hiroshima journal of international studies volume 19 2013
TRANSCRIPT
Hiroshima Journal of International Studies Volume 19 2013
ãçµæžå€äº€ãæŠå¿µã®æŽå²çæ€èšæŠåŸæ¥æ¬ãäºäŸã«
é«âç¬âåŒâæ
A History of How âKeizai-gaikou (Economic Diplomacy)âhas been Discussed in Postwar Japan, 1952â2012
This article examines how Japanese elites have discussed âKeizai-gaikou (Economic Diplomacy)â in postwar Japan, for the purpose of locating todayâs arguments in a historical context.
The term Keizai-gaikou is a historical one. It can be traced back before World War II, but has had a special meaning for Japanese elites in the postwar period. This is because this word has been used extensively in close relation with Japanâs position in the postwar world. That is to say, it was used in the first era (1952â73) to make room for a ânewâ Japan as a result of the war defeat, in the second era (1973â97) to maintain Japan's position, which made possible its high economic growth or which its growth had enabled, and in the third era (1997â) to regain its status after the so-called lost decade of stagnant economic growth.
However, to discuss Keizai-gaikou to replicate Japanâs place of the âpastâ in the present world means that Japanese elites actually intend to restore only a convenient past in relation to the future or to erase an undesirable past from the history of Japan. The Japanese past that they believe inconvenient is the one that contains the factual history of Japan's war and colonial rule in Asia. Therefore, if the Japanese people hope to create a better future, it is critical not to selectively recreate the past but to learn from past experience.
ã¯ããã«âçµæžå€äº€ç 究ã®çŸåšâ ïŒãå€é©ãã®ããã®çµæžå€äº€ïŒç¬¬äžæïŒ1952 ã 73 幎ïŒâ ¡ïŒäœå¶ç¶æã®çµæžå€äº€ïŒç¬¬äºæïŒ1973 ã 97 幎ïŒ
â ¢ïŒãæŠç¥ããšããŠã®çµæžå€äº€ïŒç¬¬äžæïŒ1997 幎ãïŒãããã«âçµæžå€äº€ç 究ã®æªæ¥
ã¯ããã«âçµæžå€äº€ç 究ã®çŸåš
Hirofumi TAKASE
ããŒã¯ãŒãïŒçµæžå€äº€ãæ°éçµæžå€äº€ãæŠåŸæ¥æ¬ãæ¿æ²»ãšçµæžã®ççŸãçµæžã®æ°äž»ççµ±å¶
ããçµæžå€äº€ããšã¯ãªã«ãããŸãããªãçµæžå€äº€ãšããã³ããã¯æŠåŸæ¥æ¬ã«ãããŠå¿ èŠãšãããã®ãããã®çµæžå€äº€ã®å®çŸ©ããããè«žåé¡ã¯ããããŠéèŠã§ã¯ããããããŸã ååã«ã¯èå¯ãããŠããªããããã§æ¬çš¿ã§ã¯ããããæããã«ããããã«ã¡ã®çµæžå€äº€è«è°ã®æŽå²çãªæ矩ãç¥ãããã«ãçµæžå€äº€ãæŠåŸæ¥æ¬ã®ãªãã§ã©ãè«ããããŠããã®ãã«ã€ããŠã®æŽå²çãªæŠèŠ³ãè©Šã¿ãããããããçµæžå€äº€ã®å®çŸ©ãéèŠãªã®ã¯ããããéå»ãçŸåšã«å¯Ÿããç解ãå€ããŠããŸãããã§ãããæŠåŸæ¥æ¬ã®çµæžå€äº€è«è°ãæ¯ãè¿ã£ãŠã¿ããšãæ¥æ¬ã®çµæžå€äº€ãåæ代çã«ãããã¯æŽå²çã«èå¯ãããã®ããçµæžå€äº€æŠå¿µãçšããŠä»åœãåæãããã®ãŸã§å€å²ã«ãããããããã«ç€ºãããŠããã®ã¯ãçµæžå€äº€ã®å®çŸ©ãã ãã§ãæ¥æ¬ã®çµæžå€äº€ã®äŒçµ±ããããå¹³ãæž çã®æ代以æ¥ãæç¶çã«ååšããŠããã
ïŒå°å2008:â94ïŒã®ã ãšè§£éããããšãå¯èœã ãšããããšã ã£ããçµæžå€äº€ãã©ãå®çŸ©ããããäžçã®èŠæ¹ãèŠå®ããŠããŸãã®ã§ãããããšãããããããŸã§çµæžå€äº€ã®å®çŸ©ããããè«žåé¡ã¯éåžžã«è»œèŠãããŠããããã®ããšã¯ãåŸæ¥ã®è«èã«ãããŠçµæžå€äº€ããã°ãã°å®çŸ©ãããŠããããå®çŸ©ããªãããŠããŠããã®æ ¹æ ããããµãã§ããããšã«åŠå®ã«è¡šããŠãããããšãã°æŠåŸæ¥æ¬ã®çµæžå€äº€ãåæããè¿å¹Žã®å è¡ç 究ã«ç®ãåããŠã¿ããšãããã§ããçµæžå€äº€ãšã¯ïŒå®çŸ©ã®æç¡ãããŠããã°ïŒãçµæžãç®çãšããå€äº€ããããã¯ãçµæžãæ段ãšããå€äº€ããæå³ããŠããããã®æ ¹æ ã¯ïŒããã瀺ãããŠãããã®ã§ã¯ïŒå±±æ¬æºïŒ1973:â28-30ïŒã枡蟺æ倫ïŒ1989:â 8-10ïŒã®èäœãªã©ã«æ±ããããã®ã ã1ãèå¿ã®ãããã®æç®ããªãçµæžå€äº€ãããå®çŸ©ããã®ãïŒã§ããã®ãïŒã«é¢ããè«æ ã瀺ã
22
â ïŒãå€é©ãã®ããã®çµæžå€äº€ïŒç¬¬äžæïŒ1952 ïœ 73 幎ïŒ
ãŠã¯ããªãã®ã§ãããããã°çµæžå€äº€ãšã¯ããããããéæ³ã®æãïŒå±±æ¬1973:â12ïŒã®ããã«ãè«è ãã¡ã®å¥œããªãã®ã¯ãªãã§ãåŒã³åºããæŠå¿µãšãªã£ãŠããã®ã§ããããããããããã®çµæžå€äº€ã®å®çŸ©ããããè«žåé¡ãæããã«ããã«ã¯ãçµæžå€äº€ãã©ãè«ããããŠããã®ãã«é¢ããæŽå²çãªæ€èšãäžå¯æ¬ ã ãããããã§æ¬çš¿ã§ã¯ããããŸã§åæãããŠããªãã£ããã®åé¡ãèå¯ããããã«ãäºã€ã®èŠç¹ãèšå®ããã第äžã«ãæŠåŸæ¥æ¬ã®ãªãã§çµæžå€äº€æŠå¿µãå¿ èŠãšãããçç±ãã¿ãããã«ããªãã®ããã«çµæžå€äº€ãè«ããããŠããã®ãã«çç®ããããšããã®ããçµæžå€äº€ããã°ãã°å®çŸ©ã®ãªããŸãŸåºã䜿ãããããã«ãªã£ãèæ¯ã«ã¯ãæ代ããšã«ãã®ã³ãããå¿ èŠãšããåé¡é¢å¿ã®å ±æããã£ãããã§ããããŸã第äºã«ãããããŠå¿ èŠãšãããçµæžå€äº€ã®å®çŸ©ãæããã«ããããã«ãçµæžãšå€äº€ã®é¢ä¿ãã©ã解éãããŠããã®ãã«æ³šç®ããããªããªãã°ãçµæžå€äº€ã¯ããããã®æ代ã®å¿ èŠã«å¿ããŠãã®æå³å 容ã圢æãããŠããæŽå²çãªæŠå¿µã§ãããããæäžã®å®çŸ©ã®ååšããªããã®ã³ãããå®çŸ©ããææãããçµæžãšå€äº€ã®é¢ä¿ã®ããæ¹ã«æ±ããããŠããããã§ããã枡蟺æ倫ïŒ1987:â9ïŒãç³äºä¿®ïŒ1995:ââ ²ïŒãè°è«ããŠããããã«ãçµæžå€äº€ã®èµ·æºã¯æŠåã«é¡ããäžæ¹ã§ããšãã«æŠåŸåæã®è«è ãã¡ãææããŠããããã«æŠåã®è°è«ãšã®ãæ絶ããæ確ã«æèãããŠãã2ããã®ãããªçç±ãããæ¬çš¿ã§ã¯æŠåŸæ¥æ¬ãäºäŸãšããŠããã®äºã€ã®èŠç¹ããçµæžå€äº€ã®å®çŸ©ããããè«žåé¡ãèå¯ããŠãããããããã ããã®å°è«ã§ã¯çŽå¹ ã®éœåãããããã¹ãŠã®è°è«ã«è§Šããããšãã§ããªãããã®ãããçµæžå€äº€ã®å®çŸ©ããããè«žåé¡ã«å¯Ÿãã第äžæ¬¡æ¥è¿çãªæ¹éãšããŠãçµæžå€äº€ãšã¯ãªã«ãããã£ãšãçãã«è«ããããŠããã«ãé¢ããããããŸã§åãäžããããŠããªãã£ãåæ代çãªéèªè«æïŒãšãã«åŠè¡èªã»ç·åèªïŒã«ç®ãåãããªãã§ãçµæžå€äº€ãšã¯ãªã«ããæ£é¢ããè°è«ãããŠãããã®ããšãã«æãäžããŠåæããããšãšãããããããè°è«ãç¶²çŸ çã«çŽ¹ä»ããããããããããã®ææã«ãããè°è«ã®ç¹åŸŽã俯ç°ããã»ãããããã«ã¡ã®çµæžå€äº€è«è°ã®æŽå²çãªæ矩ãç¥ãããã§ã¯æãŸããããã«æãããããã§ããã
ïŒïŒãæŠåŸæ¥æ¬ãã暡玢ãããçµæžå€äº€ãšããã³ããã1952幎ïŒæã®å¯Ÿæ¥è¬åæ¡çŽã®çºå¹ãšãšãã«æ£èŠãããããã«ãªã£ããšããããã¯ãçµæžãéèŠããå€äº€ããšããçšåºŠã®æå³ã§çšããããŠãããããšãã°é¢šèŠç« ïŒé¢šèŠã»ã1952:â118ïŒã«ãããšããçµæžå€äº€ãšããè¡èªã¯ãã§ãããããããããæŠåŸã®ãæ¥æ¬ã®åœé¢ããåœæ ãããäžçã®æ å¢ãã«éã¿ããšãå€äº€ã«ãããŠçµæžãšãããã®ã®æ¯éãéåžžã«éããã®ã ãšããããçµæžå€äº€æ代ãã®å°æ¥ãç¥ããã綿éåäžïŒ1953:â 16-7ïŒã¯ããã®æ¥æ¬ã®ãåœæ ãã«æ³šç®ããªãããåŸæ¥ãçµæžé¢ãæ¯èŒç軜èŠããŠãããæ¥æ¬å€äº€ããæŠåŸã¯ãšãã«çµæžå€äº€ãéèŠãã¹ãæ¢ä»¶ãç©ã¿éãªã£ãŠããããšããŠãã䞻匵ããŠããããæé®®ãå°æ¹Ÿã暺倪ãªã©ã®é åã倱ã£ãçµæãã«äŒŽã貿æäŸå床ã®äžæããè³ ååé¡ãéåèªæµ·æ¡çŽã®ç· çµåé¡ãã®ãããªçµæžçæžæ¡ãèãããšããçµæžå€äº€ãªãã«ã¯ãæ¥æ¬ã®å€äº€ã¯ãªãããããã«å¯ŸããŠãçµæžå€äº€ã®èµ·æºããæŠåŸã®ããšãã ãšåŒ·èª¿ããç眮æ¬äžïŒ1957:â86-7ïŒã¯ã颚èŠã®ãããäžçã®æ å¢ãã«çç®ãããããéèŠã«ãªã£ãã®ã¯ãèªç±äž»çŸ©çã«æŸä»»ãããçµæžãåœã®åã§æšé²æéããããšããæŠåŸã®ãæ°ããªã課é¡ãšãªã£ãããã ãšææããããé åã®çž®å°ã人å£éå°ãåœæ°ç掻ã®äžå®çãã«ç€ºãããæ¥æ¬çµæžã®åé¡ã解決ããããããå€ã«åãã£ãŠã¯å€§ãã«çµæžãäžå¿ãšããåœäº€ã®å埩æšé²ããè¡ãã¹ãã ãšãããã®ã§ãããããããã®è°è«ã¯ãçµæžå€äº€ãæ¥æ¬ãšãããåãå·»ãåœéç°å¢ãäºéã«ãå€é©ãããã³ãããšããŠè«ããããããã«ãªã£ãããšã瀺åããŠããããªããªãã°ãææŠã«äŒŽãæ€æ°å°ã®åªå€±ã¯æŠåŸã®äžçã«é©åãããæ°ããªãæ¥æ¬ã®åå®çŸ©ã匷ãããŸãæ€æ°å°ã®åªå€±ã«äŒŽã貿æäŸå床ã®äžæã¯æŠåŸã®äžçã«ãããæ¥æ¬ã®ãæ°ããªãåžå Žã®éæãäžå¯é¿ã«ããããã§ãããæèšãããšãçµæžå€äº€ã¯ãæ°ããªãæ¥æ¬ïŒãæŠåŸæ¥æ¬ãïŒãšãã®åœéçãªå± å Žæã暡玢ããããã«å¿ èŠãšãããã®ã§ãããããããŠãå¹³è²èµïŒ1952:â13ïŒãã¢ãžã¢å°åãäŸã«æããŠè°è«ããããã«ãçµæžå€äº€ã¯ããããåœã®çµæžççºå±ãšæ¿æ²»çç¬ç«ç¢ºä¿ãç®çãšããŠè¡ããããã®ããåœç¶ãã§ããã ãã§ã¯ãªãããäžçã®å¹³åãšé²æ©ãè²¢ç®ããæ¹åããå€ããŠãªããªãããããã¢ãžã€è«žåœã®ç¬ç«ã®å®æãè«žåœè«žæ°æã®èåååãç掻氎æºã®åŒäžãã«ããæ°çã®å®å®ãæºããªãç®æšãšããªããã°ãªããªããã®ã
ãçµæžå€äº€ãæŠå¿µã®æŽå²çæ€èšã23
ããã¿ãããã®è«çãšã§ããããŸãããããšãã°å®ããŠãããã®ã売ãããšããããã«ãèªç¶ã«åãåãæã£ãŠããããããã«å¯ŸããŠãå€äº€ãšããã®ã¯ãåœæ°çå©çãèžãŸããŠããããå®ãã€ã€ä¿é²ãããšããæå³çãªæ¿çã§ãããããããããããçµæžå€äº€ããšããèšèãã©ã解éããããããããå¿ ãããããããããªãç¹ããããã®ã ããšãããããŠéœçã¯ãå ·äœçãªåé¡ããçµæžå€äº€ã«ããŸãããã«ããåœé£äžå¿äž»çŸ©ãèªç±äž»çŸ©è«žåœãšã®å調ãã¢ãžã¢ã®äžå¡ããšãã岞æ¿æš©ãæ²ãããå€äº€ã®äžå€§ååããããšã«ããŠããã®çµæžçåŽé¢ãèããŠã¿ããã©ããããšææ¡ãããããªãã¡ãæ± ç°éŠçžã1961幎ã«æ±åã¢ãžã¢è«žåœãã1962幎ã«è¥¿ãšãŒãããè«žåœãæŽèšªããããšã«è§Šãããç±³åœã»è¥¿æ¬§ã»æ¥æ¬ãšããäžæ¬ã®æ±ã®äžã«ç¹æ ãç¯ãã®ã«çå£ã«ãªãããšããšãããããåååé¡ãã€ãŸãåŸé²åœã®éçºã®åé¡ã«çå£ã«ãªãããšããšã¯äž¡ç«ããã®ã ãããããšè€å±±ã«åãæããã®ã§ãããããããåããŠè€å±±ã¯ããã話ã®ããã«ããçµæžå€äº€ããå®çŸ©ã¥ããã®ã¯éåžžã«ãããããããšããŠéœçã®åé¡æèµ·ãéŠè¯ããªãããåå è ã®ãªãã§å¯äžãçµæžå€äº€ãšã¯ãªã«ãã以äžã®ããã«æããã«ããã
ããšãã°æŠäºããããšããäºããèŒžå ¥ãå¶éããããçºæ¿ãå¶éãããªã©ãšãããéå£ãã§ããããšãããããããç¶æ ã平垞ã«ãã©ããšãããã«äœããã®çµæžçãªèª¿æŽãå¿ èŠã«ãªã£ãŠãããç¹ã«ããã©ã®æŠäºã¯å€§ããã£ãã ãã«ãé·ãããã ã®ããããªæŠæäžã®æœçã¯ã ãã ãç·©ããããŠããŠã¯ãããããŸã ãŸã¡ãŸã¡ã«ãªã£ãŠãããåãåçåœã®ãªãã§ãããããããªé¢ä¿ã§äžåŸã«ãã£ãŠããªãããããã§ããã ããªããããšããã®ããä»ãçµæžå€äº€ããšèšãããŠãããã®ã®æ¬è³ªã ãšæãã®ã§ããããããæå³ã§ãå¿ ãããçµæžå€äº€ãšèšããªããŠããæ¿æ²»å€äº€ãšèšã£ãŠããããšæãã®ã§ãïŒéœçã»ã1963:â118ïŒã
è€å±±ã®ç解ã«ããã°ãçµæžå€äº€ãšã¯ãéœçã®ããçµæžã®ãèªç¶ã«åãåãã解æŸããããã«ãçµæžã«å¯Ÿãã人çºçãªãéå£ããå€äº€ãšãããæå³çãªæ¿çãã§ç·©åããããšãæããŠãããããã°ããçµæžã解æŸããå€äº€ãããšããã®ãè€å±±ã®å®çŸ©ã ã£ãã®ã§ãã4ããããããè€å±±ã¯ãéœçãåãæãããå é²åœããš
ãšãããããšãšãªããIMFãGATTãªã©ã®å€åœéåå®å å ¥ããéåèªæµ·æ¡çŽã®ãããªäºåœéåå®ç· çµãŸã§ããããã¯æ§äº€æŠåœãšã®è³ ååé¡ã«å¯Ÿããåãçµã¿ãããœé£ãäžåœãªã©ç€ŸäŒäž»çŸ©è«žåœãšã®è²¿ææéãæ±åã¢ãžã¢è«žåœã»äžå米諞åœãšã®çµæžååã«è³ããŸã§ãããŸããŸãªèª²é¡ãçµæžå€äº€ãšããã³ããã§è°è«ãããããã«ãªã£ãã®ã¯ããæŠåŸæ¥æ¬ãã®å± å Žæãåœéçã«æš¡çŽ¢ããããã§ãã£ã3ãããããã岞信ä»æ¿æš©ãæ± ç°å人æ¿æš©ãç»å Žãã1950幎代æ«èãã1960幎代åé ã«ãªããšãå€äº€ã«ãããŠçµæžãéèŠããããšã®æå³ãåãããããã«ãªãããªããªãã°ããããã®æ¿æš©ã®çµæžå€äº€ãäºã€ã®æ¹åããæ¹å€ãããããã§ããã第äžã®æ¹å€ã¯çµæžå€äº€ãå¿åãããå€é©ãã®ããæ¹ã ã£ãããšããã®ããäœå€å¿ éïŒ1957ïŒãå±±æ¬é²ïŒ1961:â 17-8ïŒã«ããã°ãããã«ã¡ã®çµæžå€äº€ã¯ãã®ã¹ããŒã¬ã³ãšã¯è£è ¹ã«ãã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®ãå·æŠãæŠç¥ã®äžç¿Œãæ ããªãããã€ãŠã®ãããªã¢ãžã¢å°åã«å¯Ÿããæ¯é ãå確ç«ãããã®ã ãšãããããã§ããããæ°ãããæ¥æ¬ãç®æããŠããã¯ãã®çµæžå€äº€ãããå€ãæ¥æ¬ãžã®åŸ©åž°ããããããåŸãããã®çµæžå€äº€ãã ãšè«é£ãããããã§ããïŒãäžçã1963:â228ïŒããŸã第äºã®æ¹å€ã¯çµæžãšå€äº€ã®é¢ä¿ã§ãã£ãã貿æã®èªç±åã«ã€ãã財çããã¯ãæ¥æ¬ã®åšå€å ¬é€šãã«å¯ŸããŠãããã£ãšå売ã«çŽçµããããæ¹ã§åããŠãããã®ãããªããããšããèŠæãåºãããããã«ãªãïŒå è¶ã»ã1964:â21ïŒããå売ãã«å€äº€ãã©ãé¢ããã®ããšããåé¡ããçµæžå€äº€ããããéèŠãªè«ç¹ãšããŠæµ®äžããã®ã§ããããããããŠãçµæžå€äº€ãšã¯ãªã«ãããããæ¬æ Œçãªè°è«ãããå€é©ãã®ããæ¹ãçµæžãšå€äº€ã®é¢ä¿ã軞ã«å±éãããããšãšãªã£ãã
ïŒïŒçµæžå€äº€ã®äžã€ã®åâŽè€å±±æäžévs.éœçé人ãããã§ãŸããçµæžå€äº€ã®å®çŸ©ããããè«žåé¡ããã£ãšã培åºçã«è°è«ããã1963幎ïŒæã®åº§è«äŒããçµæžå€äº€ãšæ¥æ¬ã®ç«å ŽãïŒéœçã»ã1963:â 116-22ïŒãã¿ãŠã¿ãããããã®åº§è«äŒã«ã¯ãéœçé人ã®åžäŒã®ããšè€å±±æäžéãååãåå ããŠããããè°è«ã®äžå¿ã¯éœçãšè€å±±ã§ãã£ããåé ãåžäŒãšããŠã®åé¡æèµ·ãè¡ãã«ãããéœçã¯ãçµæžå€äº€ãå®çŸ©ããããšã®é£ããã«ã€ããŠããææããŠããããçµæžãšããã®ã¯ãå æ¥
24
ã®å調ãšãåŸé²åœãã®éçºãšã¯äž¡ç«ããã®ããšããåé¡ã«ã€ããŠãããã¯ãå°ãæ¬è³ªãã¡ããäºã€ã®åé¡ã§ã¯ãªããããšææããããªããªãã°ãåè ã¯ãã¬ããäžåäºæ¡ãé¢çšã®åé¡ãåãæãããèªç±ãªæµéããä¿é²ãããæµéã®åé¡ãã§ããã®ã«å¯ŸããŠãåŸè ã¯ã建èšã®åé¡ãã§ãã£ãŠããããã«æ¥æ¬ãã©ãååããŠããããã課é¡ãšãªã£ãŠããããã§ãããããã§ããäžã€ã®æ¹åããšããŠè€å±±ãææ¡ããã®ãããèªç±ãªæµéãã«ãããå€è²šã®èç©ããã建èšã®åé¡ã«æ³šã蟌ãããšããæ¹æ³ã§ãã£ãããšããã®ãããããéã«ããŠãååã ãã«æ¥æ¬ã®è²¿æã®äž»äœã眮ããšããã«ãšããäžçæµéé貚ãäžè¶³ããŠããåœãšã®äº€æã§ã¯ãè¡ãè©°ãã«ãªã£ãŠããŸããããã§ããããçµæžã解æŸããå€äº€ããšããŠçµæžå€äº€ãç解ããè€å±±ããããã°ããã®æåªå 課é¡ã¯åååé¡ã®è§£æ¶ããã貿æã®èªç±åã«ãã£ãã®ã§ããããã ãéœçã¯ãè€å±±ã®è°è«ã«çã£åããåé§ãããã財çãäžå¿ã«æ°å€ãã®ããã·ã§ã³ãå€ã«éãããæ¥æ¬ãšããŠããªãã¯ã£ãããšãã姿å¢ãåºãŠããããšèããéœçããããã°ã財çã¯ãå é²åœããšã®å調ã®ã»ãã«ããã£ãšä¹ãåºããŠãããããããããã¯åé¢ã§ããŸããŸãåååé¡æéã®æ¹åãžåãã¹ã泚æãããããããããšãæå³ããŠããããªããªãã°ããçµæžäººã®åå®ãããçšåºŠç¡èŠãããããªããšããªãããªããã°ãåŸé²åœéçºã«ãæ¥æ¬ãç©æ¥µçã«å¯äžããããšã¯ããããããããã§ãããéœçã¯ãçµæžå€äº€ã®å®çŸ©ã«ã€ããŠããè°è«ããŠããã
çµæžãšãããã®ã¯ãããã¿ãããã®è«çãšãåå®ã§ãã£ãŠèªç¶ã«åããã®ã ãå€äº€ãšããã®ã¯ãæå³çã«ãªã«ããªãããã¹ããã®ã ãçµæžå€äº€ãšããããã«ã¯ãçµæžã®åãã®ãŸãŸã»ã£ãšããã®ã§ã¯ããŸããããªããšããããæ¿çã§ãã£ãŠåãããšããã«æå³ãããã®ã ããšãããµãã«ç§ã¯è§£éãããããã§ãïŒéœçã»ã1963:â122ïŒã
éœçã®ããçµæžå€äº€ãšã¯ãçµæžã®ãèªç¶ã«åãåãã ãã§ã¯è§£æ±ºã§ããªãåé¡ããããçã¿åºãåé¡ïŒããšãã°åååé¡ïŒã«å¯ŸåŠããããã®ããçµæžäººã®åå®ãããç¡èŠãããããšãèŸããªãããåœæ°çå©çããåºç€ãšããå€äº€ã§ãã£ãããå®ããŠãããã®ã売ããããšãããããªçµæžã®æã€ãèªç¶ã«åãåãã¯æããããæ£åœæ§ãæããŠãããããããããç¡èŠãããã«ã¯ãåœæ°çå©çããšããæ°äž»çãªåº
ç€ãå¿ èŠã ãšãããããã§ãããã€ãŸãéœçã®è°è«ã¯ã岡矩æŠïŒ1955:â161-4,â267-9ïŒããå€äº€ã®æ°äž»ççµ±å¶ããšåŒãã ãã®ãã€ãããŠçµæžãåããããšãããã®ã§ããããçµæžãçµ±å¶ããå€äº€ããšããŠçµæžå€äº€ãå®çŸ©ãããã®ã ã£ãã®ã§ããã
âµæ°éçµæžå€äº€ãšãã®æ¹å€ããã ã貿æã®èªç±åãæšãé²ãããã1960幎代äžèããåŸåã«ãªããšããããäºã€ã®åã«å ããŠããäžã€ã®è°è«ãç»å Žããããããã財çããæã¡åºãããæ°éçµæžå€äº€ã§ãã£ããããã®æ°éçµæžå€äº€ãšã¯ããæ°éãã®çµæžçäž»äœã«ããâçµæžå€äº€âã®ããšã§ãããå ·äœçã«ã¯ãããåœè²¡ç人ã®äž»èŠåœéäŒè°ãžã®åå ãäž»èŠè«žåœãšã®è²¡ç人äŒè°ã®éå¬ãããã¯çµæžäœ¿ç¯å£ã»èª¿æ»å£ã®æŽŸé£ããªã©ãæããŠããïŒäœè€ã»ã1967:â22ïŒããã ãããã§ããâçµæžå€äº€âãšã¯ãªã«ãã«ã€ããŠç¥ãã«ã¯ããããã財çããªããæ¿åºã«ããçµæžå€äº€ãšã¯å¥ã«æ°éçµæžå€äº€ãå¿ èŠãšããŠããã®ããã¿ãªããã°ãªããªãããã®çç±ã¯äºã€ãããäžã€ã¯æ¿åºã®çµæžå€äº€ã«å¯Ÿãã財çã®äžæºã§ãããéŠå·è±å²ãå®è¥¿æ£å€«ãææããŠããããã«ã財çã®èããâçµæžå€äº€âãšã¯ãã貿æåå®ãšãéååå®ãªã©ã®äº€æžã»ç· çµãã®ã¿ãªãããããããããæµ·å€ã§ãã£ãŠãã貿ææ¥åã«å¯Ÿããããã¯ã¢ãããããå«ããã®ã§ãã£ãããšãããçŸç¶ãã¿ãŠã¿ããšã岩äœå±å®ãåå æ倫ãè¿°ã¹ãŠããããã«ããæ¥æ¬ã®åšå€å ¬é€šã®äººãã¯ãåã ã®è²¿æãçµæžåé¡ã«ã¿ããããããšã¯åœ¹äººãšããŠã¯è¡éãã ããšããŠæ¶æ¥µçãªæ 床ã瀺ããŠããã®ã§ããããæ¥æ¬ã«ãããšãŒãããè«žåœãªã©ã®é§åšå ¬é€šãããåã ã®æ°éæ¥è ã®å売ã«æ·±å ¥ãããŠãèªåã®åœã®è²¿æã䌞ã°ããŠããããšåªåããŠããããšããããã¯å€§åé¡ã§ãã£ãïŒå è¶ã»ã1964:â 21-3,â27ïŒãããŸãããäžã€ãæ¿åºã®çµæžå€äº€ã«è²¢ç®ããŠãããšãã財çã®èªè² ã§ããã倧éåå·±ãæ¥è±éåèªæµ·æ¡çŽã®ç· çµãäºäŸã«ãæ¿åºãšçµæžäººãšã®ååã«ããçµæžå€äº€ãããéåžžã«éèŠãã ãšè¿°ã¹ãããã«ïŒäœè€ã»ã1967:â29-30ïŒããããã¯ãæ°éçµæžå€äº€ã茞åºæ¯èã«å€§ããªåããã£ãããšãã足ç«æ£ãæ°žéééã®çºèšã«ã¿ãããããã«ïŒè¶³ç«ã»ã1966:â22ïŒãæ°éçµæžå€äº€ã¯ãããŸã§ãšãã«ã¯æ¿åºã®çµæžå€äº€ãæ¯ããšãã«ã¯ãªãŒãããŠããã®ã ããšããã®ã財çã®èªèã§ãã£ãããããããäœè€åäžéã¯ãçµæžé¢ã§
ãçµæžå€äº€ãæŠå¿µã®æŽå²çæ€èšã25
ã®æ¥è§Šãæ·±ãããããšã§ãå€äº€äžã®åé¡ã解決ãããããªããç¹ã«ãæ°éçµæžå€äº€ã®æã倧ããªåœ¹å²ããããã®ã ãšäž»åŒµãã山瞣åèŠããçµæžé¢ä¿ã®åé¡ãªã©ã§ã¯ãæ¿åºéã®æè¡ã§ã¯ãŸãšãã«ããåé¡ããæ°é人ã話åãã°ããŸããããã®ã ãšåŒ·èª¿ããã®ã§ããããããã«ãæ°éçµæžå€äº€ã«ã€ããŠã¯ãã©ããå売äžå¿ã«ãªãéããŠããããšã®æ¹å€ããããããçµæžå€äº€ãšããããšã«ãªãã°ããã®æ§è³ªäžæ°é人ã®æŽ»åã«ä¿ã€é¢ãå€ããªã£ãŠããã®ã¯åœç¶ããªã®ã ãšããããã§ããïŒäœè€ã»ã1967:â24-6,â29ïŒãããã®ããã«ãæ°éçµæžå€äº€ã®ãªãã§âçµæžå€äº€âãæå³ãããã®ãšã¯ãçµæžã®ãèªç¶ã«åãåãã®è§£æŸã«æ¢ãŸãããå€äº€ãšãããæå³çãªæ¿çããã€ããããæ°éãã«ããçµæžååŒã®æå©ããèŠæ±ããããçµæžååŒãåŸæŒãããå€äº€ãã§ãã£ããããã ã財çã«ããâçµæžå€äº€âã®ç解ã¯ãçµæžå€äº€ããçµæžãçµ±å¶ããå€äº€ããšããŠè§£éããç«å Žããæ¹å€ãããããšãšãªãããšããã®ããããšãã°éœçïŒ1964:â 78-9ïŒãææããŠããããã«ãçµæžå€äº€ãšã¯ãåœæ°çå©çãšãããã®ãèžãŸããŠããã®ããã«åœã®çµ±äžçãªææããå€äº€æ¹éã®åœ¢ã§ãçµæžé¢ã§æåºããããšããããšãã ããã§ããããéæŸçµæžãã®ããšã§ã¯ãçµæžåé¡ãšãããã®ã¯æŸã£ãŠãããŠããäœãããšãã€ãã«èµ·ã£ãŠããããããæ¿åºãçµæžå€äº€ãå±éããªããã°ãæ°éãã®ãçµæžè«žé¢ä¿ããã察å€çµæžé¢ä¿ã®æ§æ Œã¥ããããŠããŸããããã®ããããçµæžå€äº€ãšããèšèã®å Žåã«ã¯ããã¯ãæ¿åºãé ç¹ãšããŠæšãããããããå€äº€æ¿çãšèããã®ã劥åœããªã®ã§ããããããå®çŸããæ段ãšããŠãæ°éã®äººãã¡ãå©çšãããŠãããªãã°ãæ°éå€äº€ãšããããããšããã®ãéœçã®ç«å Žã ã£ããããã°è²¡çã®ããæ°éçµæžå€äº€ãšã¯ãéœçããããã°ç§çãªãçµæžçååŒè«žé¢ä¿ã®èª¿æŽãã«ãããªãã®ã§ãããããã¯æ°éå€äº€ãšãçµæžå€äº€ãšããããªããã®ã ã£ãã®ã§ããã
ïŒïŒãæ°ããçµæžå€äº€ãã®å°é ããšããã1960幎代æ«èãäžç第äžäœã®GNPãæã€ãŸã§ã«æé·ããæ¥æ¬ã¯ããã§ã«çµæžã«å¯Ÿããéå£ã®å°ãªãåœéç°å¢ããæ©æµãåããããç«å Žã«ãªã£ãŠããããã®ããããã®ããšã¯IMFãGATTã®ãããªåœéçãªæ çµã¿ãåæºããŠãããšã®èªèãšãçžä¿ã£ãŠãçµæžå€äº€æŠå¿µã®åãçŽããæ¹èµ·ããã®ã§ãããããããŠæèµ·ãããã®ããèªç±è²¿æäœå¶ãšãã
ã§æ©æµãåããããæ¥æ¬ã®ç¶æãå¿åãããæ°ããçµæžå€äº€ãã§ãã£ããããšãã°æšæåŽä¹ïŒ1971ïŒã«ãããšãæ¥æ¬ã¯ãç¬ç«ä»¥æ¥ããçãããããã®çµæžå€äº€ããå±éããŠããããããçµæžçºå±ä»¥å€ã®ãã®ã«ç®ãããããããäžççµæžã®åºæ¬çæ çµã®ç¶æ匷åã«åªåãããšãããããªäœè£ããããããéæããåãããªãã£ããã ãããäžççµæžãæ¥æ¬çµæžã倧ããªå€é©ããšãããããŸãããçµæžå€äº€ã®é²ãã¹ãæ¹åã倧ããå€ããããèªç±ãªåœé亀æµãåºèª¿ãšããåœéçµæžã®çºå±ãããåœã®åºæ¬çåœçã§ããããšã®èªèãããšã«ãèªç±è²¿æçµæžäœå¶ã®ç¶æ匷åããç®æãã¹ãã ãšãããã®ã§ãããæšæã¯ããã®ããæ°ããçµæžå€äº€ãã®äžå¿ããã¹ããã®ãã«ã€ããŠãã匷調ããŠããã
äžçã®å€§å€æ°ã®åœãã倧ããªäžæºãæããæ²ãããªãã«ãèªç±è²¿æçµæžãç¶æããŠãããããã«ãäžççµæžäœå¶ãç¶æãæ¹åããŠããããšã§ããããã®ããã«ããåœãç©æ¥µçã€ãã·ã¢ãã£ããåã£ãŠããããšã§ããããŸãããåœãšçµæžé¢ä¿ã®æ·±ãè«žåœããæ¥æ¬ãšã®çµæžé¢ä¿ãç¶æãçºå±ããŠããã®ãå©çãšæããããã«ãäžæã®æ¥è§Šãã€ã¥ãã䞻匵ãã¹ãã¯äž»åŒµããè²ãã¹ãã¯è²ã£ãŠåŠ¥åœãªé¢ä¿ãä¿ã£ãŠããããšã§ããïŒæšæ1971:â41ïŒã
ãããŸã§ã®ç¬¬äžæã«ãããŠçµæžå€äº€ãšã¯ããæ°ããªãæ¥æ¬ïŒãæŠåŸæ¥æ¬ãïŒã®åœéçãªå± å Žæãæ±ããŠãæ¥æ¬ãšãããåãå·»ãåœéç°å¢ãäºéã«ãå€é©ãããããã«è«ããããŠãããããããããŸããæ°ããçµæžå€äº€ãã¯ãèªç±è²¿æäœå¶ãšããã§ã®æ¥æ¬ãäºéã«ç¶æããããã«è°è«ããã€ã€ãã£ãã®ã§ãããããããŠã1971幎8æã®ãã¯ãœã³ã»ã·ã§ãã¯ã®ååŸã«å¢å ãã1973幎10æã®ãªã€ã«ã»ã·ã§ãã¯ãåããŠã»ãšãã©äžå¯éçãšãªã£ããã®åŸåã¯ã第äºæãç¹è²ä»ãããã®ãšãªãã®ã§ããã
ïŒïŒãæŠåŸæ¥æ¬ãã確ç«ããâŽãæ°ãã秩åºãã®åºå®åãããã§ãŸãããªãã®ããã«ãæ°ããçµæžå€äº€ããè«ããããã®ããç¥ãããã«ã1974幎ïŒæã®ãå£åçŸä»£çµæžãã«æ²èŒãããã·ã³ããžãŠã ããè³æºãšçµæžå€äº€ããã¿ãŠã¿ãããçš²ç°ç®äžåžäŒã®ããšãçµæž
â ¡ïŒäœå¶ç¶æã®çµæžå€äº€ïŒç¬¬äºæïŒ1973ïœ97幎ïŒ
26
åŠè ãæ¿æ²»åŠè ãå·¥åŠè ãªã©äžåãåå ãããã®èšè°ã§ã¯ãçµæžåŠè ãäžå¿ã«ãçµæžã¯åžå Žã¡ã«ããºã ãå°éããèªç±è²¿æäœå¶ã®ããšã«å§ããå€äº€ã®ãããªæ¿æ²»çäœçºã¯ããŸãããã«é¢ããã¹ãã§ã¯ãªãããšãã䞻匵ãå«ã°ããŠãããäžäŸãæãããšãä»äºè³¢äžïŒä»äºã»ã1974:â25-30ïŒã¯ãäžæ¬¡ç£åã®äŸ¡æ Œããããªãã£ã«ã«ãªåãã§æ±ºå®ããããšãããUNCTADçãªçºæ³ãããèªç±è²¿æçãªç§©åºããšå¯Ÿæ¯ããããã§ãæ¥æ¬ãšããŠã¯ãã¬ããååã«æ²¿ã£ãŠãåŸè ãéžæãã¹ãã ãšããããªããªãã°ããªã€ã«ã»ã·ã§ãã¯ã¯ããã©ã€ã¹ã»ã¡ã«ããºã ãå žåçã«è¡šããããäºäŸãšããŠç解ã§ããã®ã§ããããç¹æµé¢çšãããäžæ¬¡ç£ååå®ãã®ãããªæ¿æ²»çäœçºã¯ãããã䞻匵ããçºå±éäžåœã«ãšã£ãŠãããã»ãšãã©ãããŸã«ãªã£ãŠãããããã§ããããããããããã ãšããã°çµæžå€äº€ã¯å¿ èŠãªãã®ã§ã¯ããšããçåãçããããŸãã«ãã®ç¹ãææããã®ãé«åæ£å ¯ïŒ1974:â15ãä»äºã»ã1974:â38,â46ïŒã ã£ãããç³æ²¹å±æ©ã®æ倧ã®å±æ©ã¯ãèªç±è²¿æãååãšããåœéçµæžã®äœå¶ãå·ã€ããããããšãã§ãããšããé«åããããã°ããèªç±è²¿æäœå¶ãç¶æãçºå±ããã姿å¢ã®äžã§ãè³æºåé¡ãèããªããã°ãªããªãããšããã®ãçµæžå€äº€ã®ãåºæ¬çãªååãã ãšããããšã«çãã®äœå°ã¯ãªãã£ãããšããããããèãããšãçµæžå€äº€ãšã¯ãã£ããäœãªã®ããããããããªããããªããªãã°ããèªç±è²¿æäœå¶ã®äžã§ã¯ãåççã«èšãã°æ¿åºã¯ããŸã圹å²ãæããªãããã ãããèªç±è²¿æäœå¶ãç¶æãããšãã圢ã®äžã§ã®çµæžå€äº€ãšã¯ããã£ããäœãããã®ã ããããšããçåã¯æåãããããããã§ããããã¿ãããé«åã¯ããªãã®ããã«çµæžå€äº€ãè«ããã®ããšããæ ¹æ¬çãªåé¡ãæèµ·ããŠããã®ã§ããããããã«å¯ŸããŠãåžå Žã¡ã«ããºã ãå°éããè«è ãã¡ã®çãã¯ãèªç±è²¿æäœå¶ãç¶æã»æ¡å€§ããããã«ããçµæžå€äº€ã¯å¿ èŠã§ããããšãããã®ã§ãã£ããããšãã°ä»äºã¯ããèªç±è²¿æã®ååã«åãããšãã«æ¿åºãåºãŠãã£ãŠã調åãªããè¡ããããšããçŽç²ã®çµæžå€äº€ãã ãšããŠãããã€ã³ããããã³ãã³ã°ãã«å¯Ÿããæ¿åºã®ãæè°ããäŸãšããŠæããŠãããå°å®®é倪éã¯ãããããã«çºå±ãããIMFãGATTããã ãã ããã£ã¹ã€ã³ãã°ã¬ãŒãããããŠããããªãã§ããå é²åœçžäºéã¯è²¿æéå£ãªã©ãäžåæ€å»ããåºãèªç±è²¿æå°åã«ãããããšããããšãããæ¥æ¬ã®åœçããã¿ãçµæžå€äº€ã®éå¿çãªç®æšããª
ã®ã ãšææããããŸã䞊æšä¿¡çŸ©ãåæ§ã«ãèªç±è²¿æãç®æããŠãã§ããã ãé害ããªãããã®ãçµæžå€äº€ã ãšè«ãããæ¥æ¬ã®ããŒãã©ãã³ã¹ã¯æ±ºããŠæªããªããã®ã ãšè¿°ã¹ãã®ã§ããïŒä»äºã»ã1974:â46-7ïŒããã§ã¯ãèªç±è²¿æäœå¶ãšããã§ã®æ¥æ¬ãç¶æããããã«è«ããããããã«ãªã£ã第äºæã®è°è«ã¯ãã©ã®ãããªæå³ãæã£ãŠããã®ã ãããããã®ããšãç解ããããã«ãå°ãé·ããªãããçš²ç°ã®åé¡æèµ·ãããããããªããåããåŒçšããŠã¿ããã
çš²ç°ç®äžãèªç±è²¿æã®è©±ãšãããã§ããã€ãçåã«æãã®ã§ãããæ¥æ¬ã®å Žåãéå·¥æ¥åãæãéçšã«ãããŠãã©ãèããŠãèªç±è²¿æã§ãã£ãŠãããšã¯æããªãã
ããéååŠå·¥æ¥åãé²ãã§ãã倧äžå€«ãšããã¬ãã«ã«éããŠãããããã§ã¯ããããèªç±è²¿æã§ããããšãã£ãŠãããã®ææ¡ãã¯ãããŠïŒ¬ïŒ€ïŒ£ããã®ä»ã®è«žåœã«ãŸãšãã«åå ¥ããããã ããããïŒäžç¥ïŒ
ããå®ã¯ãããŸã§ã®æ¥æ¬çµæžã®çºå±éçšã§ãæ¥æ¬ã¯ããªãå€ã秩åºãç Žå£ããŠããã®ã§ã¯ãªããããããŠæ°ãã秩åºãã§ããŠããŸã£ãããä»åºŠã¯ããã厩ããªãããã«ããã»ãããããšèšã£ãŠããããã«åãããããªãããããã£ãŠãæ¥æ¬ãèªç±è²¿æãæã¡åºããŠããä»ã®åœãããã«æºè¶³ããŠããããã©ããçåã«æãã
å°å®®é倪éãäœéçºåœã«çŽã¡ã«èªç±è²¿æãšããã®ã¯ç¡çãªããšã§ãããŸãç¡æ¡ä»¶ã®èªç±è²¿æãªã©ã¯ã誰ãä¿¡ããŠã¯ããªãããã ãåççãªã«ãŒã«ãã€ãã£ãŠãã§ããã ãç¡çãªéå£ãªãã«ããªãã¹ãèªç±ãã€å€è§çã«è²¿æããããšããããšã§ãã
çš²ç°ãçµå±ãçšåºŠã®åé¡ãšããããšã«ãªãããã§ããããã®çšåºŠã«ã€ããŠæ¥æ¬ã®äž»åŒµã¯è«ããããããšèšããã¯ããªãããšããããšã§ãã
å°å®®ãçšåºŠã«ã€ããŠäº€æžããããã§ããããçµæžå€äº€ã§ã¯ãªãã§ããããã
ä»äºè³¢äžããããããããŠåºæ¬çãªæµããã¿ãã°ãæŠåŸã®æ¥æ¬ã¯èªç±è²¿æã§ãããšæãã现ããªæ®µéã§ã¯éç£çã«å¯Ÿãã颚åœããã¯åŒ·ãããã©âŠâŠã
çš²ç°ããããæ¥æ¬ã®å·¥æ¥è£œåä¿è·ã«ã€ããŠã¯ãå€åœãã倧å匷ãéé£ãããŠããã
ãçµæžå€äº€ãæŠå¿µã®æŽå²çæ€èšã27
䞊æšä¿¡çŸ©ãä¿è·çããšã£ããšããã®ããæ©ãèªç±åããããã«ããããããã§ä»æã¯ãªãïŒç¬ïŒãèªç±åããŠç£æ¥ã朰ããŠã¯ãããããªãããâŠâŠãããã«ãèªç±åã¯çµæžæ¿çã®ç¬¬äžç®æšã§ã¯ãªããâŠâŠã
çš²ç°ããã¡ãããèªç±åèªäœãç®æšã§ã¯ãªããç§ãããŸèšã£ãŠããããšã¯ãæ¥æ¬ãããŸãŸã§ã©ããªæ¿çããšã£ãŠããããéé£ããŠããã®ã§ã¯ãªããããŸãŸã§ååä¿è·ããŠããŠãäžæ¬ç«ã¡ã«ãªã£ããèªç±åã§ãããŸããããšããç¹ã§ããã«ãŒã«å€æŽãèªåã«éœåããåºããŠããå€åœãåå ¥ããŠããããã©ãããšããããšã§ãïŒä»äºã»ã1974:â47-8ïŒã
çš²ç°ãææããŠããã®ã¯ãæ¥æ¬ããããŸã§æ¿åºã«ããä¿è·ãã€ãããçµæžæé·ãããŠãå€ã秩åºããç Žå£ããŠãããªããããããéæãããšããã«åžå Žã¡ã«ããºã ãå°éããèªç±è²¿æäœå¶ã®ããšã§æ¿åºã«ããä¿è·ãåŠå®ãããã®ãæ°ãã秩åºãã®åºå®åãç®æããã®ãããªæ¹éãæã¡åºãããšã¯ãæ¥æ¬ã®çµæžå€äº€ã®ããæ¹ãšããŠåŠ¥åœãªã®ãããšããç¹ã§ãã£ããããããã®ææãåçºãåãããšããããšã¯ãçµæžå€äº€ããå€ã秩åºãã®ç Žå£ïŒãå€é©ãïŒã§ã¯ãªããæ°ãã秩åºãã®åºå®åã®ããã«è«ããããããã«ãªã£ãããšãæå³ããŠãããããã«ããã°ãæŠåŸæ¥æ¬ãããã®ãæ°ãã秩åºãã®ãªãã«å± å Žæã確ç«ããã®ã ãšããèªèãåæ ããŠãããããããŠç¬¬äžæã«ããããå€é©ãã®ããã®çµæžå€äº€è«è°ã¯ããæ°ãã秩åºãã§ããèªç±è²¿æäœå¶ãšããã§æ©æµãåããããæ¥æ¬ãäºéã«ç¶æããããã«èªç±åã®ãçšåºŠã«ã€ããŠäº€æžããããäœå¶ç¶æã®çµæžå€äº€ãšããŠåå®çŸ©ãããããšãšãªã£ãã®ã§ããã
âµå åŽã®å±æ©ãå€åŽããã®å±æ©ããã®èæ¯ãããã«æ€èšããããã«ã1976幎ïŒæãã10æã«ãããŠãèªç±ãã«æ²èŒãããã·ã³ããžãŠã ããæ¥æ¬ã®çµæžå€äº€ããã¿ãŠã¿ããããšããã®ããããã§ã¯åã€ã®ã»ãã·ã§ã³ã«å¯Ÿå¿ããå人ã®å ±åè ãã¹ãŠããåžå Žã¡ã«ããºã ã®å°éã«ããèªç±è²¿æäœå¶ã®ç¶æãæ²ããŠããããã§ãããããŸãã第äžã»ãã·ã§ã³ã®å ±åè ãç¢å³¶é次ïŒ1976:â49-51ïŒãææããããã«ãçµæžå€äº€ã®åæ€èšãå¿ èŠãšãªã£ãã®ã¯1970幎代åé ã«é¡åšåããäžççãªå€åã®ããã§ãã£ããããã¯ç¬¬äžã«ããçµæžã®çžäº
äŸåé¢ä¿ãéåžžã«å¯æ¥ã«ãªããããäžåœã®çµæžã®å€åã¯å¿ ãä»ã®å€ãã®åœã ã®çµæžã®å€åã«åœ±é¿ãåãŒããšããæ代ã«ãªã£ããããšããŸã第äºã«ããæ¿æ²»ãšçµæžãšã®è€éãªçµ¡ã¿åããã®ããã«ããçµæžã®åé¡ã¯çµæžã®ã¿ã§åŠçããããšããæ代ã§ããªããªã£ããããšã§ããããããããŠç¢éã¯ãæ¥æ¬ã®ãããªãè°äŒå¶æ°äž»äž»çŸ©ããšãèªç±äž»çŸ©å é²å·¥æ¥åœãã®ç«å Žããã¿ããšäºã€ã®åé¡ãçèµ·ããã®ã ãšææãããäžã€ã¯éãšãã«ã®å æåæ¢ã«è±¡åŸŽããããIMFã»GATTäœå¶ã®æ«æãã§ããããã®ããšã¯ãèªç±äž»çŸ©çµæžã®åºæ¬çã«ãŒã«ãã®ãåªå€±ããæããããŸãããäžã€ã¯ãåœé£ã®å€è³ªãã§ããããæ€æ°å°ç¬ç«ããŒã ãã®åž°çµãšããŠæ°èç¬ç«åœããåœé£ã«å€§éã«å çãããããã«ããåœé£ãšããå Žã«ãããŠãè°äŒå¶æ°äž»äž»çŸ©ã«åºã¥ãèªç±äž»çŸ©çµæžã®ç念ãå®çŸããããããšããããããŠå°é£ãã«ãªã£ãŠããŸã£ãã®ã§ãããç¢å³¶ããããã°ããèªç±äž»çŸ©çµæžãã¯ããIMFã»GATTäœå¶ã®æ«æãã«è±¡åŸŽãããå åŽããã®åŽ©å£ãšãåœé£ã®å€è³ªãã«ã¿ãããå€åŽããã®ææŠã®ããã«å±æ©çãªç¶æ³ã«é¥ã£ãŠããããããã§ããã®å±æ©æã®å ·äœçãªäžèº«ãã¿ãŠã¿ãããäžæ¹ã§ãå åŽããã®åŽ©å£ãåæãã第äºã»ãã·ã§ã³ã®å ±åè ã§ããå è€çŸ©åïŒ1976:â 55-7ïŒã«ããã°ããåœéçµæžç§©åºã®å€§ããªæ··ä¹±ãã®äž»ãªåå ã¯ããæ¿æ²»ã®è«çãããçµæžã®è«çããé»å®³ããªããæ¿çµåé¢ãããããªãäžååãã ã£ãããšã«ããã®ã ãšããããããã«æŠåŸã®äžççµæžã¯ããIMFäœå¶ãšããããåœéçµæžèª¿æŽã·ã¹ãã ãããçµæžã®èªç±ãªã¡ã«ããºã ãæ©èœãããããã®æ©æ§ãã§ãããGATTã®ååšãã®ãããã§ããäžçš®ã®æ¿çµåé¢ããå®çŸããŠãããããã1960幎代åŸå以éããå¹³åã»èªç±ã»å¹³çã»ç¬ç«ãšãã£ãæŠå¿µãç¡æ¹å€çã«åãå ¥ããããã¹ãæ£çŸ©ãšããŠã€ããªãã®ãŒåããããããçµæžæŽå©ã®åã®ããšã«ãäžå®ã®å€§éæè³ããè¡ããããã®çµæžæŽå©ã®ã絶察åãã®ããã«ãæ¿åºã®åœ¹å²ã®å¢å€§ãšããåœå ã§ã®çµ±å¶åŒ·åããšãåœééã§ã®äžæ¹çèªç±åãããççŸããåŸåãã瀺ãããã«ãªããããã«ã¯ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®ãã«ã«é床ã«äŸåããå¶åºŠããã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®çµæžåã®çžå¯Ÿçäœäžã«ãšããªã£ãŠæ¬ é¥ãé²åããããªã©ãæŠåŸã®ãæ¿çµåé¢ãã®äžååããè¡šé¢åããŠããã®ã§ãããæèšããã°ãå è€ã®ããå åŽããã®åŽ©å£ãšã¯ãIMFã»GATTäœå¶ã®æ«æãã«æ¢ãŸãããçµæžæŽå©ã®ã絶察åãã«è±¡åŸŽãããããã«
28
å€åŽããã®ææŠã«å±ããããšã«ãã£ãã®ã§ããããããããã ãšããã°ããªãå€åŽããã®ææŠã«æããããšãèªç±è²¿æäœå¶ã®å±æ©ãæãã®ããããã¯ä»æ¹ã§ãåååé¡ã«æ³šç®ããŠå€åŽããã®ææŠãæ€èšããå ±åè ãã¡ãè°è«ããŠããããã«ããã®ææŠãèªç±è²¿æäœå¶ãæåŠãããã®ã ãšåãæ¢ããããŠããããã§ãããããšãã°ç¬¬äžã»ãã·ã§ã³ã§å ±åãã深海åæïŒ1976:â 66-7ïŒã¯ããååŽããèŠæ±ãããæ°åœéçµæžç§©åºãã«ã€ããŠãããèªç±ã»å€è§ã»ç¡å·®å¥ã»äºæµãååãã«ä»£ããããçµç¹åïŒèšç»åïŒã»ä¿è·ã»å·®å¥ã»äžæ¹çãååãã ãšææããããã§ããåŸæ¥ã®èªç±è²¿æãäŸ¡æ Œã»åžå Žã¡ã«ããºã ã«äŸåããååããšã¯ãå šãããšãªãã䞻匵ã«ã©ã察å¿ããã®ããæ¥æ¬ã®ãåååé¡å€äº€ã®åºæ¬ãã ãšææããŠããããŸãã第åã»ãã·ã§ã³ã®å ±åè ãäžå¥œä¿®ïŒ1976:â 74-6ïŒã«ãããšãããåãã®è«žåœã®è«žå®£èšãã¯ãæããã«æ¬äŒŒãã«ã¯ã¹äž»çŸ©çææ³ã匷ãåæ ãããŠããããåœéçèªç±åžå ŽãåŠå®ãããåãããåãã«å¥ä»ããããããªåœéçµæžã®æ§é çå€åãå®çŸããããšããã究極çãªç®æšããªã®ã ãšããã®ã§ããããããããŠãæ¥æ¬ã®çµæžå€äº€ã¯å åŽãšå€åŽããã®å±æ©ã«å¯Ÿå¿ããäºã€ã®åŽé¢ãæã€ã®ã ãšããããäžæ¹ã§ããå é²åœããšã®é¢ä¿ã«é¢ããå åŽããã®åŽ©å£ã«å¯ŸããŠã¯ããè°äŒå¶æ°äž»äž»çŸ©ããšãããããèªç±äž»çŸ©çµæžäœå¶ãç¶æããŠãããšããåæã«ç«ã€ãªãã°ãããæ¥æ¬ã®çµæžå€äº€ã®äžå¿ã¯ãçãããªãã¢ã¡ãªã«ã軞ãšããå é²åœã«çœ®ãããã¹ããã ãšããããšã«ãªãããªããªãã°ããã©ã³ãã€ãšã§ã®å ã«åœéŠè³äŒè°ãã®ããã«ããå é²å·¥æ¥åœã®ååãã®ããšã§ãIMFã»GATTäœå¶ã«éšåçãªå€æŽãå ããåæã«æ°ããèªç±äž»çŸ©çµæžã®ã«ãŒã«ã¥ãããæ¥ããªããã°ãªããªããããã§ããããã®ããã®æè¡ããæ¿æ²»çè³æºãã¯ã¢ã¡ãªã«ãã¯ãããšãããå é²åœãã«éäžããŠããããã§ããïŒç¢å³¶1976:â52ãå è€1976:â60ïŒããä»æ¹ã§ãçºå±éäžåœãšã®é¢ä¿ã«é¢ããå€åŽããã®ææŠã«å¯ŸããŠã¯ããäŸ¡æ Œã»ç«¶äºã»åžå Žã¡ã«ããºã ã®ãã€æå¹æ§ãéèŠããã€ã€ããã®ã¡ã«ããºã ãäœçšãããçµæçãã倧ããªäžå¹³çãªãäžå®å®ãªãã«å¯ŸããŠãè£æ£ã»èª¿æŽããæªçœ®ããšãããšãããåºæ¬æ¹åã»åºæ¬éžæãã ãšãããããåãã®è«žåœããã次第ã«èªç±è²¿æã®ã¡ã«ããºã ãåŠç¿ããããã«ãªããããšãæãŸããããšããã®ãããæå¹ãªäžçåœå®¶ãªã匷åãªåœéæ©é¢ããããªããäžçã®çŸç¶ã§ã¯ã
ãäžççãªèšç»åã»çµç¹åãããããããååŽãã®ãæ°ããåœéçµæžç§©åºããå®çŸããããšã¯ãäžå¯èœãã ããã§ããïŒæ·±æµ·1976:â70ãäžå¥œ1976:â76ïŒãâãæ°ããèªç±äž»çŸ©çµæžã®ã«ãŒã«ã¥ããããããçšæã¯ãããæ°ãã«ãäžçåœå®¶ããã匷åãªåœéæ©é¢ããäœãã€ããã¯ãªãããšããæ 床ã¯ãåžå Žã¡ã«ããºã ãå°éããèªç±è²¿æäœå¶ã®ããšã§ãªãçµæžå€äº€ãå¿ èŠãªã®ããåŠå®ã«ç€ºããŠããããšããã®ãããã®æ 床ããæãããªã®ã¯ãçµæžå€äº€ãšããããã¡ã§æ¿åºãåœå®¶ãåžå Žã«å¯ŸããŠã©ã®çšåºŠåŒ·å¶åãè¡äœ¿ãããããæ°ãã秩åºããšããã§ã®æ¥æ¬ã®å± å Žæãç¶æããããã®éèŠãªèª²é¡ãšãªã£ãŠããããšããèªèã ããã§ãããåžå Žã«ããã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ã§ãããå é²å·¥æ¥åœãã®ç«å Žããããã°ãèªç±åã®ãçšåºŠã«ã€ããŠäº€æžãããçµæžå€äº€ã¯ããæ°ãã秩åºãã®åºå®åãç®æãã ãã§ã¯ãªããèªç±è²¿æäœå¶ã®å察è ãã¡ã«å¯Ÿããæ°ããªå¯Ÿææ段ãšãªãã€ã€ãã£ãã®ã§ããã
ïŒïŒãæ°ããçµæžå€äº€ãã®äžã€ã®åâŽå è€çŸ©åvs.å è€å¯ãããããŠã第äºæã®çµæžå€äº€è«è°ã¯åžå Žã«ãããæ¿åºãåœå®¶ã®åœ¹å²ãäžå¿ã«èå¯ãããã®ãšãªããããã§ããŸãã¯åžå Žã«çç®ããå è€çŸ©åãšå è€å¯ã®è«äºãã¿ãŠã¿ããããäžæ¹ã§å è€çŸ©åïŒ1976:â59-61ãå è€ã»ã1976:â154-5ïŒã¯ããæ¿çµåé¢ããå¿åããç«å Žãããçµæžã®è«çãã€ãŸãåžå Žã¡ã«ããºã ã®å©çšãåªå ããããšããã¯ãå¿ èŠãã ãšèããŠããããããã®åºæ¬çãªç«å Žã«ã€ããŠãããè¿°ã¹ãŠãããããªãã¡ããåžå Žã¡ã«ããºã ã«åºã¥ããåœéçµæžç§©åºãã¯ãäžçé£éŠçãªæ©é¢ã«ããå匷å¶çãªæ³å¶çèŠå¶ãã§ã¯ãã¡ã§ããã19äžçŽã®ãåœééæ¬äœå¶ãã®ããã«ãããã®æ ãšããŠå®å®ããåœéé貚å¶åºŠãå¿ èŠããªã®ã ããšãããã§å è€çŸ©åãæãæµ®ãã¹ãŠããã®ã¯ããäž»èŠåœã®ãã¡äºã«åœã§ãäžã«åœã§ãïŒäŸãã°æ¥ã»ç±³ã»è¥¿ç¬ïŒãšãã£ãåœãèªåœé貚ãå®å®ããããããé貚ãããã¯ãã ã£ããããããã®ãåœéçµæžç§©åºãã¯ãããã®äŸ¡å€ãèªããåœããããå®ããããšã§ãäžã€ã®å¶åºŠãèªç¶ã«ã€ãã£ãŠãããã¹ãã ãšãããã®ã§ãããããã ããã®ããšã¯çµæžå€äº€ãäžèŠã§ããããšãæå³ããªãããªããªãã°ããé貚ãããã¯ãã®åœ¢æã«ã¿ãããããã«ããªã€ã«ã»ã·ã§ãã¯ä»¥åŸã®äžçã§ã¯ãå é²åœãããããäžççµæžã«ç§©åºãšèªç±ãããã
ãçµæžå€äº€ãæŠå¿µã®æŽå²çæ€èšã29
ãããè³æ Œãåããåœã ãã§ããããå é²åœãããšã«äž»èŠå é²åœãçµæžçã«å®å®ããçºå±ãããããšããäžççµæžã«ãšã£ãŠæãŸãããããã§ãããããããŠããäž»èŠå é²åœãã§ããæ¥æ¬ã¯ãäžçã«ç¯ãåãããããªãçµæžå€äº€ããããã¯çµæžçºå±ãããããšããäžççµæžã«ãšã£ãŠéåžžã«éèŠããªã®ã ãšè°è«ããããæ¥æ¬ã®çµæžå€äº€ã®äžå¿ãã¯ãã¢ã¡ãªã«ã軞ãšããå é²åœãã«ããããã¹ãã ãšäž»åŒµãããããšãšãªãããã¡ããããåã®åœã ãšã®å奜çãªé¢ä¿ãããããããŠéèŠãã§ããããå¯Ÿå ±ç£åçµæžå€äº€ãã«ã€ããŠããé©åºŠã«é²ããŠãããã¹ããã ãšè°è«ãããŠã¯ãããã ãããåŸé²è«žåœãã«å¯ŸããçµæžæŽå©ã¯ããããã®åœã®å®å®ããçºå±ãå©ãããã®éªéãããªãããã®ã«éãããã¹ãã§ããããŸããå ±ç£åãè«žåœã¯ãå®å šã«æ¿çµäžå¯åãã§ããããããã®äº€æµã®çšåºŠã«ã¯ãã®ããšéçããããã®ã ãšããã®ã§ããããã€ãŸãå è€çŸ©åã®ããçµæžå€äº€ãšã¯ããçµæžã®è«çãã§ãããåžå Žã¡ã«ããºã ã®å©çšãåªå ãããããã«ããã®ãæ ããšããŠäžã€ã®ã°ããŒãã«ãªã秩åºã圢æãç®æãå€äº€ãæå³ããŠããããçµæžãåªå ããå€äº€ããšããŠæ矩ä»ãããããã®ã ã£ãã®ã§ãããããããå è€å¯ïŒå è€ã»ã1976:â155-7,â175-7ïŒã¯ããã®è°è«ã«äºã€ã®ç矩ãåããã第äžã«ããæ¿çµåé¢ãã®ããšããã¹ãŠãåžå Žã¡ã«ããºã ã«å§ããããšãã§ããã®ãããšããåé¡ã§ãããããšãã°ãªã€ã«ã»ã·ã§ãã¯ä»¥åŸã®ç³æ²¹ã®é絊é¢ä¿ãåãäžããŠã¿ããšããã®ããã®ç³æ²¹äŸ¡æ Œã®å®å®åãäŸçµŠã®éå°ã«ãããã®ã ãšæããã°ç³æ²¹ã®åé¡ã¯ãåžå Žã®ã«ãŒã«ãã«ããŠã¯ãŸããããããäžçã®äžæ³ã«äŒŽãéèŠã®æžå°ã«ããã®ã ãšãããäžçã¯ãããããäžæ³ãç¶ããå¿ èŠãããããåžå Žã®ã«ãŒã«ãã§ã¯çµæžçºå±ãéæã§ããªãããšã«ãªã£ãŠããŸãã®ã§ããããŸããåžå Žã¡ã«ããºã ã¯ãããã«ãéåžžã«å¹æçãªããããšã ãšæãããããã®åé¢ã§ãåžå Žãã©ããªã«ããŸãåããŠãéæã§ããªãåé¡ããããªãã¡ãåžå Žã®æ¬ èœãããèæ ®ããå¿ èŠãããã®ã§ã¯ãªãã ããããããããã第äºã«ãå è€å¯ã¯ãã°ããŒãã«ãªã秩åºã圢æãç®æããŠãé貚ãããã¯ããå®çŸãããšããæ¥æ¬ã®çµæžå€äº€ã®ããæ¹ã«ãçå笊ãä»ãããå è€çŸ©åã«ããã°æ¥æ¬ã¯ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®ãããªãäž»èŠå é²åœããšååããããšã§ãããå¯èœã ãšãããŠãããããçŸåšã®æ¿æ²»ã»çµæžã®å€§ããªå€åãããåã®ç»
å Žãšã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®åŸéãšããããŠæ¥æ¬ã®å€§åœã«ãªã£ãŠãããšããæ¡ä»¶ãåŒãèµ·ãããŠãããã®ã ãšããã°ããæ¥æ¬ãã©ã®ããã«ã¢ã¡ãªã«ãããããããšãã§ãããããšããåé¡ãåºãŠããã¯ãã§ããããã®ãããã¢ã¡ãªã«ãšæ¥æ¬ã®é¢ä¿ã ãã§ã¯ãã©ãã«ããªããªããããã§ããå°ãªããšãã«ããããªãŒã¹ãã©ãªã¢ãå«ãã倪平æŽå ±åäœãã®ãªãã§ãæ¥æ¬ã®çµæžæ§é ãåœéåæ¥ã«é©ãããã®ã§ãããããéèŠã«ãªã£ãŠãããããã§ããåœå ã®çµæžããçã®çµæžå€äº€ãšããŠããŸæ¥æ¬ã«èª²ããããŠããåé¡ã ããšèããã°ããæ¿æ²»ã®æ··å ¥ãé¿ããŠçµæžã®ã¡ã«ããºã ã匷調ããããšã¯äžå¯èœã§ã¯ãªããããã ããããããããããŸã§ãèªç±æ°äž»äž»çŸ©äœå¶ã®äžã«ãããçµæžå€äº€ãã§ãã£ãŠããã®ç Žå£ããããããåäœå¶çãªåçãæã£ãåœã ã«å¯Ÿãããããã¯çãã«ã¯ãªããªããã®ã§ãããå è€å¯ã¯ãçµæžå€äº€ãšåžå Žã®åé¡ã«ã€ããŠããè¿°ã¹ãŠããã
åžå Žã®ã«ãŒã«ã«ãããã£ãŠèããããšã®ã§ããªãåé¡ãšããŠãããã«ç³æ²¹ã®åé¡ããããããã§ãããã©ãããã®åé¡ãé€ããåžå Žã®ã«ãŒã«ã¯äžçã®çŸåšã®åé¡ã®è§£æ±ºã«ãšã£ãŠã¯ãéåžžã«ç¡åãªãã®ã§ã¯ãªãã ããããã€ãŸãããããããšãèããªãããªããªããšããã«ãå®ã¯çµæžå€äº€ãããã®ã§ããããåžå Žã®ã¡ã«ããºã ããé€ããŠããŸã£ãåé¡ããå®ã¯æãéèŠãªåé¡ãªãã§ããããã©ãçµæžå€äº€ã®äžã«çµã¿èŸŒãããšããããšã解決ãããªãéãã¯ãç§ã¯ãã®è§£çã¯ååãªè§£çã«ãªããªãã®ã§ã¯ãªãããšèããŸãïŒå è€ã»ã1976:â156ïŒã
å è€çŸ©åãšåãããã«å è€å¯ããŸãããçµæžã®è«çãæ¿æ²»ã®åãã«ãã£ãŠãããªãããŠããŠããããæ¿çµã®ççŸãã®ãªãã§ãçµæžã®è«çãå®ãããããšãããæ°æã¡ãæ¬è³ªã«ããã£ãããã ãäž¡è ãç°ãªã£ãŠããã®ã¯ããªã€ã«ã»ã·ã§ãã¯ä»¥åŸã®äžçã«ãããŠãæ¿çµåé¢ããå¯èœãªã®ãããããç¶æ³å€æã ã£ãããã®ããããããå°é£ã ãšèããå è€å¯ããããã°ãã倪平æŽå ±åäœãã®ãããªãªãŒãžã§ãã«ãªæ çµã¿ãæ§ç¯ããããã§ã®ãåœéåæ¥ãã«åãããŠæ¥æ¬ã®çµæžæ§é ãæ¹é©ããããšããããæ¥æ¬ã®çµæžå€äº€ã ãšãããã®ã§ããããšããã®ããããããããšã§æ¥æ¬ã¯ãç¹å®ã®ãããã¯ã«æ¯æãåŸããããšãã§ãããæ¿çµãççŸããªãã§é²ãããšãã§ãããããã§ããã
30
ãããã°å è€å¯ã®ããçµæžå€äº€ãšã¯ãåžå Žã¡ã«ããºã ãããçµæžã®è«çããæ©èœãããããªãæ¿æ²»ã®åãããããªãŒãžã§ãã«ãªæ çµã¿ã圢æããããšã§å®çŸããå€äº€ã®ããšã§ããããçµæžã管çããå€äº€ããšã§ãããã¹ããã®ã ã£ãã®ã§ãã5ã
âµç°äžçŽæ¯ vs.å±±æ¬æºãããã§ã¯æ¬¡ã«ãæ¿åºãåœå®¶ã®åœ¹å²ã«æ³šç®ããè°è«ãã¿ãŠã¿ããã1978幎ïŒæã®ãçµæžè©è«ãã«ãããç¹éããæ¥æ¬ã®çµæžå€äº€ãèãããã®ãªãã§ã®ç°äžçŽæ¯ ãšå±±æ¬æºã®è«äºã§ããããç°äžçŽæ¯ ïŒ1978:â 11-4ïŒã«ãããšããé貚ãéåãšãã代衚çãªçµæžå€äº€ã®ããŒããã§ã¯ãæ¿åºã®æ¯éã¯åŸåçãªäœäžã瀺ããŠãããã®ã ãšããããªããªãã°ããåœéçãªçµæžèª²é¡ãã«ãããŠã¯ãå€æ§ãªäž»äœãç¬èªã®è¡åãéãããããããããããå€äº€ã®å Žã«éããªããå€è§çãªæ¥è¿ãåœéçã«ãè¡ãããŠãããããã§ãããããããããæ¿åºã®åœ¹å²ãã©ãã«æ±ãããããšãããçµæžå€äº€ã®åºæ¬çãªããžã§ã³ãã«ã€ããŠããçµæžå€äº€ã«ãããæ¿åºã®åœ¹å²ã倧ããã®ã¯ãåžå Žãéããªãåœéçãªè³æºã®åé åïŒïŒæŽå©ïŒãã§ããããšããã®ãç°äžã®çµè«ã§ãã£ãããšããã®ãããã§ã«è²¿æãé貚ã®åé¡ã¯ãåžå Žã«ãŸããããšããæ¹åã匷ããããã§ãããããŸãæ¿åºã®äž»ãªåœ¹å²ã¯ãåœå ã«ãããæ¿çã®çµ±åãã«éãããŠããããã§ãããæ¥æ¬ããã§ããã ãèªç±ãªè²¿æäœå¶ãç¶æãããããã«ã¯ãã蟲ç£åã®èŒžå ¥å¶éã®å»æ¢ãããå·¥æ¥è£œåã®é¢çšåŒäžãããªã©ããèªç±åã®æ®µéçãªããã°ã©ã ãæ©æ¥ã«çºè¡šããããšããããã¡ã§ãæ¥æ¬ã®çµæžæ§é ãå€é©ããã¹ãã ãšããããã§ããããç°äžã®çµæžå€äº€ã®è°è«ã¯ããåœéçµæžã®èª²é¡ãããæ¿åºã®æãããã ãã«é¢ããŠããããªãã§ãåžå Žã«å§ããããªãçµæžç課é¡ïŒæŽå©ãšåœå ã®æ¿ççµ±åïŒãå€äº€ã§åããããšãããã®ã§ãã£ããåžå Žã¡ã«ããºã ãåªå ããããã«çµæžå€äº€ã¯ãã以å€ã®é åãæ åœããã®ã ãšãããŠããæå³ã§ãããã¯å è€çŸ©åãšåæ§ã«ããçµæžãåªå ããå€äº€ããšããŠçµæžå€äº€ãå®çŸ©ããç«å Žã ãšãããã ããããã ãå±±æ¬æºïŒå±±æ¬æºã»ç°äžçŽæ¯ 1978:â18-9,â21-2ïŒã¯ããã®è°è«ã«çæ£é¢ããåè«ããããªããªãã°ããåžå Žã®è«žåã®åãã®èåŸã«ã¯ãåœå çã«ã¯ãã¡ããåœéçã«ãåœå®¶ã®åœ¹å²ã®å¢å€§ããããããã§ãããç°äžã®è°è«ã¯ããåœéçµæžé¢ä¿ã®æ ãã€ããã
æ¿åºãåœå®¶ã®åœ¹å²ãšãæ ã®äžã§è¡ãªãããçµæžæŽ»åãããæ··åãããŠããããã§ãããå±±æ¬ããããã°ããæ¥æ¬ã®ãçµæžå€äº€ãã¯ãæŠåŸã®åºçºãããã£ãšããã£ã±ãæ¥æ¬èªèº«ã®çµæžçå©çãå®ããããã¯å¢é²ãã趣æšã«ã»ããªããªãã£ãããããããããŸã§ã¯ãããæãŸããåœéçãªå¶åºŠãã«ãŒã«ãã€ããããšãç®çãšããŠããã®ãªãã§èªåœã®å©çãšèãããããã®ã®å®çŸãã¯ãã£ãŠããããããªçµæžå€äº€ãå¿ èŠãšãªã£ãŠããã®ã§ããããã®å±±æ¬ã®è°è«ã®èåŸã«ã¯ãããšãã°ã寡å çãªç§äŒæ¥ã«ããäŸ¡æ Œæ±ºå®ãäŸçµŠã®ã¡ã«ããºã ã«å¯ŸããŠãäœããã®ãããªãã¯ãªç®¡çãããã¹ãã§ã¯ãªããããšããåé¡æèããã£ããåžå Žã¡ã«ããºã ã®åªå ãå«ã°ããŠããããããããåžå Žæ©æ§ã«ããå©å®³èª¿æŽã®éçãããµãŸããçµæžå€äº€ãäžå¯æ¬ ã ãšãããã®ã§ãã6ãããã®ãããå±±æ¬ã®ããçµæžå€äº€ãšã¯ãåžå Žã¡ã«ããºã ããªãããã®æ¹æ³ã§ã管çãããå€äº€ãæããŠãããå è€å¯ã®ãçµæžã管çããå€äº€ãã«è¿ããã®ã§ãã£ãããã ãã®è°è«ã®äž»çŒã¯ãå è€ã®ãããªãçµæžã®è«çããå®ãããšã«ã§ã¯ãªãããããçã¿åºãåé¡ã®è§£æ±ºã«ããããŠããã®ã§ãã7ã
â¶æ°éçµæžå€äº€ã®åç»å Žãããã§èå³æ·±ãã®ã¯ã1970幎代æ«è以éããžã£ãã³ã»ã¢ãºã»ãã³ããŒã¯ã³ããšããããšãããããæ¥æ¬ã®åœéçãªå± å Žæã®ç¢ºç«ãæèãããããã«ãªããšããµããã³ãå売ããšå€äº€ã®é¢ä¿ã®ããæ¹ãåãããæ°éçµæžå€äº€ã®è°è«ãåç»å Žããããšã§ãããããšãã°å± æ次éïŒ1983a:â117ã1983b:â119ã1983c:â117ïŒã«ãããšããå€äº€ã¯åœå®¶äž»æš©ã®çºé¡ã§ãããããæ¿åºéã§æè¡ãè¡ãããŠãæ°éãåºãå¹ã¯ãªãã¯ãã§ããããããè¿å¹Žã¯ãæ°éçµæžå€äº€ããšããããšãå«ã°ãããã掻çºã«åœéäŒè°ãéå¬ããããçµæžäœ¿ç¯å£ã®äº€æµããããªã©ã掻çºãªæŽ»åãã¿ããããã®ã ãšããããã欧å·ååœããšã®ã財ç人äŒè°ãããçµæžå§å¡äŒãã®éå¬ã«è±¡åŸŽãããããã«ãæ°éçµæžå€äº€ã®å¹ ã¯æ¡ããã°ãããã§ããããœé£ãšã®é¢ä¿ã«ãããŠããæ¿æ²»åé¡åããããªäºæãæ°éçµæžå€äº€ã§ãã°ãã°å±æ©ãæã£ãŠãããã®ã ãšããããã§ããããŸãããã®é°å²æ°ã®ãªãã§æ°éçµæžå€äº€ã®æŽå²ç 究ã«çæããæšææ人ïŒ1990:â216-7ïŒã¯ããã®çŸä»£çãªæ矩ã«ã€ããŠããåœééã®äººã»ç©ã»éã»æ å ±ã®ç§»åã倧éãã€å®¹æã«ãªã£ãçŸåšããæ°éçµæžå€äº€ã®æãã圹å²ã¯éåžžã«å€§ãããªã£
ãçµæžå€äº€ãæŠå¿µã®æŽå²çæ€èšã31
ããã®ã ãšè¿°ã¹ãŠãããããã®ææã¯ããçµæžå€äº€ãšããããšã«ãªãã°ããã®æ§è³ªäžæ°é人ã®æŽ»åã«ä¿ã€é¢ãå€ããªã£ãŠããã®ã¯åœç¶ãã ãšãã第äžæã®è°è«ãšåãç³»èã«å±ãããã®ã ããããã®ããã«ããããã®è°è«ã®èåŸã«ã¯ã第äžæãšåæ§ããããåœã®æ°éçµæžå€äº€ãããåã«æ¿åºã®å¯Ÿå€æ¿çãåŽé¢æŽå©ããã«ãšã©ãŸããããããæ¿åºã®å€äº€ããªãŒãããŠãããïŒäžæ²¢1977:â195ïŒã®ã ãšãã財çã®èªè² ãååšããŠãããããçµå¶è ã¯ãã匷調ããŠããããããããå瀟ãã³ã¯ããã®çµç¹ã«ããå売ãéããŠæ¥æ¬ã¯ãã¡ããäžçã®äººã ã®å©çã®ããã«åããŠããã®ã§ãããïŒç°éš1980:â35ïŒã
ïŒïŒçµæžå€äº€ãšæ°éçµæžå€äº€ã®èåããã ã第äºæã®æ°éçµæžå€äº€ããããè°è«ç¶æ³ã¯äžã€ã®ç¹ã«ãããŠç¬¬äžæãšã¯å€§ããç°ãªã£ãŠãããããã¯ãæ¿åºã«ããçµæžå€äº€ãšãæ°éãã®âçµæžå€äº€âãå³»å¥ããããšãããæ°éçµæžå€äº€ã«å¯Ÿããæ¹å€ãã¿ãããªããªã£ããšããããšã§ãããããšãã°çµæžå€äº€ããåœå®¶éã®çµæžåé¡ã«é¢ããå€äº€ãã¹ãŠãã ãšç解ããæšæïŒ1989:â31ïŒã¯ãæ°éçµæžå€äº€ãããå®çŸ©ããããéæ£åŒæ¥è§Šè ããåœå®¶éã®çµæžåé¡ã«é¢ãã話ãåãã亀æžã芪åãå ŒããŠè¡ãå€äº€ããããã§ã¯ãçµæžå€äº€ãšæ°éçµæžå€äº€ã¯ããã«äž»äœã®éããæã瀺ãã«ãããªããã®ãšãªã£ãŠããã第äžæã«ãããŠæ°éçµæžå€äº€ãæ¹å€ããéœçé人ã¯ãæ¿åºã«ããçµæžå€äº€ãšãæ°éãã®âçµæžå€äº€âã«é¢ããŠãã®ç解ãç°ãªãããåºå¥ãããã°ãªããªããšè«ããŠãããã第äºæã«ãªããšãã®ãããªåºåã¯äžèŠã ãšèãããã€ã€ãã£ãã®ã§ããããã®äžç«¯ã¯ããã€ãŠã®æ°éçµæžå€äº€è«è°ã®ãªãã§åŒ·èª¿ãããŠããæ¿åºã®çµæžå€äº€ã«å¯Ÿããäžæºã倧ããããŒã³ããŠã³ããŠããããšã«éæ¥çã«è¡šããŠããããããããå€åã¯ããããããåµå环ç©åé¡ãã®ãããªãæ°éçµæžå€äº€ã§ã¯æã®ã€ããããªãåé¡ãïŒå± æ1983c:â 119ïŒããã®ææãã ãã«é¡åšåãã¯ãããããšãåæ ããŠããã®ã ãšãããããããããã ãšããã°ãçµæžå€äº€è«è°ã®éèŠãªè»¢æç¹ã¯ãå·æŠãã®çµçã§ã¯ãªãããçµæžå€äº€ææŠãïŒäŒè€1999:â26ïŒãšããããã1997幎ïŒæ以éã®ã¢ãžã¢é貚å±æ©ã§ãã£ãããšããã®ããæ¿åºãšãæ°éãã«ããåžå Žã¡ã«ããºã ã®å°éããææŠãã«åž°çµãããªãã§ãäœå¶ç¶æã®çµæžå€äº€ã¯ãæ¿åºãšãæ°éããäžèŽå£çµããŠã倱ãããããã€ãŠã®çµæžæé·ãšãããå¯
èœã«ããæ¥æ¬ã®åœéçãªå± å Žæãåãæ»ãããã®ãæŠç¥ããšããŠåå®çŸ©ãããããã«ãªã£ãããã§ããã
ïŒïŒãæŠåŸæ¥æ¬ããåãæ»ãâŽããäžåºŠãäžçã«ãããã§ããã®äžç«¯ãå£éèŠãããã«ã2011幎ïŒã»ïŒæã®ãäžççµæžè©è«ãèªäžã§çµãŸããç¹éããå²è·¯ã«ç«ã€æ¥æ¬çµæžå€äº€ããæŠèŠ³ããŠã¿ãããåé ããæ¥æ¬ã®çµæžã®åãç¶æããå¯äžã®æ¹æ³ãã¯ãäžçã«ããäžåºŠåãã£ãŠãããããšã ãšäž»åŒµããè®äžäžåäºïŒ2011:â 14-5ïŒã«ããã°ãæ¥æ¬ã¯ãæé·æŠç¥ãšããŠã®å¯Ÿå€é¢ä¿ãã§ããFTAãTPPã«åå ãã¹ãã ãšããããšããã®ãããããããå°åçãªãããã¯äºåœéã®èªç±è²¿æã®ãããã¯ãŒã¯ãäž»äœãã§ããäžçã§ã¯ããã¢ãžã¢å€ªå¹³æŽã®äžå¡ããšããŠãæ¥æ¬ãæ¹é©ããŠäžçã«åºãŠè¡ããšããã¡ãã»ãŒãžãçºããããšããéèŠã ããã§ããããŸãããè³æºå€äº€æŠç¥ãã®èŠ³ç¹ããçµæžå€äº€ãè°è«ããæŽç°æ倫ïŒ2011:â18-22ïŒã¯ãè³æºé絊ãéŒè¿«ãããªãã§ãäžççµæžã®æ倧ã®çœåŒåœ¹ãã§ããäžåœããåœå®¶è³æºæŠç¥ããæšãé²ããŠããçŸç¶ã«å±æ©æã匷ããæ¥æ¬ãšããŠããç¬èªã®è³æºæŠç¥ããäžå¯æ¬ ã ãšåŒ·èª¿ããããã®ããæ¥æ¬ã¯ããè³æºäŸçµŠå ã®å€è§åãåœå®¶æŠç¥åèãã«æ¢ãŸããªãããè³æºãªãµã€ã¯ã«ããã人æè²æãã®ãããªããªãŒã«ãžã£ãã³ã«ããäžç¹çªç Žã®åœå®¶è³æºæŠç¥ããæ§ç¯ãã¹ãã ãšããããã§ãããçµæžå€äº€ã«ãæŠç¥ããå¿ èŠã ãšããç¹ã§ã¯ãé貚å€äº€æŠç¥ããæ±ããå°å³¶æïŒ2011:â27ïŒãåãã§ãçºæ¿å®ãèªå°ãããé貚å®æŠäºãã®ãªãã§æ¥æ¬ããã¹ãããšãšã¯ããåé«ã®ã¡ãªãããããã«æŽ»ãããŠããããèããããšãšãã«ããå éãããç¶ããå¿ èŠãªå¶åºŠæ¹é©ãæ§é æ¹é©ãå®è¡ããããªãã§ãæ°ããªçºå±ã»æé·ã¢ãã«ããæ瀺ããããšã ãšããããããã®ããã«ã第äžæã«ãããçµæžå€äº€ãšã¯ãããŸãèªç±è²¿æäœå¶ãšããã§ã®æ¥æ¬ã®å± å Žæãç¶æããããã®ãã®ã§ã¯ãªããæ¥æ¬ããããäžåºŠããäžçã«åºãŠè¡ããããã®ãæŠç¥ããšããŠè«ããããããšãšãªã£ãã®ã§ããã
âµãæ¥æ¬åã¢ãã«ãã®åæ§ç¯ãã§ã¯ãªããæ¥æ¬ã¯ãããäžåºŠããäžçã«åºãŠè¡
â ¢ïŒãæŠç¥ããšããŠã®çµæžå€äº€ïŒç¬¬äžæïŒ1997 幎ïœïŒ
32
ããå¿ èŠããããšãããã®ããããã¯ããã貿æç«åœãã®åŒ·ã¿ãåãæ»ãããšããçå±±ãã€ãïŒ2002:â64ïŒã®è¡šçŸã«è±¡åŸŽãããããã«ããã€ãŠã®ãããªæ¥æ¬ã®çµæžæé·ãšãããå¯èœã«ããŠããåœéçãªå± å Žæãã倱ããããã®ã ãšåãæ¢ããããããã§ãã£ããããã§ã¯ã第äžæã®åç¢ã§ããæçžä¿®ã®è«èãããNOããšãããçµæžå€äº€ãïŒæçž2002:â178-87ïŒãã¿ãŠã¿ããããæçžã«ãããšãæ¥æ¬ãã倱ãããå幎ããšåŒã°ããçµæžçåæ»ã«çŽé¢ããã®ã¯ãäžã€ã®ç¹ã§ãå å€ã®ç¶æ³ã®å€åããèªèã§ããªãã£ãããã§ãã£ãã第äžã«ããå å€ããè³è³ããããæ¥æ¬åã¢ãã«ããæ¯ããŠããå¶åºŠã»ã·ã¹ãã ãæ°žé ã«åªãããã®ã ããšããé¯èŠã«é¥ã£ããããããããã«çµæžãã«ã€ããŠããæ¥æ¬äººã¯ããããããããæ§é æ¹é©ãæåãããã®ãããªå¹»æ³ãæ±ãããããšããŸã第äºã«ããäžçã®å·æŠæ§é ã®çµçãäœãæå³ããŠãããã«ã€ããŠã®èªèã誀ã£ããããšã§ããæ§è¥¿åŽè«žåœéã«ååšããŠããçµæžç€ŸäŒã·ã¹ãã ãåžå Žçµæžã®ã¡ã«ããºã ã®çžéãé¡åšåããå¶åºŠéã®ç«¶äºãæ¿åããããšããæ¥æ¬ã¯æ£ç¢ºã«èªèã§ããªãã£ããããšãããã«ç¬¬äžã«ãããä¹ã»äžäžãåæããã®ãã€æå³ãšããã®åŸã«çããŠããäžçã®å€åã«é¢ããèªèãæ¬ åŠããŠããããšãã§ãããæçžããããã°ãããã«ã¡ã®äžçã¯ããåããããšãã倧矩ååã®ããšã«ãç±³åœããã·ã¢ãäžåœãšãã£ãæ¿æ²»ç倧åœãäžçãä»åãããšããŠããããã倧åœäž»çŸ©ãã®åŸ©æŽ»ããç¹åŸŽãšããŠãããã倧ããªæŠç¥æ§ããã£ãŠãããã®ã ãšããããšããããæ¥æ¬ã®çµæžå€äº€ã¯ãããŸã§ãå å€ã®ç¶æ³ã®å€åããèªèã§ããªãã£ããããã«ããèªãã®åœéè²¢ç®ã®æŠç¥ãæ確ã«ããŠãããšã¯ãããªãã£ããããããããæ¥æ¬ãããããã®å€§åœã«å¯Ÿæãããããã«ã¯ããæ¥æ¬ã®åœçãã«åèŽãããçµæžå€äº€æŠç¥ãæ§ç¯ããããšãããå«ç·ã®èª²é¡ãã ãšãããã®ã§ãããããã ãæ¥æ¬ã®ãæŠç¥ããšããŠãã¢ã³ã°ããµã¯ãœã³çãªè³æ¬äž»çŸ©ãããç±³åœæµã®éèã·ã¹ãã ãã¯æ¡çšã§ããªãã®ã ãšæçžã¯äž»åŒµããããªããªãã°ãã¢ãžã¢é貚å±æ©ãšãã®åŠçã®ãªãã§IMFããã¢ã³ã°ããµã¯ãœã³çãªè³æ¬äž»çŸ©ãšã¯çžå®¹ããªãäŒæ¥ã°ã«ãŒããäŒæ¥éã®å®å®çãªçµã³ã€ããåŠå®ãããããã«ããã¢ãžã¢è«žåœã«ãããŠã¯ã©ã®ãããªéèå¶åºŠãæãŸããããè°è«ããããã確ç«ããããšã®å¿ èŠæ§ãããåºãèªèããããããã«ãªã£ãããã§ããããã®ããããéèé¢ã§ã®ã°ããŒãã«ã¹ã¿ã³ããŒããã
ãã¢ã³ã°ããµã¯ãœã³çãªéèã·ã¹ãã ãã§ããã®ã¯ãåŠå®ã§ããªããç¶æ³ã®ãªãã§ãæ¥æ¬ã«èª²ãããã課é¡ããšã¯ããã¢ã³ã°ããµã¯ãœã³çãªåžå Žåç䞻矩ã«å¯Ÿãã代æ¿çãªçµæžã·ã¹ãã ãããæ確ã«æ瀺ãããããšã§ãã£ããããªãã¡ããéèå¶åºŠã®åçãããéè¡ã®éè仲ä»æ©èœã®å埩ããšãã£ããåœå ã«ãããæ¹é©ããå®çŸããªãããäžæ¹ã§ã¯ãã°ããŒãã«ãªã¬ãã«ã§ã®åœéçµæžç§©åºã®åœ¢æã«äž»å°çãªåœ¹å²ãæããããšãšãã«ãä»æ¹ã§ã¯ãã¢ãžã¢ã«ãããå°åååã®åŒ·åããæšé²ãããšããããã¡ã§ããæ¥æ¬ã®æŠç¥ãæ§ç¯ãã以å€ã«éã¯ãªããã®ã ãšãããã®ã§ãããããã°ããå¶åºŠéã®ç«¶äºããæ¿åãããªãã§ããç±³åœåã®åžå Žäžå¿äž»çŸ©ã·ã¹ãã ããšã¯ç°ãªããæ¥æ¬åã¢ãã«ãïŒåžå Žã«ãã¹ãŠãå§ããªãçµæžã·ã¹ãã ïŒãåæ§ç¯ããŠãããããã¢ãžã¢ã®å°åååã®å Žã§ãªãŒãããããã©ãããæ¥æ¬ã«åãããŠãããã®ã ãšããããã§ããã
â¶æ¿åºãåœå®¶ã®åœ¹å²ã®åè©äŸ¡ãããã§æ³šç®ãããã®ãFTAãEPAãTPPãªã©ã®èªç±è²¿æåå®ã§ãã£ããæ¥æ¬æ¿åºã¯ãGATTãçºå±çã«è§£æ¶ããWTOã®ããŒãã»ã©ãŠã³ããåæ»ãããªãã§ã2002幎ïŒæ眲åã®ã·ã³ã¬ããŒã«ãšã®EPAã端ç·ã«ãããããŸã§äºåœéã®èªç±è²¿æåå®ã«ã¯æ¶æ¥µçã ã£ããæ¹éãä¿®æ£ããïŒãçµæžã®é²è·¯ã2002ïŒããäºåœéãããã¯å°åã®çµæžçµ±åã¯äžã€ã®æ代ã®æµãã«ãªã£ãŠãããããšã«éã¿ããšããæ¥æ¬ã®çµæžã»ç€ŸäŒã®å掻æ§åãã®ããã«ã¯èªç±è²¿æåå®ãã€ãããŠã人ã»ç©ã»ãµãŒãã¹ã»è³æ¬ã®ããèªç±ãªç§»åãå®çŸããŠåžå Žãæ¡å€§ããŠããå¿ èŠããããã®ã ãšããããã§ããïŒç°äž2000:â58-60ïŒãæšæçŠæïŒ2011:â 11-3ïŒãTPPã«é¢ããŠäž»åŒµããŠããããã«ãæ¥æ¬ã®çµæžå€äº€ã¯ãå°åçãªèªç±è²¿æã®æ çµã¿åœ¢æã«ããã仲éã¥ãããããã«ãŒã«ã¥ããããã貿æèªç±åãããšãããŠããã°ããŒãã«æŠç¥ã®åæ§ç¯ããããŸãããŠããã®ã§ãããããã®ããšãæå³ããŠããã®ã¯ãæçžã®ãããæ¥æ¬åã¢ãã«ãã®åæ§ç¯ãšãã®å¯Ÿå€çãªãæ瀺ãããèªç±è²¿æåå®ã®ç· çµã®ããã«ããããã¯ãã®ç· çµãã€ãããŠè°è«ãããããã«ãªã£ããšããããšã§ãã£ããããšãã°ãæ代èªèãšæŠç¥æ§ãã®ãæ¬ èœããææãããçµæžçãïŒ2003:â109ïŒã®è«è ã«ãããšãæ¥æ¬ããFTA亀æžãæåããããããã«ã¯ããFTAæ åœå€§è£ããèšçœ®ãããªã©ããå®éžã®åŒ·åãªãªãŒããŒ
ãçµæžå€äº€ãæŠå¿µã®æŽå²çæ€èšã33
ã·ãããããæ¬ ãããªããã®ã ãšããããªããªãã°ããæ±åã¢ãžã¢ã§ã®ååšæã®äœäžã®æµããããæ¢ãŸããªãããªãã§ãã蟲æ¥ã®æ§é æ¹é©ããå«ãããæ¿çãšæŠç¥ã®åæ§ç¯ããæšé²ããããšããã貿æç«åœãæ¥æ¬ãšããŠã¯äžå¯æ¬ ã ããã§ãããèŠããã«ãEPAã®ãç£å®åŠã代衚ã«ãããå ±åæ€èšäŒåãã®ã¡ã³ããŒã§ãã£ã浊ç°ç§æ¬¡éïŒ2007:â24ïŒã®ã³ãããåããã°ããæ§é æ¹é©ã®äžã€ã®å€§ããªããŒããã§ããã蟲æ¥ãå¹çåããããšãã§ããæ¥æ¬ã®å°æ¥ããã£ãšæãããªãããEPAãé²ããããšãã§ãããã®ã ãšããããã§ãããããã¡ãããèªç±è²¿æåå®ããããåé¡ã¯ã蟲æ¥ã®æ§é æ¹é©ãã ãã§ã¯ãªãããªããªãã°ããFTAãšã¯å¶åºŠæ§ç¯ã®ç«¶äºã§ãããããããã«ããããæ¹æ¬¡ç¬¬ã§ã¯æ¥æ¬äŒæ¥ã®ããžãã¹ãåŸæŒãããããšãå¯èœãã ããã§ããïŒãé±åãã€ã€ã¢ã³ãã2009:â63ïŒãããããããæŠç¥ããšããŠã®çµæžå€äº€ã¯ããæ¥æ¬ã«ãšã£ãŠå€§ããªãã£ã³ã¹ãã ãšãããã¢ãžã¢å°åã®ãæ°èåœãã«ãèªç±è²¿æåå®ãã€ãããŠãã°ããŒãã«ã¹ã¿ã³ããŒããã«ä»£ãããæ¥æ¬äž»å°ã®ã¹ã¿ã³ããŒããã€ããäžããããšãããéèŠãªåœ¹å²ãæ ãã®ã ãšåŒ·èª¿ãããããã«ãªã£ãïŒè®äž2011:â15ïŒãèªç±è²¿æåå®ãšã¯ãããŸããŸãªåéã§ã®æ§é æ¹é©ã®åž°çµã§ãããæ¥æ¬åã¢ãã«ãã察å€çã«åãå ¥ããããããŒã«ãšããŠãç解ãããŠããã®ã§ãããããããã®è°è«ãã瀺åãããã®ã¯ãèªç±è²¿æåå®ãéèŠãã第äžæã®çµæžå€äº€è«è°ãããã®ç· çµã®äž»äœãšããŠæ¿åºãåœå®¶ã®åœ¹å²ãåè©äŸ¡ããŠãããšããããšã§ãã£ããæèšããã°ããæŠç¥ããšããŠã®çµæžå€äº€ã¯ããå¶åºŠæ§ç¯ã®ç«¶äºãã®ãªãã§ã¢ã¡ãªã«ãäžåœã®ãããªãæ¿æ²»ç倧åœãã®å°é ã«ããã«äŸµé£ãããæ¥æ¬ã®åœéçãªå± å Žæãåãæ»ãããã«ããæ¥æ¬åã¢ãã«ãã®åæ§ç¯ïŒæ§é æ¹é©ïŒãããã®å¯Ÿå€çãªãæ瀺ãïŒèªç±è²¿æåå®ã®ç· çµïŒã«è³ããŸã§ãæ¿åºãåœå®¶ã«ããå «é¢å èã®æŽ»èºãæåŸ ãããã®ãšããŠåå®çŸ©ãããã®ã§ããã
ïŒïŒçµæžå€äº€è«è°ã®çµçïŒããã®ããšã¯ãçµæžãšå€äº€ã®é¢ä¿ã«ç®ãåããããšã§ããæ確ã«ãªãããšããã®ããæ¿åºãåœå®¶ã®åœ¹å²ãåè©äŸ¡ãããçµæãæ°éçµæžå€äº€ã«ã€ããŠã®åæ代çãªè«èã圱ãæœã8ããæ¥æ¬åã¢ãã«ãã®åæ§ç¯ããã®å¯Ÿå€çãªãæ瀺ãã®ããã«ãæ¿åºãåœå®¶ã®äž»å°ã«ãããç£å®åŠãé£æºããå®æ°ãäžäœã䞻匵ã
ãããã«âçµæžå€äº€ç 究ã®æªæ¥
ããããã«ãªã£ãããã§ãããããšãã°å°ç°éšéœäžïŒ2007:â13ïŒãèãããçµæžå€äº€ã®æ¹éããšã¯ãå€åçããé¢ä¿çåºãæ°éäŒæ¥ãªã©é¢ä¿è ãšåãåãããããæ¥æ¬ã®çµæžäžã®åœçã®ç¢ºä¿ãè¿œæ±ãããããšã ã£ããäºå®ãFTAãEPAãªã©ã®ç· çµã«ããã£ãŠã¯ãåœåããæ¿åºé¢ä¿è ãç£æ¥çããã³åŠçã®ä»£è¡šè ã«ãããå ±åç 究ããå®æœããŠããããã®äœå¶ãããã«ã¡ãŸã§åŒãç¶ãããŠããã®ã§ããïŒå€åç2012ïŒããã§ã¯ãªãããããããç£å®åŠã®æ€èšãïŒçå±±2002:â65ïŒãããããŸãã«ãªã£ãã®ã ããããããã¯ãå è€æ£å€«ïŒ2010:â10-4ïŒãææããããã«ããçµæžã®ã°ããŒãã«åãã«äŒŽãåœé競äºã®æ¿åã®ãªãã§ããæ°éã ãã§ã¯ããåãŠãªãããšããèªèãæãããŠããããã§ããããæµ·å€ã®å€§åãããžã§ã¯ãã§å£å¢ã«ç«ããããæ¥æ¬ãã«å±æ©æãåãããå è€ã¯ãæ¥æ¬ã®ã競ãè² ããã®åå ããæ¥æ¬æ¿åºã®å§¿å¢ãã«æ±ããŠããããªããªãã°ããæ¿åºãåé¢ã«åºãŠææãåŸãããšç»çããã©ã€ãã«åœããšæ¯èŒããŠããæ¥æ¬ã¯æ¿åºã®é¢äžã極ããŠèãããããžã§ã¯ãããšã«äžäŒæ¥ãäŒæ¥é£åã«ããæŠãã匷ããããŠãããããã§ããããæ¿æ²»ã®åéããåãããŠãããããå è€ã¯æããããããããããããã®ãå泚åæŠãã§ã¯ãå®æ°äžäœãšãªã£ãããªãŒã«ãžã£ãã³ãäœå¶ãã®å£²ã蟌ã¿ãäžå¯æ¬ ã ãšããããã§ãããããã®ããã«ã第äžæã«ãªããšçµæžãšå€äº€ã®é¢ä¿ã¯åãããªãããã«ãªãäžæ¹ã§ãæ¿åºãåœå®¶ãäž»å°ãããç£å®åŠãé£æºããå®æ°ãäžäœã®ããã«çµæžãšå€äº€ã®äžäœæ§ã匷調ãããããã«ãªã£ãããã®çµæãçµæžå€äº€ãšã¯ãªã«ããæ£é¢ããè«ãããã®ã¯ã»ãšãã©ã¿ãããªããªããçµæžå€äº€ã®å®çŸ©ããããè«äºã¯äºå®äžã®äŒæŠç¶æ ãè¿ããã®ã§ããã
ãããã§ã¯ããã®ç¬¬äžæã®çµæžå€äº€è«è°ã¯æŽå²çã«ã©ãæ矩ä»ããããã®ã ããããæ¬çš¿ã®ãŸãšãããããŠãããã§ã¯åé ã«èšå®ããäºã€ã®èŠç¹ãããã®åé¡ãèããŠãããããããŸããçµæžå€äº€ãšã¯ãªã«ããææ¡ããããã«çµæžãšå€äº€ã®é¢ä¿ã«æ³šç®ãããšã第äžæãšç¬¬äºæã®ããã ã«ã¯ããçšåºŠã®å ±éæ§ãã¿ãããã®ã«å¯ŸããŠã第äžæã®å®çŸ©ã¯ããªãç¹æ®ã§ããããšãç解ã§ããããäžæ¹ã§ã第äžæãšç¬¬äºæã®è°è«ã¯ãçµæžãšå€äº€ã®
34
é¢ä¿ãããçš®ã®ãççŸããåãã§ãããšã®è§£éãåæãšããŠãããããšãã°ãéœçé人ããå®ããŠãããã®ã売ããããšããçµæžã®ãèªç¶ã«åãåããšãåœæ°çå©çããåºç€ãšããå€äº€ãšãããæå³çãªæ¿çããå¯Ÿç §ããŠã¿ããããã«ã第äžæã«ãããŠã¯ãããã«ã©ãæãåããã€ããã®ããçµæžå€äº€ã®å®çŸ©ããããéèŠãªäºç¹ã§ãã£ãããã®ãããçµæžã®ãèªç¶ã«åãåãã®è§£æŸãç®æãã®ããããšãå€äº€ã«ããçµæžã®æ°äž»çãªçµ±å¶ãéèŠããã®ãã«ã€ããŠã®è«æŠãããçµæžã解æŸããå€äº€ãïŒè€å±±æäžéïŒãšãçµæžãçµ±å¶ããå€äº€ãïŒéœçé人ïŒã®ããã¡ã§çèµ·ããã®ã§ããããŸã第äºæã«ãªããšããã®ç³»èã§ãããçµæžãåªå ããå€äº€ãïŒå è€çŸ©åãç°äžçŽæ¯ ïŒãšãçµæžã管çããå€äº€ãïŒå è€å¯ãå±±æ¬æºïŒãæã¡åºãããããããã«ããå è€å¯ããæ¿çµã®ççŸããšè¡šçŸãããããªãçµæžã®è«çãïŒåžå Žã¡ã«ããºã ïŒãšãæ¿æ²»ã®è«çãïŒåœéçãªæ çµã¿ïŒã®éœéœ¬ã«å¯ŸããèªèãååšããŠããããããããåžå Žã«ãããæ¿åºãåœå®¶ã®åŒ·å¶åã®ããæ¹ãããã解éã®éãããçµæžå€äº€ã®å®çŸ©ã«ã€ããŠã®å¯Ÿç«ãçã¿åºããã®ã§ãããããã«ãããäºã€ã®åã«å ãã第äžæãšç¬¬äºæã«ã¯ãæ°éçµæžå€äº€ïŒãçµæžååŒãåŸæŒãããå€äº€ãïŒã®åæ代çãªå¿ èŠæ§ãæ¿åºã«ããçµæžå€äº€ãšã¯å¥åã«è«ãããããããããããæ°éãã®âçµæžå€äº€âã䞻匵ãããèæ¯ã«ãããŠãããå売ãã®ãããªçµæžååŒã«å€äº€ãã©ãé¢ããã¹ããªã®ããšããããã¡ã§ãçµæžãšå€äº€ã®ããã ã«ãççŸããããããšãåæãšãããŠããã®ã§ãããããããä»æ¹ã§ã第äžæã«ãããŠã¯ãã®ãããªãççŸããã»ãšãã©åããããå察ã«ããç£å®åŠãé£æºããå®æ°ãäžäœã®ããšã§ã®ãããªãŒã«ãžã£ãã³ãäœå¶ãã®æ§ç¯ã«ç€ºããããããªãçµæžãšå€äº€ã®äžäœæ§ã匷調ãããããšãšãªããçµæžå€äº€ã®èª²é¡ãšããŠFTAãEPAãTPPãªã©ã®ç· çµãéèŠãããããããç£å®åŠã®æ€èšãã®ããšã§æšé²ãããããšã«ã¿ãããããã«ãæ¿åºã«ããçµæžå€äº€ãšãæ°éãã®âçµæžå€äº€âã®å£æ ¹ã¯åãæãããçµæžå€äº€ã¯ãäžé¢ã§ã¯çµæžããåªå ããïŒè²¿æãè³æ¬ååŒã®èªç±åïŒä»é¢ã§ã¯ãããã管çãããïŒãå¶åºŠæ§ç¯ãïŒå€äº€ãæã瀺ãã³ãããšããŠãè«è ãã¡ã«å ±æãããããã«ãªã£ãã®ã§ãããããããŠã第äžæãšç¬¬äºæã«ãããçµæžå€äº€ã®äžã€ã®åãšç³»èã¯äžã€ã«èåããã®ã§ããããã§ã¯ãªãã第äžæã®å®çŸ©ã¯ç¬¬äžæã第äºæãšã¯å€§
ããç°ãªããã®ã«ãªã£ãã®ã ãããããããç¥ãããã«çµæžå€äº€ããªãå¿ èŠãšãããã®ãã«çç®ããŠã¿ããšãããã©ã¯ç¬¬äžæãšç¬¬äºæã®ããã ã«æ絶ãã¿ãããã®ã«å¯ŸããŠã第äºæãšããçšåºŠã®å ±éæ§ãæãã第äžæã®ç¹åŸŽãæµ®ãã³äžãã£ãŠããããæªæŸæã®ææŠãšããæ¥æ¬ã®ãå±æ©ãã«çŽé¢ããŠãã第äžæã«ãããŠãçµæžå€äº€ã¯ããæ°ããªãæ¥æ¬ïŒãæŠåŸæ¥æ¬ãïŒãšãã®åœéçãªå± å Žæã暡玢ããããã«ãããã°æ¥æ¬ãšãããåãå·»ãåœéç°å¢ãäºéã«ãå€é©ãããããã«è«ããããããããããã®ãæŠåŸæ¥æ¬ãã®æš¡çŽ¢ã¯ãçµæãšããŠãããæŠåã»æŠäžã®åçŸãéšåçã«å«ãã§ãããšããŠããå°ãªããšãè«è ãã¡ã®æèã®ããã§ã¯ãéå»ãšã¯ç°ãªããæ°ããªãæªæ¥ãæ±ãããã®ã§ãã£ãããšããã第äºæã«ãªããšããã¯ãœã³ã»ã·ã§ãã¯ããªã€ã«ã»ã·ã§ãã¯ã«è±¡åŸŽãããäžçã®ãå±æ©ãã«æ¥ããŠãé«åºŠçµæžæé·ãå¯èœã«ãããæŠåŸæ¥æ¬ãã®åœéçãªå± å Žæã確åºãããã®ãšããããã«ãæ°ããçµæžå€äº€ããå¿ èŠãšããã厩å£ã«çããåœéç°å¢ãšããã§ã®æ¥æ¬ãäºéã«ç¶æããããã«çµæžå€äº€ãè°è«ãããããã«ãªãããæŠåŸæ¥æ¬ãã®ç¢ºç«ãå¿åããã«ããã£ãŠã¯éå»ã®ããæ¹ã¯ãã¯ãæ代é ãã§ããããæ°ããªãæªæ¥ããã§ã«äžèŠã ãšããããã§ããããã®åŸåã¯ç¬¬äžæã®çµæžå€äº€è«è°ã®ãªãã§ãã£ããé¡èã«ãªã£ãããšããã®ããã¢ãžã¢é貚å±æ©ã®ãããªãçµæžå€äº€ææŠããã倱ãããå幎ããšåŒã°ããçµæžçåæ»ã®ãªãã§äžçãšæ¥æ¬ã®ãå±æ©ããçµéšããã«ã€ããçµæžå€äº€ã¯ãã€ãŠã®çµæžæé·ãšãããå¯èœã«ããŠããæ¥æ¬ã®åœéçãªå± å Žæã«äœçŸãããã倱ãããããéå»ããåãæ»ãããã«å¿ èŠãšããããã®å®çŸãç®æãããæŠç¥ããšããŠåå®çŸ©ãããããã§ããããã®ããšã¯ããã貿æç«åœãã®åŒ·ã¿ãåãæ»ãããšããè¡šçŸãããããäžåºŠããäžçã«åºãŠè¡ãããšãã䞻匵ã«ç«¯çã«ç€ºãããŠãããããã ããæŠåŸæ¥æ¬ããåãæ»ããšãã第äžæã®æã€æå³ã¯ãããªãæ€èšã«å€ããããªããªãã°ããã®è°è«ã¯çµæžå€äº€ã®è«ãæ¹ãäºã€ã®ç¹ã§æ ¹æ¬çã«å€ããããã§ããã第äžã«ã第äžæã®çµæžå€äº€è«è°ã¯ãåå ãšçµæãæ··åãïŒãã«ãã¥ãŒãã¢ã³2010:â191ïŒããã¡ã§ãã£ãããšããã®ãããæŠç¥ããå¿ èŠãšããæ代ãããããæ¥æ¬ã¯ãæŠç¥ããšããŠã®çµæžå€äº€ãæšãé²ããã¹ãã ãšäž»åŒµããŠããã®ããæ¥æ¬ããæŠç¥ããšããŠã®çµæžå€äº€ãæšé²ããããããæŠç¥ãã®æ代ãå°æ¥ãããšåŒ·èª¿ããŠããã®ããã
ãçµæžå€äº€ãæŠå¿µã®æŽå²çæ€èšã35
ã»ãšãã©åºå¥ã§ããªãç¶æ ã«ãªã£ãŠããããã§ããããã ããã®è¡ãçãå ã¯åãã ã£ããããªãã¡ããæ°éã ãã§ã¯ããåãŠãªããåœé競äºã®ãªãã§æ¥æ¬ããã€ãŠã®ãããªçµæžæé·ãšåœéçãªå± å Žæãåãæ»ãã«ã¯ããããŸã§ä»¥äžã«çµæžãšå€äº€ãæ¿åºãšãæ°éãã®äžäœæ§ãïŒãç£å®åŠãé£æºããå®æ°ãäžäœã®ãããªããã¡ã§ïŒäžå¯æ¬ ãªã®ã ãšããããã§ããããæ代èªèãšæŠç¥æ§ãããšãã«ãæ¬ èœãããŠãããšãã第äžæã®è°è«ã¯ãããããåŸåã®äžã€ã®è¡šãã ã£ãã®ã§ããããããããã ãšããã°ããã®çµæžå€äº€è«è°ã®å€è³ªã¯ãªãèµ·ãã£ãã®ãããã®çç±ã¯ç¬¬äºã«ã第äžæã®è°è«ããéå»ãšã®å æé¢ä¿ã«ãããŠæªæ¥ãèŠå®ããããšããèããæŸæ£ãããæªæ¥ãã®ããæ¹ããéå»ãã決ããã®ã ãšããããšã§ããéå»ããšãæªæ¥ãã®åºå¥ãäºå®äžæ¶æ» ããããããã亀æå¯èœã«ããããã§ãã£ãããšããã®ãããæŠåŸæ¥æ¬ããåãæ»ããšãããæŠç¥ããšããŠã®çµæžå€äº€ã®åæã«ãããã®ãããå³åŒçã«ããã°ããæªæ¥ãã«ãããŠåãæ»ããããéå»ããšãããæãŸãªãéå»ãšãéžå¥ããåè ã®ã¿ããæªæ¥ãã«å埩ããããšãããã®ã ã£ãããã§ããããã®çµæããæŠç¥ããšããŠã®çµæžå€äº€ãè«ããããšã¯ããã®æå³ã®æç¡ã«é¢ããããæçµçã«ã¯ãæªæ¥ãã«åçŸããããéå»ãïŒããšãã°ãã€ãŠã®çµæžæé·ããããå¯èœãšããæ¥æ¬ã®åœéçãªå± å ŽæïŒä»¥å€ã®éå»ãæ¥æ¬ã®æŽå²ããæ¶ãå»ãããéå»ã®æµåããšã§ãããã¹ããã®ã«åž°çµããããšãšãªã£ãããŸããã®ããšã¯ãæãŸãããæªæ¥ãïŒåãæ»ããããéå»ãã§æºãããªãããæ¥æ¬ãããã¯ãäžéœåãªéå»ãäžç¢ºããªæªæ¥ã®ååšããªãããæ°žé ã®çŸåšããšããããå質ãªæéã®ãªãã«éã蟌ããããšãããã®ã§ãã£ããããããŠã第äžæã®çµæžå€äº€è«è°ã¯ãéå»ãæžãæ¿ããããšãããæŠç¥ããšåãé¢ãããšãã§ããªããã®ã«ãªãããã®ãæŠç¥ãã®ããšã§ã®ãæªæ¥ãå¿åãšã¯ãåãæ»ããããéå»ããåçŸããã«ãããªããã®ãšãªã£ãŠããã®ã§ãããããã®ããšã¯ãããããã®çµæžå€äº€ç 究ã«å¯ŸããŠéèŠãªç€ºåãäžããŠããããããã¯ãçµæžå€äº€ãè«ãããšããããšããçµæžãšå€äº€ã®é¢ä¿ãæ¿åºãšãæ°éãã®åœ¹å²ãããã«ã¯æ¥æ¬ã®åœéçãªå± å Žæã®ããæ¹ãæããã«ããã®ã¿ãªãããéå»ãã©ãç解ããã®ãããããè«žåé¡ãšãå¯æ¥ã«çµã³ä»ããŠãããšããããšã§ããããéå»ã®æµåãããæ°žé ã®çŸåšããç®æãããæŠç¥ãã¯ããããåæããç«å Žããã¿ã
ã°ãäžç¢ºããªæªæ¥ã«å¯Ÿãããªã¹ã¯ãäžå®ãæ¶ãå»ã£ãŠãããã®ãããããªãããããéã«ãäžéœåãªéå»ãšããŠåãæšãŠããããããã¯ãã®ããã«ããè¯ãæªæ¥ãæ±ããããšããç«å Žããããã°ããã®ãæŠç¥ãã¯åãå ¥ãããããã®ã«æ ãã ãããããããããã®äºã€ã®ç«å Žã«æãåããã€ããå¿ èŠæ§ãæãããªãã°ããéå»ãããæªæ¥ãã«åãæ»ãããã«ã§ã¯ãªããéå»ã®æªè§£æ±ºãªèª²é¡ãæããã«ããæªæ¥ã«ãããŠããã«åãçµãããã«çµæžå€äº€ãè°è«ããããšãããããŸã§ä»¥äžã«äžå¯æ¬ ãšãªã£ãŠããã®ã§ããã
泚
ïŒãçµæžå€äº€ãæã瀺ããã®ã«å€å°ãšã觊ããè¿å¹Žã®ç 究ãæŽçãããšããçµæžãç®çãšããå€äº€ãã®åŽé¢ã匷調ãããã®ïŒå±±æ¬1989: 157ãå±±æ¬2003: 185-6ãæ2001: 12-5ãç°èŸº2002: 85ãé±2010: 11ãéŽæš2012: 78ïŒããçµæžãæ段ãšããå€äº€ãã®åŽé¢ã«æ³šç®ãããã®ïŒäœè€2000: 2ãåŸ2004: 5-9ãäºäž2005: 82-3ãäºäž2012: 182-5ïŒããçµæžç®çåããããçµæžæ段åãã«å€é·ããŠãããšè«ãããã®ïŒç°äž2004: 179-80, 204-6ïŒããããäºã€ã®åŽé¢ãåæã®å¯Ÿè±¡ãšãããã®ïŒç°æ2002: 37-8, 48ã倧ç¢æ ¹2005: 220-3ïŒãã®åã€ã«åããããšãã§ããããã ãæ段ã¯å®¹æã«ç®çåãããããç®çãšæ段ã®èŠ³ç¹ããããå®çŸ©ã®ããæ¹ã«ã¯éçãããããïŒé«ç¬2008: 5-6ïŒããŸãããã®å®çŸ©ã®æ ¹æ ïŒã®äžåšïŒã«ã€ããŠã¯ããããã®æç®ãåç §ã
ïŒãããšãã°å±±æ¬é²ïŒ1961: 2-4ïŒã«ãããšãã察å€çµæžæ¿çãäžåœã®å€äº€æ¿çã®éèŠãªèŠçŽ ããªããŠããããšã¯ãä»ã«å§ãŸã£ãããšã§ã¯ãªããããããœé£ã§ããã¢ã¡ãªã«ã§ããããŸãã西欧諞åœã§ããããçµæžå€äº€ãšããèšèã¯äœ¿ãããŠããªãããããæŠåã¯ãæ¥æ¬ã§ãããããè¡šçŸã¯äœ¿ãããªãã£ããã®ã ãšããããããè£ä»ãããã®ããã«ãé§è±æ¥æ¬å€§äœ¿ãåãã倧éåå·±ãçµæžå€äº€ããæŠåŸãã®ã³ããã ãšããããã§ããããã¯è±èªã«èš³ããŠããã©ã³ã¹èªã«èš³ããŠããçŽèš³ããã®ã§ã¯å€åœäººã«ã¯éããªããã®ã ãšåæ³ããŠããïŒäœè€ã»ã1967: 23ïŒã
ïŒããã®ãæ°ããªãæ¥æ¬ã®åœéçãªå± å Žæã®æš¡çŽ¢ã¯ãåæ代çã«ã¯ãä¿¡çšã®å埩ããšåŒã°ããŠããïŒé«ç¬2008: 38-45ïŒã
ïŒã岞æ¿æš©ã®å å€çžãè€å±±ããçµæžå€äº€ããæ¿æ²»å€äº€ãšèšã£ãŠãããããšèããŠããã®ããšæããšéåžžã«èå³æ·±ãããçµæžå€äº€ãšã¯ãªã«ããšããæ¬çš¿ã®åé¡é¢å¿ããã¿ããšãéèŠãªã®ã¯ãè€å±±ã®å®çŸ©ãããçµæžãç®çãšãã
36
å€äº€ããããã¯ãçµæžãæ段ãšããå€äº€ããšãããããã«ã¡ããã¿ãããçµæžå€äº€ã®å®çŸ©ã§ã¯æããããªããšããããšã§ãããè€å±±ããããã°ãçµæžå€äº€ãšã¯ãçµæžã®è§£æŸïŒçµæžçç®çïŒã®ããã«çµæžã«å¯Ÿãããéå£ãã®ç·©åïŒæ¿æ²»çç®çïŒãç®æããå€äº€ã®ããšãªã®ã§ãããããããçµæžå€äº€ãšããæ¿æ²»å€äº€ããšãããããã®ã ã£ãã®ã§ããã
ïŒããã®å è€çŸ©åãšå è€å¯ã®è«äºã¯ã第äžæã«ãããè€å±±æäžéãšéœçé人ã®è«äºã®ç³»èãåŒããã®ã ãšããããããã®æ±ºå®çãªéãã¯çµæžå€äº€ã«ãããŠçµæžãæã瀺ãäžèº«ã§ãã£ãããšããã®ãã第äžæã«ãããŠãå®ããŠãããã®ã売ããããšããããã¡ã§è¡šçŸãããŠããçµæžã®ãèªç¶ã«åãåããã第äºæã«ãªããšãã£ã±ãåžå Žã¡ã«ããºã ãããŠãçµæžã®è«çãã ãšç解ãããããã«ãªãããã§ããããããããå³åŒçã«ã¿ãã°ãçç£ã亀æïŒé åïŒãæ¶è²»ããããã掻åãããé¢ä¿ããšããŠæããããŠããçµæžããé絊é¢ä¿ã«äŒŽãäŸ¡æ Œåœ¢æã財貚ã®ååŒã®ãå ŽããšããŠè§£ãããããã«ãªã£ãã®ã ãšãããã ãããããããŠãããè¯ããé¢ä¿ãã®ããæ¹ã暡玢ããŠãã第äžæã®çµæžå€äº€ã¯ãåžå Žãšãããå Žãã®ç¶æãåæãšããçµæžå€äº€ãšããŠè«ããããããã«ãªã£ãã®ã§ããã
ïŒããã®ããšãããæšå¯ãããããã«ãçµæžå€äº€ããçµæžãç®çãšããå€äº€ããšãçµæžãæ段ãšããå€äº€ããšã«åãããããåè ããåŸè ã«éç¹ã移ãã€ã€ãããšããå±±æ¬æºïŒ1973: 28-30ïŒã®è°è«ã¯ãçµæžã«å¯ŸããŠãªãããã®ã管çããäžå¯æ¬ ã ãšããåé¡é¢å¿ããæ¥æ¬ã®çµæžå€äº€ãæ¯ãè¿ã£ããšãã®äžã€ã®ã解éãã«ãããªããã®ã§ãã£ãïŒå®éãè€å±±ããæ¿æ²»å€äº€ããšåŒã¶ãããªãã€ãŠã®çµæžå€äº€ã®äžåŽé¢ã¯ããçµæžãç®çãšããå€äº€ããšããå±±æ¬ã®ã解éãã§ã¯ç®å°åãããŠããã®ã§ããïŒãçºè¡šçŽåŸã«ã¯èŠåãããããªãã£ããã®ã解éããããã«ã¡ïŒäž»ã«æŽå²ç 究ã§ïŒå®çŸ©ãšããŠæŽçšãããŠããããšã¯ã第äºæãšç¬¬äžæã®çµæžå€äº€è«è°ã®éãã端çã«ç€ºããŠãããšæããã倧å€ç€ºåæ·±ãã
ïŒããã®ç°äžçŽæ¯ ãšå±±æ¬æºã®è«äºããŸãã第äžæã®è€å±±æäžéãšéœçé人ã®è«äºã®ç³»èãåŒããã®ã ããããã§ã®èŽåœçãªéãã¯çµæžå€äº€ã«ãããå€äº€ã®ããæ¹ã«ã€ããŠã®ç解ã ã£ãããšããã®ããå€äº€ãæ°äž»çã«çµ±å¶ããããšãã第äžæã®ç«å Žãã第äºæã«ã¯äºå®äžæŸæ£ãããŠããããã§ããããããã«ãç°äžãšå±±æ¬ã®è«äºã§ã¯ãçµæžå€äº€ãåœæ°ã®æã«ããšåŒ·èª¿ãããŠã¯ãããã ãããã®ãªãã§ãåœæ°ã®å¥åº·ãªæèããäºã ããç°äžã®è°è«ã«ã¯ãæèã®ãå¥åº·ãããå€æããåºæºããåœæ°ãã®å€éš
ã«æ³å®ãããŠããã®ã§ã¯ãªããããã®ããšã¯ããåœæ°ã®èªèãã«ãçžåœã®é ããããããšããå±±æ¬ã®ææã«ã€ããŠãåæ§ã ããïŒå±±æ¬æºã»ç°äžçŽæ¯ 1978: 22-8ïŒããããã第äžæãšç¬¬äºæã®éãã¯ãéœçã®ãåœæ°çå©çãã«å¯Ÿå¿ããã³ãããšããŠãå±±æ¬ïŒ1973: 190ïŒããåœçãããåœå®¶çå©çããçšããŠããããšã«è¡šããŠãããããã°ç°äžãå±±æ¬ã®è°è«ã¯ãæ°äž»çãªçµ±å¶ã«æããªãæ¿åºãåœå®¶ãã€ã¡ãŒãžããŠããããããã«ãããçµæžã®è«çãã®ãåªå ããã管çããç®æããŠããã®ã§ããã
ïŒã第äžæã«ãããæ°éçµæžå€äº€ã®è°è«ã®ã»ãšãã©ã¯æŽå²ç 究ã§ãããå¯äžã®äŸå€ã¯å°æ¹Ÿã®äŒæ¥å®¶ã«é¢ããè«èïŒãAsia market reviewã2007ïŒã§ãã£ãã
åèæç®ãAsia market reviewã2007ããå°æ¹Ÿã®æ°éçµæžå€äº€ã
å±éãããITè人ãã第19巻第18å·ã22-3é ã足ç«æ£ã»ã1966ããããããã®æ°éçµæžå€äº€ã¯ã©ããã
ã¹ããïŒïŒïŒããæ±åã第230å·ã22-6é ã深海åæ1976ããåååé¡ãšçµæžå€äº€ããèªç±ã第18å·»
第4å·ã61-72é ãããªãŒã»ãã«ãã¥ãŒãã¢ã³2010ããæŽå²ãšèšæ¶ã®æäºã
ã¿ããæžæ¿ãå è¶çŠäžã»ã1964ããåœéçµæžã®æ°å±éãšçµæžå€äº€ã®é²
è·¯ããçµå£é£æå ±ã第12巻第6å·ã20-31é ãå± æ次é1983aããæ°éçµæžå€äº€ïŒããäŒæ¥äŒèšã第35
巻第9å·ã117-9é ãå± æ次é1983bããæ°éçµæžå€äº€ïŒããäŒæ¥äŒèšã第35
巻第10å·ã117-9é ãå± æ次é1983cããæ°éçµæžå€äº€ïŒããäŒæ¥äŒèšã第35
巻第11å·ã117-9é ãä»äºè³¢äžã»ã1974ããè³æºäžè¶³ãžã®å¯Ÿå¿ãšä»åŸã®çµæžå€
亀ããå£åçŸä»£çµæžã第13å·ã22-52é ãäºäžå¯¿äž2005ããæŠåŸçµæžå€äº€ã®è»è·¡â€ããå€äº€ãã©ãŒ
ã©ã ã第18巻第3å·ã78-83é ãäºäžå¯¿äž2012ããæŠåŸâçµæžå€äº€âã®è»è·¡ãNHKåºçãç³äºä¿®1995ããäžçææ ãšæ¥æ¬ã®çµæžå€äº€ãåèæžæ¿ãäŒè€éæ1999ããçµæžå€äº€ã®èŠç¹ããå€äº€ãã©ãŒã©ã ã
第12巻第2å·ã26-31é ãå€åç2012ããçµæžé£æºåå®ïŒEPAïŒïŒèªç±è²¿æåå®
ïŒFTAïŒãïŒhttp://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/fta/ïŒã
颚èŠç« ã»ã1952ããçµæžå€äº€æšé²ã®éããçµæžåŸæ¥ã第4巻第8å·ã118-27é ã
ãçµæžå€äº€ãæŠå¿µã®æŽå²çæ€èšã37
çå±±ãã€ã2002ããæ¥æ¬äž»å°ã§æ±ã¢ãžã¢çµæžåãç¯ããŠã貿æç«åœã®åŒ·ã¿ãåãæ»ãïŒãã財çã第50巻第27å·ã64-6é ã
å è€æ£å€«2010ããåããããå®æ°äžäœãæ°ãªãŒã«ãžã£ãã³ã®åéãããã¥ãŒãªãŒããŒã第23巻第6å·ã10-4é ã
å è€åã
åã
1976ããäžççµæžã®äžã®æ¥æ¬çµæžããèªç±ã第18巻第4å·ã55-61é ã
å è€çŸ©åã»ã1976ããäžçã®ãªãã®æ¥æ¬çµæžããèªç±ã第18巻第6å·ã149-80é ã
ãçµæžçã2003ããè °ãæ®ãã察æ±åã¢ãžã¢çµæžå€äº€ãã第38巻第24å·ã106-9é ã
ãçµæžã®é²è·¯ã2002ããäžåœã®å¯ŸASEANçµæžå€äº€ãšæ¥æ¬ã第489å·ã11-3é ã
æšæçŠæ2011ããTPPåå®ãšæ¥æ¬ã®çµæžå€äº€ããäžççµæžè©è«ã第55巻第3å·ã11-4é ã
æšææ人1989ããæ¥ç±³æ°éçµæžå€äº€ã1905ã1911ãæ ¶æ矩塟倧åŠåºçäŒã
æšææ人1990ããæ¥æ¬ã®å¯Ÿãœæ°éçµæžå€äº€ããæ³åŠç 究ã第63巻第2å·ã215-37é ã
æšæåŽä¹1971ããçµæžå€äº€ã®æ°æ¹åããåœéåé¡ã第130å·ã32-41é ã
å°å³¶æ2011ããæ¥æ¬ã®é貚å€äº€æŠç¥ããäžççµæžè©è«ã第55巻第2å·ã23-7é ã
é«åæ£å°1974ããè³æºããããçµæžå€äº€ã®åºæ¬ç課é¡ããå£åçŸä»£çµæžã第13å·ã8-15é ã
é±éºç2010ããæ¥æ¬ã®å¯Ÿäžçµæžå€äº€ãšçš²å±±åå¯ãåæµ·é倧åŠåºçäŒã
ææ©æ°2001ãã転ææã®äžåœã»æ¥æ¬ãšå°æ¹Ÿã埡è¶ã®æ°Žæžæ¿ã
äžæ²¢æœ€ç1977ãã察å€æ¿çãšæ¥æ¬ã財çãã现谷ååã»ç¶¿è²«è²æ²»ç·šã察å€æ¿ç決å®éçšã®æ¥ç±³æ¯èŒãæ±äº¬å€§åŠåºçäŒã179-211é ã
äžå¥œä¿®1976ããäžçæš©åæ§é ã®å€åãšâæ°åœéçµæžç§©åºâããèªç±ã第18巻第4å·ã72-7é ã
æçžä¿®2002ãããNOããšãããçµæžå€äº€ããVoiceã第294å·ã178-87é ã
å°åå倫2008ããæ¥æ¬ã®ã¢ãžã¢å€äº€ã®ç³»èïŒïŒïŒããæ±äºã第494å·ã88-98é ã
岡矩æŠ1955ããåœéæ¿æ²»å²ã岩波æžåºã倧ç¢æ ¹è¡2005ããçµæžå€äº€ãå€è¡åäžç·šãæ¥æ¬æ¿æ²»ã倧
éªå€§åŠåºçäŒã220-44é ãå°ç°éšéœäž2007ããæ¥æ¬çµæžå€äº€ã®å±æããå€äº€ãã©ãŒ
ã©ã ã第20巻第10å·ã12-5é ãäœå€å¿ é1957ãã岞å é£ã®çµæžå€äº€æ¹å€ãããšã³ããã¹
ãã第35巻第21å·ã24-7é ãäœè€åäžéã»ã1967ããæ°éçµæžå€äº€ã®åœ¹å²ãšææã
ãçµå£é£æå ±ã第15巻第12å·ã22-38é ãäœè€æ2000ããæŠåŸæ¥æ¬å€äº€ãšã¢ãžã¢ç§©åºæ§æ³ãæ ¶æ矩
塟倧åŠå士åŠäœè«æããäžçã1963ããæ± ç°éŠçžã®èšªæ¬§ãšçµæžå€äº€ã第205å·ã
224-8é ãæŽç°æ倫2011ããæ¥æ¬ã®è³æºå€äº€æŠç¥ããäžççµæžè©
è«ã第55巻第2å·ã16-22é ããé±åãã€ã€ã¢ã³ãã2009ããFTAã¯æ¥ç±³ããã¢ãžã¢ã
æ¥è±ªã第97巻第46å·ã63é ãåŸæ¿å 2004ããæ¥æ¬ã®çµæžå€äº€ãšäžåœãæ ¶æ矩塟倧åŠåº
çäŒãéŽæšå®å°2012ããæ± ç°æ¿æš©ã®å¯Ÿæ¬§å·å€äº€ããç¬åæ³åŠã
第89å·ã75-109é ãç°éšæäžé1980ããçµæžå€äº€ãšæ¥æ¬ã®å瀟ããäžå€®å ¬è«
çµå¶åé¡ã第19巻第2å·ã32-5é ãå¹³è²èµ1952ããã¢ãžã€ã®çµæžå€äº€ã«ã€ããŠãããšã³ãã
ã¹ãã第30巻第17å·ã12-3é ãé«ç¬åŒæ2008ããæŠåŸæ¥æ¬ã®çµæžå€äº€ã信山瀟ãç眮æ¬äž1957ããçµæžå€äº€ãã©ãé²ãããããç·åã第
1巻第3å·ã86-90é ãç°èŸºå®å€ªé2002ããæ± ç°ã»ã±ããã£äŒè«ã®æ矩ããåå¿
瀟ã¢ã¡ãªã«ç 究ã第38å·ã75-86é ãç°äžå2000ããæ¥æ¬çµæžå€äº€ã®æ°å±éããäžå€®å ¬è«ã第
115巻第12å·ã50-63é ãç°äžçŽæ¯ 1978ããæŠåŸæ¥æ¬ã®çµæžå€äº€ããçµæžè©è«ã第
27巻第7å·ã6-14é ãç°äžåº·å2004ããæ¥æ¬ã®æ±åã¢ãžã¢ã«å¯Ÿããçµæžå€äº€ã®
転æãç³å·æç·šãåœéçµæžæ³ãšå°åååã信山瀟ãç°ææ幞2002ããæ¥æ¬ã®çµæžå€äº€äºã幎ããåœéåé¡ã
第500å·ã37-55é ãéœçé人ã»ã1963ããçµæžå€äº€ãšæ¥æ¬ã®ç«å Žããäžå€®å ¬
è«ã第78巻第1å·ã116-28é ãéœçé人1964ããæ¥æ¬ã®çµæžå€äº€æ¹å€ããçµæžè©è«ã第
13巻第8å·ã73-83é ã浊ç°ç§æ¬¡é2007ããæ¥æ¬ã®å°æ¥åããçµæžé£æºåå®
ïŒEPAïŒæ¿çãèããããå€äº€ãã©ãŒã©ã ã第20巻第10å·ã22-6é ã
綿éè©äž1953ããæãçµæžå€äº€ã®æ°æ®µéããå€äº€æå ±ã第112巻第1å·ã16-22é ã
枡蟺æ倫1987ããæ¥æ¬å€äº€ã«ãããæ±åã¢ãžã¢ããå€äº€æå ±ã第1241å·ã4-18é ã
枡蟺æ倫1989ããæ¥æ¬ã®å€äº€ãæè³è²ã»ãç·šãè¬åº§åœé
38
æ¿æ²»â£ãæ±äº¬å€§åŠåºçäŒã1-15é ãè®äžäžåäº2011ããåœå®¶ã®åœéããäžççµæžè©è«ã第55
巻第2å·ã6-15é ãå±±æ¬æº1973ããæ¥æ¬ã®çµæžå€äº€ãæ¥æ¬çµæžæ°è瀟ãå±±æ¬æºã»ç°äžçŽæ¯ 1978ããæ¥æ¬ã®çµæžå€äº€ãèããã
ãçµæžè©è«ã第27巻第7å·ã15-28é ãå±±æ¬é²1961ããæ±äº¬ã»ã¯ã·ã³ãã³ã岩波æžåºãå±±æ¬æŠåœŠ1989ããçµæžå€äº€ãæè³è²ã»ãç·šãè¬åº§åœéæ¿
æ²»â£ãæ±äº¬å€§åŠåºçäŒã155-82é ãå±±æ¬æŠåœŠ2003ããçµæžå€äº€ãå·ç°äŸã»å€§ç è±æš¹ç·šãåœé
æ¿æ²»çµæžäºå žãæ¹èšçãæ±äº¬æžç±ã185-6é ãç¢å³¶é次1976ããå€åããäžçã®æ¿æ²»ãšçµæžããèªç±ã
第18巻第4å·ã49-55é ãç¢å³¶é次ã»ã1976ããå€åããäžçããã®æ¿æ²»ãšçµæžã
ãèªç±ã第18巻第5å·ã18-53é ã