY ADVANCED RESEARCH TRENDS ISSN : 2349-7408 VOLUME IV, ISSUE 1(3) JANUARY, 2017

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HISTOPATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN GILL OF THE FISH

LABEO ROHITA EXPOSED TO DICHLORVOS 76% EC

P. JAPAMALAI

Department of Zoology, Maris Stella College, Vijayawada - 8

ABSTRACT

Agricultural, industrial and domestic effluents generally contain a wide

variety of organic and inorganic pollutants, heavy metals, pesticides, fertilizers and

suspended solids as solvents and oils (Pandey et al., 2003) and are invariably,

discharged into small rivers and streams, without proper treatment. The ecological

effects of pollutants in aquatic ecosystems and their bioavailability and toxicity are

closely related to species distribution, both in the solid and the liquid phase of the

aquatic ecosystem. Among the pollutants pesticides play a major havoc in affecting

the non target organisms like fish, mollusks, crustaceans, etc. in the aquatic system.

Such contaminants change water quality and may cause many problems to fish, such

as diseases and structural alterations (Chang et al., 1998). Organophosphates affect

the nervous system of the fish and paralyze the activity of the organism leading to

the death. Dichlorvos an organophosphate was chosen to study its effect on various

species of fish including the fresh water fish Labeo rohita. Fresh water fish Labeo

rohita (Hamilton) was exposed to sublethal concentration of Dichlorvos 76% EC an

organophospate. The fish histopathological study of the gill revealed changes as

‘biomarkers’ of necrosis, vacuolar degeneration fusion and atrophy of primary and

secondary lamellae.

Key words: Labeo rohita, Fish, Dichlorvos 76% EC, Histopathological changes,

Gill.

INTRODUCTION

Organisms in aquatic environments are considered biologically sensitive, due

to their ability to respond to changes that occur in water. The biotic integrity of an

ecological system is therefore reflected in the health of its fauna (Robinson, 1996),

fish are relatively sensitive to changes in the environment. Changes, occurring

specifically in fish populations due to chemical stress, are manifestations of

biochemical, histological and physical alterations, and can give a relatively rapid

indication of non environmental and unfavourable conditions that affect fish

populations which will either adapt to environmental changes, or may die. To manage

healthy fish populations, it is necessary to identify early detectable warning signs of

damage at cellular level, before physiological and behavioural processes are affected.

This can be achieved through histological observation and appear to be very sensitive

parameter and is crucial in determining changes that may occur in target organs, such

as the gills, liver and gonads (Dutta, 1996).

The pathological changes have been reported in fishes exposed to different

organochlorine, organophosphate, carbamates and synthetic pyrethroid pesticides

Tilak et al.,2007; Tilak et al., 2005; Trophon et al.,2003; Tilak and Yacob, 2002;

Tilak et al.,2001a; Tilak et al.,2001b; Veeraiah, 2001; Ramana Kumari, 1999; Yacob,


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1999; Vijayalakshmi and Tilak, 1996; Anita Susan, 1994; Rama Murthy, 1988;

Wester and Cannon1991; Heiton et al.,1992; Schwaiger et al.,1996; The et al.,1997.

One of the great advantages of using histopathological biomarks in

environmental monitoring is that this category of biomarkers allow examining

specific target organs, including gills, kidney and liver, that are responsible for vital

functions, such as respiration, excretion and the accumulation and biotransformation

of xenobiotics in the fish (Gernhofer et al.,2001). Furthermore, the alterations found

in these organs are normally easier to identify than functional ones (Fanta et al.,

2003), and serve as warning signs of damage to animal health (Hinton & Lauren,

1990).

Histopathological biomarkers are closely related to other biomarkers of stress

since many pollutants have to undergo metabolic activation in order to be able to

provoke cellular change in the affected organism. The mechanism of action of several

xenobiotics could initiate the formation of a specific enzyme that causes changes in

metabolism, further leading to cellular intoxication and death, at a cellular level,

whereas this manifests as necrosis, as a biomarker at tissue level as well as from

chemical insult, lesions may arise from infectious diseases and parasites, provoking

necrotic and degenerative alterations to which the organism responds with an

inflammatory, defensive reaction (Roganovic-Zafi-rova et al.,2003; Velkova-

Zordanoska-2002). An increased number of macrophagic aggregates can be found in

the liver, kidney and spleen in fish exposed to chemical pollutants, bacteria, fungi or

parasites (Roganovic-za-firova and Jordanova, 1998).

In the present study, an attempt has been made to determine possible

histopathological effects in certain vital tissues like gill of one of the Indian Major

Carps Labeo rohita exposed to sublethal concentration (1/5 of 24h LC50) of

dichlorvos EC 76% formulation for one, four and eight days.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Fresh water fish, the Indian major carp Labeo rohita (size 4-6cm length and

4-5 gm in weight) were acclimatized to laboratory conditions for ten days. They were

exposed to sublethal and lethal concentrations of dichlorvos 76% EC formulation for

8 days. At the end of the exposure period fish were randomly selected for

histopathological examination on 1, 4 and 8 days.

Gill is isolated from normal (not exposed to the toxicant) and experimental

fish. Physiological saline solution (0.75% NaCl) was used to rinse and clean the

tissue and fixed in aqueous Bouins solution for 48h processed through graded series

of alcohols cleared in xylene and embedded in paraffin wax. They are processed by

double embedding technique. Sections were cut of 6μ (microns) thickness, stained

with Ehrlich hamatoxillin and Eosin (dissolved in 70% alcohol) (Humason, 1972) and

were mounted in Canada balsam.


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The photographs at 200x magnification were taken with computer aided

microscope (Inter play Qx3, Intel Corporation, Made in China).

OBSERVATIONS AND DISCUSSION

General histology of fish gill

Teleosts have five pairs of gill arches. The first four pairs, the slender gill

filaments form two lines facing towards the back and these two lines are joined to

each other at the base by a gill septum. The last pair of gill arches generally

transforms into the pharyngeal bone and does not play a role in respiration.

Numerous semicircular secondary gill lamellae are lined up along both sides

of the gill filament. The surface of the gill lamellae is covered with simple squamous

epithelial cells and many capillaries separated by pillar cells run parallel along the

surface. Numerous semicircular secondary gill lamellae are lined up along both sides

of the primary gill lamellae (Plate VI.I, fig.A). The primary gill lamellae consist of

centrally placed rod like supporting axis (SA) with blood vessels on either side. The

secondary lamellae, also termed as respiratory lamellae (RL), are highly vascularised

and covered with a thin layer of epithelial cells (EC). Blood vessels (BV) are

extended into each of the secondary gill filaments. The blood cells of the secondary

gill lamellae have a single nucleus which are flattened in appearance. The region

between the two adjacent secondary gill lamellae is known as inter lamellar region.

Pathology of gill tissue under dichlorvos toxicity

Dichlorvos has induced marked pathological changes in fish gills. The

changes include the bulging of tips of primary gill filaments. The secondary gill

filaments lost their original shape and curling of secondary gill filaments was also

observed. The pillar cell nucleus showed necrosis and development of vacuoles in

the secondary gill epithelium. There is a tendency of fusion of disorganized

secondary gill filaments (Figure A & B)

The epithelial layer of secondary lamellae of gill of fish forms a barrier

between the fish blood and surrounding water, gaseous exchange needed to sustain

life which takes place through this barrier and any thickening induced by physical,

chemical or biological agents hinders the respiratory function of this organ (Eller,

1971).

According to Velumurugan (2007) exposure of Cirrhinus mrigala to

monocrotophos revealed the following histapathological observations in the gill.

Hyperplasia, aneurism, epithelial necrosis, desquamation, epithelial lifting, oedema,

lamellar fusion and curling of lamellae. Catla catla and Cirrhinus mrigala on

exposure to sublethal concentrations of chlorpyrifos developed marked pathological

changes in the gills. The changes include the bulging of tips of primary gill filaments.

The secondary gill filaments lost their original shape and curling of secondary gill

filaments manifested a tendency of fusion of disorganized gill filaments. The pillar

cell nucleus showed necrosis and development of vacuoles in the secondary


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epithelium. The damage of gills of fish exposed to the higher concentrations (lethal

doses) were severe. Shortened and clubbing of ends of the secondary gill lamellae

fusion of adjacent secondary gill lamellae and necrosis in the primary lamellae were

well marked (Tilak et al., 2005a, 2005b).

Histopathological effects were observed in the mosquito fish Gambusia

affinis exposed to sublethal concentration of malathion an organophosphate pesticide

(0.01 to 0.02mg/L) for a period of 10, 20, 30 days. The gill lesions include necrosis

and desquamation of secondary lamellar epithelium, lifting up of epithelium,

intraepithelial edema, and fusion of adjacent secondary lamellae, haemorrhage and

hyperplasia of epithelial cells. These changes were time-and dose-dependant (Cengiz

and Unlu, 2003). Marcelo Rubens, (2003); studied the effect of mentox 600CE in

Mytrynnis roosevetti, at lethal and sublethal concentrations 7ppm & 1ppm

respectively. The study revealed structural changes like shrinking of branchial

epithelium, followed by detachment and hyperplasia. Externally, the branchial

filaments prevented the gradual disappearance of microridges even in sublethal dose

as a consequence of secondary effects derived from changes in the branchial

epithelium, impairing oxygenation and ionic balance of the organism. The

histopathological effects of delatamethrin on the gill, liver and gut tissues of the

mosquito fish, Gambusia affinis showed desquamation and necrosis. Besides,

epithelial hypertrophy, lifting of the lamellar epithelium, oedema, dilatation of the

capillaries primary lamellae, aneurism, epithelial hyperplasia and fusion of secondary

lamellae were other histopathological effects observed (Elif Ipek Cengiz and Erhan

Unlu, 2006). Fingerlings of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) on exposure to

deltamethrin, showed in the gills hyperemia, fusion of secondary lamellae and

telangiectasis (Ziynet Yildirim et al., 2006).

Edith Fanta, (2002), observed in the fresh water Corydonas paleatus

epithelial hyperplasia, oedema and detachment of respiratory lamellae of gill on

exposure to methyl parathion sublethal concentrations. Tilak et al., (2001) notified

hydropsy, vascular degeneration, cloudy swelling, bulging in tips of primary gill

lamellae, club shaped secondary gill lamellae and serve necrotic changes in the

epithelial cells of secondary gill lamellae in fresh water fish Labeo rohita on exposure

to chlorpyrifos technical and 20% EC for 8 days.

Effect of phosphamidon on the gills of Sarotherodon mossambica indicated

marked degeneration of the cells in the gills. The primary lamellae became thicker;

the secondary lamellae were not identical in all regions because of erosion due to

pesticide. In the cells of secondary lamellae the nuclei were absent and so these cells

appeared as vacuoles. In some regions, the secondary lamellae were fused together.

The arrangements of pillar cells were slightly disturbed. The blood vessels at the

distal region of the secondary gill lamellae were damaged. The tip of the secondary

gill lamellae with blood vessels have been rounded and swollen mass with more red

blood cells inside (hematomass). Sometimes the tip of the secondary lamellae was

narrow, short and blunt due to erosion. Some of the mucous cells were damaged and


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in some regions, the mucous fluid appeared spreading over the gill rays (Inbamani

and Seenivasan, 1998).

Inflammatory alterations of lamellar epithelium and hyperplasia resulted in

the fresh water major carp Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton) when they were exposed to

sublethal concentration of malathion for 48h (Roy and Datta, 1991). Baticoddes et

al., (1991) reported slight hyperplasia of gill epithelium in Pinaeus monodon exposed

to gusathion, a commonly used organophosphate.

Mishra et al., (2005) notified the histopathological alterations in the gills of

the freshwater teleost, Channa punctatus exposed to sublethal concentrations of

cartap. At 48h of exposure, oedematous separation of epithelial lining cells from the

pillar cells which was more pronounced, at 72h hyperplasia and telangectases in the

secondary gill lamellae and complete fusion of secondary gill lamellae leading to the

obliteration of interlamellar spaces at 96h. The pesticide cartap also affected the

respiratory and osmaregulatory efficiency of fish.

Nagarajan and Aruna Devi (2006) observed the histo architecture of gills,

liver & intestine of the fish Labeo rohita after subjecting it to acute toxicity of 2.25%

and 4.5% of untreated distillery effluent and 27.5% and 55% of treated distillery.

Both untreated and treated effluents, caused some damage in the tissues of the fish.

The marked changes were not observed in 27.5% treated effluents, but there was a

severe damage inflicted on gills, liver and intestine of 4.5% untreated distillery

effluent.

Sharma et al., (2006) observed the histopathological changes in Poecilia

reticulate, a fresh water fish exposed to sublethal concentrations (5 and 10ppm) of

methyl red for 28 days in the microcosm. The appearance of primary and secondary

gill lamellae was distorted, degenerative changes in the primary gill lamellae and

complete disintegration in the secondary gill lamellae.

Athikesavan et al., (2006) exposed the freshwater fish Hypophthalmichthys

molitrix (Valenciennes) for 10, 20 and 30 days in sublethal concentration of nickle 5-

7mg/L and studied the changes. Nickel showed a tissue specific alteration in the

tissues gill, liver, intestine and kidney. Mucus proliferation, fusion of the gill lamellae

and hypertrophy of gill tissues were observed, whereas in the liver, lack of normal

palisade arrangement followed by necrosis in hepatocytes was observed.

Degeneration of primary gill lamellae in the middle and distal region resulted

in Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton) fingerlings on exposure to a sublethal concentration

of mercury (Gupta and Ashwani, 2006).


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According to Yucel Basimoghi Koca (2005), fish Lepomis gibbosus caught

from line stream (Aydln/Turkey) showed significant decrease in mean length of

primary and secondary lamellae, cellular proliferation developed with secondary

lamellae fusion, ballooning and clavate secondary lamellae. This is due to water

contamination in which the heavy metal zinc (zinc) had profound effect on the tissues

of the fish.

Effects of the organophosphorous methyl parathion on the branchial

epithelium of a fresh water fish Metynnis roosevelti showed shrinking and hyperplasia

epithelium, followed by detachment. Gradual disappearance of microridges led to

the impairment of oxygenation and ionic balance of the organism (Marcelo Rubens

Machado and Edith Fanta, 2003). Nowak (1992) found that the respiratory

epithelium detachment resulted in the increase of the diffusion distance, affecting

gaseous exchanges. This phenomenon has also been described in another type of

environmental contamination such as in acid water (Kawall, 1993); heavy metals

(Oliveira Ribeiro et al.,1994) and salinity (Luvizotto,1994; Fanta et al.,1995).

Ilhan Altinok and Erol Capkin, 2007, examined the tissues of rainbow trout

(Oncorhynchus mykiss) histologically after exposure to different concentrations of

methiocarb (2.5 and 3.75 mg/L) or endosulfan (0.6 and 1.3 Mg/L) for 21 days.

Lesions were observed in gills, liver, spleen and trunk kidney of rainbow trout. The

histopathological changes of fenvalerate in 2 sublethal concentrations on the gill of

Cirrhinus mrigala revealed, epithelial hyperplasia, epithelial necrosis, desquamation

and lamellar fusion, besides epithelial lifting, oedema, swelling at secondary lamellae

(Babu Velmurugan and Mariadoss Selvanayagam, 2007).

Histological examination of the gills treated with a herbicide, paraquat (1. 1-

dimethyl-4, 4-bipyridilium-dichloride), the fungicide copper sulphate, and zinc

chloride of three fish species with different feeding habits, viz. a herbivorous, silver

carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix); an omnivorous, common carp (Cyprinus carpio

L.) and a carnivorous, sheat fish (Silurus glanis L.) showed the electron transparency

of cytoplasm of respiratory cells of the gill and disappearance of cytoplasmic

organelles. The chloride cells revealed focal necrosis, residuals of nuclear,

mitochondrial and endoplasmic origin but the pillar cells and the pericytes remained

intact (Rojik et al., 1983). Wennee et al., (2002) observed, filament cell proliferation,

lamellar cell hyperplasia, lamellar fusion, epithelial lifting and aneurysm in the nile

tilapia Oreochromis niloticus under exposure to glyphosate for 96h.

Hyperplasia of gill filaments, fusion at gill filaments due to separation of

epithelium, necrosis of gill epithelium, degeneration of pillar cells, development of

vacuoles in the epithelium of Channa punctata exposed to butachlor and 50% EC

machete were notified by Tilak et al.,(2005).

Contamination with lindane (-HCH), produced degenerative changes in

gills, like dilation of blood capillaries, hyperplasia of the epithelial lining of the


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secondary lamellae, necrosis and shortening of the secondary lamellae, abnormal

raising or swelling of the epithelium, as well as fusion of the secondary lamellae and

excessive mucus secretion in the fish Cyprinus carpio and Barbus species (Juan

B.Ortig, 2003). Sahoo et al.,(2003), studied the effect of aflatoxin B, in rohu (Labeo

rohita) after subjecting to acute and subchronic toxicity for a period of 10 and 90

days. The study under light microscopy manifested mild secondary lamellar

epithelial hyperplasia, moderate oedema of the secondary lamellae rendering

ballooning of the epithelia, epithelial lifting in lower dose treated group of fish while

the higher dose-treated group of fish revealed rupture of the lamellar capillaries with

escape of red blood cells into the inter lamellar space and accumulation of

eosinophilic granular cells (EGC) at the base of secondary lamellae along with

hyperplasia and fusion of secondary lamellae without changes in the pillar cells. The

electron microscopical observations pointed protrusion extending between

interlamellar spaces causing fusion of lamella in the epithelial cells of secondary gill

lamellae, shrunken hyperplastic epithelial cells amidst marked intracellular oedema,

detachment of epithelial cells from the central capillaries, mild degenerative changes

in chloride cells.

Saritha Khare and Sudha Singh (2002) experimented the effect of copper

sulphate and lead nitrate in the gills of fresh-water fish Nandus nandus. Short term

exposure of copper sulphate did not affect the gill arch while lead nitrate caused slight

effect in cartilage and muscular part of the gill arch. Long term exposure of Nandus

nandus to these heavy metals showed severe damage, the chondyroblast cells were

shrunken, hyperplasia at certain places and necrosis. The effect of lead nitrate was

more severe in comparison to copper sulphate. The findings of Gupta and Rajbanshi

(1995) Thatheyus et al (1992), Versteeg and Giesy (1986) and Daoust et al (1984)

agree with the above mentioned findings. Prasad et al (2000) observed the damage

of the gill tissue marked by curling of secondary lamellae, rupture of gill rackers,

displacement and necrosis of outer layer of lamellar epithelium. Vijayalakshmi and

Tilak (1996) reported that sublethal concentration of toxicants as mixture induces

fusion and atrophy of secondary gill lamella.

Treatment with 70ppm of ammonia of air-breathing teleost channa punctatus

showed histopathological lesions as lamellar fusion and hyperplasia in the respiratory

epithelial cells after 14 days, the cells of respiratory epithelium along the secondary

gill lamellae was necrosed, adhering of lamellae, reduction of respiratory surface in

the gills after 28 days of exposure (Ravindra kumar (2001). Degeneration of

epithelial lamellar structure around the peripheral region of gill tissue with

deterioration of arborizing ridges into surface was reported by Fukunaga et al(1992)

in ozone treated Japaneese charr, and mercury poisoned gill of Rasbora daniconius

by Gupta and Rajbanshi (1995).

According to Cladwell (1997) the end result of the toxicant exposure result

would be reduced flow of oxygen enriched water to lamellar tissues and ultimately a

reduction in fish performance capacity.


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A histopathological study of carp Labeo rohita exposed to hexa

chlorocyclohexane revealed mild conjestion of blood vessels in the primary lamellae

at 0.35ppm exposure level, where a fusion of primary lamellae and marked

hyperplasia of the branchial arch at 1.73ppm concentration (Basanta Kumar Das and

Subhas Chandra Mukherjee, 2000).

The histopathological changes caused by pesticides can alter various

physiological activities of the fish such as release of various enzymes for the

metabolic processes. On disturbance fish exposed to pesticide suffer irreparable

architectural changes in various vital organs thus making the fish less fit for better

survival.

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