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HippocraticJournal of

unani Medicine

Volume 12, Number 1, January – March 2017

Hippocratic J. Unani Med. 12(1): 1 - 198, 2017

CeNtral CouNCil for researCh iN uNaNi MediCiNe Ministry of ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, unani, siddha and homoeopathy (aYush)

Government of india

hippocratic Journal of unani MedicineChief Patron

Minister for aYush, Government of india

Patron

secretary, Ministry of aYush, Government of india

International Advisory BoardProf. G.N. Qazi, new delhi, india Prof. talat ahmad, new delhi, indiadr. fabrezio speziale, paris, france hakim syed Khaleefathullah, chennai, indiaMrs. sadia rashid, Karachi, paKiStan dr. suraiya h. hussein, Kuala lumpur, MalaYSiaProf. ikhlas a. Khan, uSa Prof. allauddin ahmad, patna, indiaProf. abdul hannan, Karachi, paKiStan dr. Maarten Bode, amsterdam, tHe netHerlandSProf. rashid Bhikha, industria, SoutH africa Prof. usmanghani Khan, Karachi, paKiStanProf. ram Vishwakarma, Jammu, india dr. s.s. handa, Gurgaon, Haryana, india Prof. irfan ali Khan, Hyderabad, india

Editorial BoardProf. Wazahat husain, aligarh Prof. V.h. talib, dehradundr. (Mrs.) Nandini Kumar, new delhi Prof. K.M.Y. amin, aligarhdr. o.P. agarwal, new delhi Prof. Ghufran ahmad, aligarhProf. Y.K. Gupta, new delhi Prof. a.B. Khan, aligarhProf. a. ray, delhi dr. Mohammad Khalid siddiqui, faridabaddr. s. asad Pasha, new delhi dr. (Mrs.) Neena Khanna, new delhiProf. s. shakir Jamil, new delhi dr. (Mrs.) Yasmeen shamsi, new delhiProf. Mansoor ahmad siddiqui, Bengaluru dr. M.a. Waheed, Hyderabad

Editor-in-Chief

Prof. Vd. K.s. dhimandirector General

central council for research in unani Medicine (ccruM)

Associate Editordr. V.K. singh, ex. assistant director (Botany), ccruM

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on behalf of central council for research in unani Medicine (ccruM) published and printed by prof. Vd. K.S. dhimandirector General, ccruM at ccruM headquarters, 61-65 institutional area (opposite ‘d’ Block), Janakpuri, new delhi – 110058

and printed at india offset press, a-1, Mayapuri industrial area, phase-1, new delhi – 110064

• Instructions toContributors

Contents

1. EvaluationofHypoglycemicEffect ofQurs-e-ZiabetusKhas inAlloxanMonohydrate InducedDiabeticAlbinoRabbits ..................................................................................................................1

Azhar Javed, Aziz ur Rahman and Tajuddin

2. InterplayofArkān Arba΄a--AnUnderstandingTowards theBasicDesignofNatural SubstancesasDiscussed inUnaniMedicine ...........................................................................................11

Azizur Rahman, Wasim Ahmad, Mohd Zulkifle and G. Sofi

3. Hypertension inUnaniSystemofMedicine ..............................................................................................21

Danish Ali, Tabassum Latafat, B.D. Khan, Jamal Azmat and Md. Wasi Akhtar

4. Anisoon (Pimpinella anisum L.):A reviewofPharmacologicalActivities andClinicalEffects ...............31

Khadija Zahid Ali, Azhar Hasan, Shabir Ahmad Parray, Wasim Ahmad

5. TheMizaj (Temperament)Patterns versusSomatotypes:ConcordanceorCoincidence ......................47

Ghazala Mulla, Jalis Ahmed, Farhan Qureshi, Sufiyan Ghawte, Kalpana Joshi and Tejas Shah

6. SafetyStudyof aSingleUnaniDrugKhare-e-khasakKhurd (Tribulus terrestris Linn.) ........................57

Mohd.Waseem, Abdul Latif, Sumbul Rehman, Reesha Ahmed and Zafar Javed Khan

7. StudyofMarketSamplesofKhulanjan forTheirQualityStandards ......................................................65

Abdul Wadud, Mohd Imran Ansari, Shaista Perveen, Shaikh Ajij and Ahmad Maqbool

8. SafetyStudyof ‘Qurs-e-Ziyabetus’–AUnaniPharmacopoeialCompoundFormulation .........................75

Bushra Abrar, Sayeed Ahmad, B.D. Khan and Ghufran Ahmad

9. Physico-chemical andPhyto-chemicalAnalysis ofMarketSampleofBanafshah (Viola odorata Linn.) ...................................................................................................................................83

Sumbul Rehman and Abdul Latif

10. AContribution to theEthnomedicinal FloraofChakrataForests inDehradunDistrict, Uttarakhand ................................................................................................................................................95

Zaheer Anwar Ali, Sarfraz Ahmad, Parwez Ahmad and Shariq Ali Khan

11. Physico-chemicalStandardizationofHabbe Kafoori:AUnaniFormulation ..........................................107

Osama Akhtar, Roohi Zaman and Shariq Shamsi

12. Useful FolkMediicnalPlants andTheirDiversityStatus inSouthernWesternGhats of TamilNadu,KarnatakaandKerala .........................................................................................................117

R. Murugeswaran, K. Venkatesan, P.K. Sagar, Kabiruddin Ahmed and Asiya Khanum

13. EthnomedicinalStudyofSomeMedicinalPlants ofBoudhDistrict,Odisha ........................................135

Usha Devi, Himanshu Dwivedi and Hkimudin Khan

14. PharmacognosticStudiesonLeafDrugs -BibliographicReview .........................................................157

Nitin Rai and Rajeev Kr. Sharma

EditorialNewdrugdevelopmentishighlytediousandarduouslycomplexprocessentailingalotoftimeandoverweeningcostalongwiththehighrateoffailureateverystageofdevelopmentevenafterthedrughasbeenmarketed.Therefore the drug industry is facing serious challenge of innovation deficit. In conventional pharmacology(forwardpharmacology)fourphasesofdrugdevelopment;(i)discovery;(ii)pre-clinicalstudies;(iii)clinicaltrialsand; (iv) postmarketing surveillance (PMS) are consideredmandatory.Thousandsofmolecules are testedthroughhighthroughputscreeningtofindfewputativemoleculestobedevelopedasdrugbutunfortunatelymostof themfail topassthesubsequent testsboth inpre-clinicalandclinicalphaseandoftenafter themarketingof thedrug.Liability to inducetoxicity isanothermajorproblemwithsuchdrugs. Inrecentyears,however,aparadigmshiftinthefieldofdrugdevelopmenthastakenplaceandaninterdisciplinaryapproachcalled‘reversepharmacology’ has emerged as newdisciplinewhich can reduce threemajor bottlenecks – cost, time andtoxicity–frequentlyencounteredinforwardpharmacologyset-upofnewdrugdevelopment.Thisinvolvesbasicscientists,allopathicdoctorsandexpertsof traditionalmedicines in thecourseofnewdrugdevelopment. Inthisnewapproach,wisdomandpracticesoftraditionalmedicineareassimilatedwiththeknowledgeofmodernmedicineand sophisticated technical know-how to findbetter and safer drug candidates.Byusing ‘reverse pharmacology’inISMdrugstheprocessofdrugdevelopmentcanbesubstantiallyreducedtoabout5yearsfromconventional12-15years.Unanimedicinehasahugetreasureofplantdrugsandnaturalproducts,andtheirage-oldpracticeswithhighdegreeofefficacyandsafety.ItishightimeforUnaniphysiciansandmodernscientiststocometogetherandputtheircollectiveeffortstofindasolutiontotheproblemofshortageofnewdrugsforanumberofdiseasesthat,hitherto,donothaveeffectiveandsaferemedy.

AlltheseongoinginvestigationsintheareaofdrugdevelopmentinIndiaandabroadhavegeneratedlotofnewresearchdatainrecenttimes,andthereisanenormousneedforexchangeofthisvital informationamongstacademiciansandresearchersengagedinthescientificvalidationoftraditionaldrugs.Inthiscontext,CentralCouncilforResearchinUnaniMedicine,throughitsclinical,drugresearch,literaryresearch,survey&cultivationofmedicinalplantsprogrammeiscontributingsignificantly forover threedecades.Vitiligo,sinusitis,filariasis,eczema,malaria, infectivehepatitis,asthmaaresomeof theconditionswhereUnani therapieshaveearnedrecognition.

Inviewofanoverwhelmingresponse,Hippocratic Journal of Unani MedicineearlierpublishedbyCounciltwicea year, its periodicity hadbeen changed to quarterlyw.e.f. January 2008 to accommodatemorearticles forquickdisseminationof researchdataamongscientificcommunity.The journalhassufficient room for invitedarticles from luminariesofmodernmedicineandsciencesaswellasscholarsofUnanimedicine.Thebroadareasbeingcovered includeclinical researchonsingleandcompoundUnanidrugs,validationof regimentaltherapy,experimentalpharmacologicalstudies,standardizationofsingleandcompounddrugs,developmentofstandardoperatingprocedures,ethnobotanicalstudiesanddevelopmentofagro-techniquesthereof,andliteraryresearchonclassicsofUnanimedicine.ThejournalisalsoopenforstudiesonsafetyevaluationofUnaniandotherherbo-mineraldrugs,nutraceuticals,cosmotherapeutics,aromatics,oralhealth,lifestyledisorders,sportsmedicineetc.andsuchothernewerareaswhicharetheoutcomeofmoderndayliving.

Thecurrentissueofthisjournal(January-March2017)provides14originalandreviewpapersintheareasof:Clinicalstudies,Fundamentalandappliedresearch,Safetystudies,Qualitycontrolanddrugstandardization,Experimentalpharmacologyandallieddisciplinescontributedbyeminentscholarsintheirrespectivefields.ItishopedthatdatapresentedwillcontributesignificantlyinR&Dsectoroftraditionaldrugsandprovetobeanexcellentexpositionofcurrentresearcheffortsofscientistsinthisdirection.Councilacknowledgestheauthorsfortheircontributionsincludedinthisissueandhopefortheircontinuedsupportinthisendeavor.Wewishtoensurethereaderstobringoutthefutureissuesofthejournalontime.

Weat theCCRUMhavebeenconstantlystriving to reach tohigherstandardsandmakeHJUM the leadingjournalofUnanimedicineandrelatedsciences.Inthiscontext,wethankourlearnedreviewersfortheirinvaluableinputs in improvingthemanuscripts.Wesincerelyhopeandtrust that themissioncanbeaccomplishedwithactivepartnershipofquality-consciousindividualsandinstitutions.Throughtheselinesweseekyourcooperationandsupport inmaterializingourdreamsabout theHJUM. In this regard,werequestyou foryouraswellasyourcolleagues’contributionsforpublicationinandsubscriptiontothejournal.Further,wewillappreciateifthejournal is introduced farandwide.Wewouldalsowelcomeesteemedsuggestions forachieving thehigheststandardsofqualityforthejournal.

NewDelhi (Prof. Vd. K.S. Dhiman)June3, 2017 DirectorGeneral

1Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine

TAbstract

his studywas carried out to evaluate the use ofQurs-e-Ziabetus Khas in hyper-glycaemia clinically. The anti-diabetic effect ofQurs-e-Ziabetus Khaswasstudied inadulthealthyalbinorabbitsofeithersexweighing1.5-2Kgatthedosesof400,800and1200mg/kgorally intheformofsuspension.Theanimalswererandomlydividedintodiabeticcontrol,diabetictreatedand standardgroups, andeachgroup consistingof 6 rabbits. Initiallyanimalsweremadediabetic by injectingalloxanmonohydrate at the doseof150mg/Kgintravenously.Thebloodsampleswereobtainedfromthemarginalearveinsat0h(initial),andafterthetestdrugadministrationat2,3and6thhour.BloodglucosewasestimatedbytheEndPointO-Toluidinemethod.Themaximumreductionof bloodglucoseoccurredafter 3rd hour of test drugadministrationatthedoseof1200mg/kgorallyascomparedtoanimalsofcontrolgroup.Thetestdrugwasalsocomparedwithastandarddrugglibenclamide inadoseof1.5mg/kg.TheobtaineddatawereanalyzedbyonewayANOVAwithposthoc‘t’test.ThefindingsindicatethattheQurs-e-Ziabetus KhashassignificanteffectinnoninsulindependentdiabetesmellitusandscientificallyvalidatedtheclaimsofUnaniphysiciansthatthisdrugpossessesantidiabeticeffect.

Key words:Qurs-e-ZiabetusKhas,Hyper-glycaemia,Alloxanmonohydrate,Antidiabetic

Introduction

Diabetesistheworld’s largestendocrinediseasewithderangedcarbohydrate,lipid and proteinmetabolism. It is distinguished by irrelevant hyperglycemiaproducedby insufficiencyof insulinat thecellular level (Sidhu,et al.,2014). Itis reported that diabetic patient are increasingevery year globally (Samyalet al.,2014),andinferringthatmorethan400millionpeopleoftheworldwidewillbeeffectedfromhyperglycemiaby2030(Samyalet al.,2014).TheoccurrencerateofdiabetesinIndiais1-5%(Senet al.,2016).Statisticalprojectionsuggeststhat thenumber of diabetic patientswill rise from15million in the year 1995to 57million in 2025,making India the countrywith the highest number ofdiabeticsintheworld(Shalamet al.,2006).Itisamajorpublichealthproblemin thedevelopedaswellasdevelopingcountries. It is rankedseventhamongtheleadingcausesofdeath,andthirdwhenallitsfatalcomplicationsaretakenintoaccount.Large-vesselatherosclerosisisthemostcommoncauseofdeathindiabetes(Trivediet al.,2004).

Thephytoconstituentssuchasflavonoidsandpolyphenolcomponentshaveanabilitytoenhanceglucosetransportandmetabolisminmuscleand/ortostimulate

Evaluation of Hypoglycemic Effect of Qurs-e-Ziabetus Khas in Alloxan Monohydrate Induced Diabetic Albino Rabbits1Azhar Javed, 2 Aziz ur Rahman

and 2Tajuddin

1CityHealthCareCentre, BehindHPO,Mithoolal,

Khatauli,MuzaffarNagar-251201

2Dept.ofSaidla(Pharmacy), A.K.TibbiyaCollege,

AligarhMuslimUniversity, Aligarh-202002

January – March 2017, Vol. 12 No. 1, Pages 1-10

2*Author for correspondence;Email : [email protected]

2Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine 2Hippocratic Journal of Unani Medicine

insulin secretion and play a chief role to delay digestion and absorption ofcarbohydratesloweringthepostprandialglucoselevelsbyinhibitingá-glucosidaseandáamylaseenzyme(Daset al.,2016andMukeshet al.,2013)

Thereisanincreasingdemandofantihyperglycemicnaturalproductsbypatients,due to obvious side effects associatedwith the use ofmainstreammedicinesuchas insulinandoralhypoglycemicagents (Zhanget al.,2007andBadoleet al.,2006).

Intheinterestofpatientsthereisaneedformoreeffective,durable,saferandcost effective anti-diabetic agents.Therefore, theWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)hasrecommendedtheevaluationofplantseffectivenessandsuggestedtouseofherbalmedicineswheretheconventionaltreatmentofdiabetesisnotsatisfactory(Samyalet al.,2014).Thishasleadtoincreasingdemandofresearchonnaturalproductswithantidiabeticactivitywithminimalornosideeffects(Singhet al.,2007).More than400 traditionalplantshavebeen recorded topossessantidiabeticactivity,butfewofthesearescientificallyvalidatedfortheirefficacy(BarhateandKulkarni,2007).Manyherbalproducts,includingseveralmetalsandmineralshavebeendescribedforthecureofdiabetesmellitusinancientliteratureofUnaniSystemofMedicine.Herbalpreparationsaloneorincombinationwithoralhypoglycemicagentssometimesproduceagood therapeutic response insomeresistantcaseswheremodernmedicinesalonefail(Ghoshet al.,2006).

Qurs-e-ZiabetusKhas(QZK)isawellknownUnaniPharmacopoeialpreparationmainlybasedondifferentmedicinalplantsusedtotreatdiabetessinceancienttimes(Anonymous,2006).Buttothebestofourknowledgethisformulationisnotevaluatedscientificallyforitsantidiabeticactivity.Therefore,thisstudywascarriedouttoassessandscientificallyvalidatetheuseofQurs-e-Ziabetus Khas in hyper-glycaemia.The ingredients ofQZKareTabasheer (calcinatedpith ofBambusa arundinaceaRetz.),Satt-e-Gilo(driedextractofthestemofTinospora cordifoliaMiers.),Maghz-e-Khasta-e-Jamun(seedkernelofEugenia jambolana Lam.),GurmarButi (Gymnema sylvestreSchult.),Kushta-e-Zumurrud (calxofEmerald),Kushta-e-Baiza-e-Murgh(calxofEggshell)andLoab-e-Aspghol(SeedsmucilageofPlantago ovataForsk)(Anonymous,2006).

Theanti-diabetic effect ofQurs-e-Ziabetus Khaswas studied in adult healthyalbino rabbits of either sexweighing 1.5-2Kg at the doses of 400, 800 and1200mg/kgorally in theformofsuspension.Theanimalsweremadediabeticusingalloxanmonohydrate(150mg/kg; i.v.)andglibenclamidewasusedasareferencedrug(1.5mg/kg;p.o.).

Material and Methods

ThestudywasconductedinthedepartmentofIlmulAdvia,A.K.TibbiyaCollege,AMU,Aligarh,during2009-2010.


PreparationofQurs-e-ZiabetusKhas

TheingredientsofQZKareshownintable1(Anonymous,2006).

Table 1:IngredientsofQurs-e-ZiabetusKhas

S. No. Ingredients Weight (g) Scientific Name

1. Tabasheer 25 Bambusa arundinacea

2. Satt-e-Gilo 25 Tinospora cordifolia

3. Maghz-e-Khasta-e-Jamun 50 Eugenia jambolana

4. GurmarButi 50 Gymnemasylvestre

5. Kushta-e-Zumurrud 10 CalxofEmerald

6. Kushta-e-Baiza-e-Murgh 10 CalxofEggshell

7. Loab-e-Aspghol Q.S. Plantago ovata

TheQZKwaspreparedaccordingtothefollowingsteps:-

StepI Procurement,authenticationandidentificationofingredients

StepII Processingofrawmaterials

StepIIIPreparationofTablet(Qurs)

StepI: TherawmaterialswerepurchasedfromthelocalmarketofAligarhandtheiridentity,purityandqualitywerecheckedinthepharmacognosysectionoftheDepartment of IlmulAdvia, Faculty ofUnaniMedicine,AMU,Aligarh, andfoundatparwiththestandardsofUnaniandAyurvedicPharmacopoeiaofIndia(Anonymous,1986,1992,1997,1999,2001,2007andVohora,2008).

StepII:AlltheingredientsofQZKexceptSatt-e-GiloandLoab-e-Aspgholwerepowderedinanelectricgrinderandpassedthroughsievenumber80toobtainfinepowder.ThefinepowderalongwithSatt-e-GilowasmixedproperlyandthenexcipientLoab-e-Aspgholwasaddedandfinallydoughwasmade.Furtherthiswetmasswasmadeintogranulesbypassingthrough12meshsieveanddriedatroomtemperature(Anonymous,1968;Anonymous,1970).

StepIII:Tabletswerepreparedof500mgeachaccordingtothemethoddescribedinthePharmacopoeiaofIndia(Anonymous,1970),byautomatictabletmakingmachineinDawakhanaTibbiyaCollege,AMU,Aligarh.

Animalmaintenance

Experimentswerecarriedoutinhealthyadultalbinorabbitsofeithersexweighing1.5-2 kg.Theanimalswere kept in animal houseof theDepartment of IlmulAdvia,FacultyofUnaniMedicine,A.M.U.,Aligarh,underhygienicandstandardlaboratoryconditionsatuniformtemperature.Alltheanimalswerefed,Standardanimaldietandwater-ad-libitum.


Drugsandchemicals

Alloxanmonohydratewasusedforinducingdiabetesatthedoseof150mg/kgintravenouslyinhealthyalbinorabbits(BailyandBaily,1943;Pincuset al.,1954;Banderet al.,1969).Glibenclamide(Daonil)wasusedasstandardreferentdrugwhichwasadministeredinadoseof1.5mg/kgorallytotheanimals.

PreparationofTestDrugMaterial

Fresh suspension of powdered drugwas prepared in distilledwaterwith 2%gumacaciapowder(S.d.FineChemicalLtd.),whichwasadministeredorallyintheanimalswith thehelpof feedingcanulaaftershaking thesuspensionwell.Thedoseforthealbinorabbitwascalculatedbyextrapolatingthehumandoseoftestdrugbyconversionfactorof12forrabbit(NairandJacob,2016).Hencethethreedifferentdosesselectedforthestudyofhypoglycaemicactivityoftestdrugi.e.400,800and1200mg/kg.

HypoglycaemicactivityofQurs-e-ZiabetusKhas

ThehypogycaemiceffectofQZKwasassessedonhealthyalbinorabbits.Forstudyrabbitsweredividedinto5groupsandeachgroupconsistingof6albinorabbits.Group I servedas control groupanddistilledwaterwasgiven in thedoseof5ml/kgorally.GroupIIisstandardgroupandtreatedwithreferentdrugGlibenclamide(Daonil)inthedoseof1.5mg/kgorally.GroupIII,IVandVweretestdrugtreatedgroupandadministeredwiththeoraldosesofQZKin400,800and1200mg/kgrespectively.

All the animalswere fasted for 24h before alloxan injection. Diabeteswasobserved in the rabbits (fastingBloodGlucose Levels ranged from200-250mg/100ml)within24hafterinjectionofalloxan.TheeffectoftheoraladministrationofQZKwasobserved inGroup III, IV andV for 6hafter drugadministration.Theblood samples of all the groupswere taken from themarginal ear veinsat 0h (before treatment), thenat 2, 3 and6hafter the treatment.SerumwasseparatedandserumglucoselevelwasestimatedbytheEndPointO-ToluidineMethod, (Mukherjee, 1997;Hultman, 1959).The rabbitswere fedwater onlyduringexperiments.

Procedure

Bloodswere collected in to test tubes. Serumswere separated from bloodbycentrifuging thebloodat5000 rpm for15minutes incentrifugingmachine.ThenthreetesttubeswerelabelledasBforblank,SforstandardandTfortest(unknown)andthefollowingreagentswerepipettedintothemasshownintable2.


Table2:Mixingofreagentsindifferenttesttubes

S. No. Reagents B S T1. Glucosereagents 5.0ml 5.0ml 5.0ml2. Distilledwater 100 µl − −3. Glucosestandard − 100 µl −4. Specimen(serum) − − 100 µl

The contents in test tubesweremixed by lateral shaking of each test tubeseparately.All testtubeswereput intovigorouslyboilingwaterbathat1000Cforexactly9minutes,andthentesttubeswereremovedquicklyandcooledtoroomtemperaturebyplacingthemincoldwaterfor3minutes.Thecontentsoftubeswere transferred tocuvetteandABSORBANCE (O.D)ofall tubesweremeasuredagainstblankadjustedto630±20nmonthefilterwheelusingLabSystemAnalyzer.

Calculation

Theconcentrationofglucose inserumofunknownsamplewascalculatedbythefollowingformula:-

dl/mg100xS.RT.R

=

Where,R.T=opticaldensityofunknownsample

R.S=opticaldensityofstandardsolution

StatisticalAnalysis

Allthedatawereanalyzedbyoneway-Analysisofvariance(ANOVA)withposthoc‘t’test.

Results

Control group:This group doesn’t get anymedication except distilledwater.Therefore, there isnosignificantdifference inserumglucose levelbeforeandafterthetreatment.Theresultsareshownintable3.

Standardgroup:Instandardgrouptheglucoselevelinserumreducedsignificantlyafter 3h (P<0.001) and continued for 6hwhen comparedwith control group.After the6thof the treatment,glucose levelslightly increased.The resultsarepresentedintable3.

Testdrugtreatedgroups:QZKinthedosesof400and800mg/kgdoesn’tshowanysignificantreductioninserumglucoselevelinanyanimalatanytimeintervalincomparisontocontrolgroup.Whiletheanimalsofgrouptreatedwiththedoseof1200mg/kgofQZKshowssignificantdifferenceinserumglucoselevelafter3h(P<0.05)oftestdrugadministration,whencomparedtocontrolgroup.However


there isan insignificant rise inserumglucose levelafter6hof treatment.Theresultsaredepictedintable3.

ThecomparisonoftheefficacyoftestdruggroupsQZKinall thegivendoseswithstandardandcontrolgrouphasalsobeendepictedinfigure1.

Table 3:Serumglucoselevelofdifferentgroupbeforeandafterthetreatment

GroupInitial

(Mean±SE)Serum Glucose Levels (mg/dl)

(Mean±SE)0h 2h 3h 6h

Control 212±4.6 211±5.95 208±5.10 211±5.26Standard 215.8±3.64 210.3±5.02 181.8±4.48*** 189.7±6.57**QZK(400mg/kg) 220.7±5.34 215.8±4.97 202.5±6.44 211.8±5.95QZK(800mg/kg) 215±4.93 210±4.85 194±5.55 204±6.00QZK(1200mg/kg) 222.3±4.20 208±5.10 188.8±6.85* 202.5±6.44

(Tabulatedvaluesaremean±SE;n=6;*P<0.05;**P<0.01;***P<0.001)

Fig. 1: Comparision of Effect of QZK in different doses (400, 800 and 1200 mg/kg) with Glibenclamide (1.5 mg/kg) and control on Serum Glucose Levels in Diabetic Rabbits

170

180

190

200

210

220

230

0h 2h 3h 6h

Seru

m G

luco

se (m

g/dl

)

Time Interval in hours

Control Standard QZK (400 mg/kg)QZK (800 mg/kg) QZK (1200 mg/kg)

Discussion

Diabetes is a group of Syndromes characterized by hyperglycemia, due toalteredmetabolismof lipids, carbohydrates andproteins in result of completeor relative insufficiencyof insulinsecretionor insulinaction (Satyanarayanaet al.,2007).Consumptionofcalorie-richdiet,obesityandsedentary lifestyle ledtoa tremendous increase in thenumberofdiabetics’worldwide (Asulanderet al.,2002).

Presentlytwomaingroupsofsubstancesarerecognizedasoralhypoglycemicagents. They are certain sulphonamide derivatives (Sulphonylureas) and


guanidinederivatives(Biguanides).Theyarebeingusedby30%ofalldiabetics,but produce someundesirableeffects suchas vertigo, headache, gastric andhepaticdisorders,poorrenalfunctions,vit.B12deficiencyandcardiacdisordersetc.(GoodmanandGilman,1992;Laurenceet al.,1997).

However,hyperglycemiacanbetreatedquicklywithallopathicdrugsbutatthesame time theymay cause various side effects like hypoglycemia, peripheralneuropathy andgastrointestinal disturbancesetc.To avoid these side effectsbothpatientandresearchersaremoreeagertogetandtoinvestigatethenewalternatemethodtocurethehyperglycemiccondition.So,herbalmedicinesaregainingimportancebecauseofleastadverseeffects.InIndiaplantswereusedfor health care since 5000 years. In Indian systemofmedicine, crude drugsareobtainedfromplantsandthereareabout8000herbalremediesforhumanailments,besidesthenumerousplantsusedinfolkmedicinebytribalandruralpeople(ChikaraddyandManiyar,2017).

HencethisstudyhasbeenundertakentoevaluatethehypoglycemicactivityofQursZiabitusKhas.AlltheingredientsofQZKviz.Satt-e-Gilo,Maghz-e-Khasta-e-Jamun,GurmarButi,Kushta-e-Zumurrud,Kushta-e-Baiza-e-MurghandLoab-e-Aspgholarereportedtohaveantidiabeticactivity(Modaket al.,2007,Dymocket al., 1891,Rustenbeck, 2007,Kabiruddin, 1967,Said, 1997andCeranicet al.,2006)exceptTabasheer (calcinatedpithofBambusa arundinacea)but theethanolic extract of leaves of Bambusa arundinacea have been reported topossesshypoglycemicactivityinalloxaninduceddiabeticrabbits(Guptaet al.,2004).

Studyrevealsthatthetestdruginthemultipledosesof400,800and1200mg/kgreducedthebloodglucoselevelinalloxaninduceddiabeticrabbitsfromthebeginningof2ndhour.Whilethemaximumreductionofbloodglucoselevelseenafter3rdhour.Further thesignificanteffectwasproducedbythedoseof1200mg/kg (P<0.05)at3rdhouragainstcontrolgroup.Thepossiblemechanismofactionofthetestdrugmaybelikethatofglibenclamide.Thetestdrugmayactsbystimulatingtheβ-cellsofthePancreaswhichstimulatethesecretionofinsulinandtherebyreducethebloodglucoselevel.

Conclusion

Thetestdrug(QZK)appearstobequitesafe,comprehensive,asitwillproducethehypoglycaemiceffectandcanbeusedeffectivelyforthetreatmentofdiabetes.

Theresultsofthisstudysuggestthatthetestdrugmaybeeffectiveinnoninsulindependent diabetesmellitus (NIDDM)at all thedoseswhilehavingmaximumeffectat1200mg/kg.ThestudyalsovalidatesthedescriptionofUnaniliteratureasQurs-e-ZiabetusKhashasbeendescribed to possessantidiabetic activity.Thisstudyalsosubstantiatestheuseofthisdrugasantidiabeticagentinclinical


practicebyUnaniphysicians.FurthertosaythatthereshouldbemorestudiesconductedonQZK toascertain itsexactmechanismofactionand the roleofitsphytochemicalconstituentsforanti-hyperglycemicactivity.

References

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TAbstract

hetheoryandpracticesofUnanisystemofmedicinearebasedonlogicandphilosophythatiswhyobservationandreasoninghavebeenusedas important tools for its exposition.Therefore for proper understandingofUnani systemofmedicine, knowledgeof traditional logicandphilosophy isaprerequisite.However, inpresentscientificeraUnani fundamentalsarealsorequiredtobecomprehendedinthelightofcontemporarysciences.Thepresentpaper isanattempt towards theunderstandingofbasicprecursorsof lifeanduniverseasstatedinliteratureofUnanimedicineandcontemporarysciences.

Keywords:AjzāAwwaliyya,Arkan,Element,Kafiyāt

Introduction

Allphysicalthingsexistduetopresenceofprimordialmatterinaspecificformandwithuniqueconfiguration.Thisnecessitatesexistenceofprimordialmatter(Hiula), form (surate nauyiah) and configuration (surate jismiya) for existenceof substances (Tabri, 2002). Since the substances are diverse in term oforganization and number, therefore philosophers and researchers picked upcommon threads to arrive at the basic building blocks orJuzie Ula. Varioustheorieswereputforwardstoexplainthediversity innumberofexistingthingsandtheirorganization.

Fromverybeginning,ahumanhasalwaysbeenintriguedtoknowabouthimandtheuniverse.Howamanwascreatedanduniversewascrafted?Theplacatingtheoryofspontaneousgenerationseemedtogiveanimplicationtothisenduringenquiryoverthousandsofyears.

InantiqueChina,peopleimaginedthataphidswereunexpectedlycreatedfrombamboos.The Indian texts revealed unprompted formation of flies frommudand sweat,whereasBabylonianwriting pointedout that dirt fromcanalswassupposedtohavelifeintheformofworms(Brack,1998).

RomanandGreek scholars tried to solve the problems somewayand statedthat lifewas inherent tomatter; it was unending and appeared all at once,whenever theconditionswere favourable.These ideaswereclearly statedbyThales,Empedocles,Pythagoras,Democritus,Epicurus,Lucretius,andevenbyPlato.Aristotleafter criticallyevaluatingdifferent claimsdevelopeda relativelydifferenttheory.FamousthinkerslikeNewton,Descartes,andBaconsupportedthe ideaofunpromptedgeneration (Brack,1998). Inprimitiveepoch,differentconceptsandideaswereperceivedbysagesfromtimetotimeaboutthecosmosanduniverse (Pudritz,et al., 2007). In thepresent study thebasic blocks for

Interplay of Arkān Arba΄a - An Understanding Towards the Basic Design of Natural Substances as Discussed in Unani Medicine

1 Azizur Rahman, 1Wasim Ahmad,

1Mohd Zulkifle and 2G. Sofi

1Dept.ofKulliyatUmoor-e-Tabiya

2Dept.ofIlmulAdvia,NationalInstituteofUnaniMedicine,

Kottigepalya,MagadiMainRoad,Bengaluru-560091


1Author for correspondence;Email : [email protected]


existenceofthingslivingornonlivingwereevaluatedfromtwoperspectives:onetoemphasizethenumberofbasicblocksandtheothertoelucidatetheinterplayofthebasicblocksfortheformationofvariousobjects.

Methodology

TheliteratureofUnanimedicineregardingbasicblocks(Arkan)wasthoroughlysurveyed.Variousbooksregardingthephilosophicalinterpretationregardingtheformationofuniverse,objectsandorganizationoflifewerealsostudied.ItwasattemptedtoseetheperspectiveofUnanimedicineregardingnatureofthingsandhowArkan Arbatheorybecametenable.Moreover,presentperspectivewascorrelatedwiththeinferencesderivedfromtheArkan Arbatheory.

TheoryofArkan

Manytheoriesregardingtheoriginandexistenceofuniverseandlifehadbeenproposed.ThetheoryofArkānwassuggestedbyancientGreekphilosophers.OneofthemprojectedthatonlyMā’(water)isresponsiblefororiginofeverything;this theorywasproposedbyThales (640-546BC) andHippon (Zhmud, 2006;Russel, 1945; Furley, 1987;Said, 1975).Thales said that the earth floats onwaterindicatingthatalimentationofeverythingismoistnessandwarmth.Itwassupportedby theargument that all seedshave themoist temperament;whilewater is the principle source ofmoistness (Furley, 1987). Few scholars haveimpliedThales viewby saying that thewater is starting point (arch) ofwholeuniverseand it continued toexist all theway through the lifeof theuniverse;hence, itmaybe reasonable to say that everythingof this planet is basicallywater (Zhmud, 2006; Furley, 1987).Diogenes states that air is eternal thingwhichiscommontooriginofallcreatures.Itmeansitcanpenetrateeverywhereandguide thewhole thingandset out everything (Furley, 1987).AnaximenesspecifiedthatbasicRukn(constituent)isHawā’(air),takenhoweverinawidermeaning than the blendof gases thatwebreathe. For him itwas amediumthatholdsthewholeuniversetogether.Ithasdifferentdensities,whichexplaindifferent forms inwhichmatter exists.His speculative reasoningwas a steptowardestablishmentofphysics(Teerikorpiet al.,2009;Furley,1987).Furtherheexplainedfireisararefiedair,whileaircondensesandbecomeswater,nextearthandultimatelystone.Thistheorysuggeststhatdifferencesbetweendifferentsubstancesexclusively dependupon thedegreeof condensation.He justifiedtheideabystatingthatentireearthissurroundedbyair.“Just as our soul, being air holds us together so do breath and air encompasses the whole world”. Itappearsthatthewholeuniversebreathes(Ahmad,1983;Russel,1945).FurtherhethoughtthatHawā’(air)controlsthecosmosandclutchesittogetherasthepsyche controls the body (Jaeger, 1936). Likewise,Pherecydes (600-550BC)holdsthethoughtaboutArz(Earth)(Ahmad,2009)andaccordingtoHeraclitus


(540-475BC)andHippasus(Zhmud,2006)Nār (fire)wasthebasicconstituentbywhichtheworldwasmade.EvenNār(fire)isapparentlynotamatterjustastheMā’(water)andHawā’(air)are,becauseitdoesnothavedefinitephysicaldimension and naturally it transforms into other thing, rather than acquiringdifferentproperties itself. Inonefacet itextirpates;greenforest fullofwild life;onotherwayheatasacauseof life like thewarmthof thesunbringsgrowthintonew life in thespringand thewarmthof thebody isat leastanecessaryconditionoflifeinanimals.Butthefirehasnotbeenattributedtotransformfromthelivingtothedeadorviceversa(Furley,1987).Heraclitusdoctrineshows“All things are an exchange for fire, and fire for all things, even as wares for gold and gold for wares”. “Fire lives the death of air and air lives the death of fire, water lives the death of earth, earth that of water”(Russel,1945).Hethinksthatfireisthesystemwherematerialchangesarebroughtaboutandmaintainedbytheapplicationofheat.Likewise,Milesianssuggestedthatmoistureandbreatharethematerialbasisof life.HenceHeraclitusbeseeches to theupholdingcauseofprocessof life.Aspecificamountofheatkeeps theprocessofgrowthandgenesissustaining(Furley,1987).

The change of climate is an evident paradigm for the sequential expansion,decompositionand thennewdevelopment.Althoughatany time thefiremustnotbeentirelyextinguishedortoodynamicallyfireup;bothextremewarmthandextremecoldcarrythelifetothefinish(Furley,1987).

Morethanonecomponenttheories

Two components (Arḍ andMā’) theory set forth by renowned philosopherXenophanes (570-470BC) (Jalinoos, 2008;Draper, 2010).Anaximander (546BC)wasthesecondphilosopheroftheMilesionSchool.HestatedthatallthingshaveoriginatedfromsingleprimalconstituentbutitisnotwaterasThalesheldoranyothersubstancethatweknow.Itisboundless,endlessandunchanging,and “It encompasses all the worlds”- inferenceto thisourglobe isonlyoneofnumerous.Theprimal constituent ismetamorphosed into several constituentswithwhomweareeasily recognized,and thesearemetamorphosed intooneanother (Russel,1945).Thereafter someof thephilosophers thought that twoArkān theorywas inappropriate,so theconceptof threeArkānemerged.Thistheoryadvocatesthatthemattersareinthreestatesi.e.Rukn Jamidah(solid),Rukn Maiyah(liquid)andRukn Hawā’iyah (gaseous)(Ahmad,1983).

Parmenides of Elea (540-470BC) assumed that everything is composed oftwo primary constituents, ofwhich one conforms to being and the other notbeing (Feller, 1958).AnaxagorasofClazomenx (500-428BC) concurredwithEmpedocleswherehesaidthateachandeverythingcomesintobeingintheformofTarkīb(composition)andceasestobeseparationofalreadyexistingmatters,andthatthequalitativemodificationisbasedonthealterationofcompositionof


substances (Feller, 1958).Finally,Empedocles (6th centuryBC)proposed theconceptofArkan Arba(Nar, Hawa, Ma, Ard)(Osaibah,1990;Leary,1949)whichcorresponds to four formsofmatters i.e.Jamid (solid),Saiy’āl (liquid),Hawā’i (gas)andKhilt-e- Mai (plasma) inrightway(Anonymous,1973;Russel,1945;Said,1975;Teerikorpiet al.,2009;Hajar,1991;Magner,2005).Hestates“Four roots of the all”.Thesemightbemixedindifferentproportion,andthusproducethe varying composite thatweobserveon theearth (Russel, 1945,Stelmacket al.,1991).Theyareempoweredbytwomovingforcesofactionandreaction“tyinganduntyingforces” i.e.PhiliaandNeikos(loveandstrife).Theseforcesareessentialformixingandtakingpartofanystufftobestowwithamalgamationanddecomposition.There is a phase,whereprimary constituents havebeenmixed thoroughly byPhilia, andNeikos, it can causeparting themout againslowly.Hence, every composite of this universe is temporary (Russel, 1945;Teerikorpi,et al.,2009;Jaeger,1936;Stelmack,et al.,1991;Bertolacci,2006).

Pythagoras (6th centuryBC) agreedwith the concept ofArkān Arba thatwasperceivedbyEmpedoclesbywhicheverythingofthisuniversecroppedup.(www.mysecurepayment.com/essays/Pre-socratic-cosmology.html/2014)

Impressedby the theoryofArkān Arba,Hippocrates (460-361BC)put forwardthetheoryofAkhlāt(humors)(Chandpuri,1998).Hippocratesstatesthatdiseaseis not a localized pattern, but a disorder affecting thewhole body throughsomedisproportion in the four humors viz.Dam (blood),Balgham (phlegm),Safrā (yellowbile)andSawdā (blackbile).Themicrocosmof thehumanbodycontainsfourhumorsandfourassociatedqualitiesi.e.hot,cold,moistanddrycorrespondingtofourbasicconstituents(Nar, Hawa, MaandArd)thatformthemacrocosm(Magner,2005).

AfterHippocrates,Plato (429-347BC)wasalsoconvincedwith thedoctrineofEmpedocles.Hesaidthat theseare infixedratio i.e.“Fire is toairasair is towaterandaswater istoearth”.Naturebroughttoplaythefourconstituentsinmakingtheuniverse,andhence,itiscomplete,andnotaccountabletooldageormalady (Russel,1945). Inviewof theaboveprinciplesPlato theorized that“The diverse forms of soil have been derived through Mā’ (water), converted into shape of weighty Hawā’ (air) and then compressed to solid that it no further dissolves in water. The equal and homogenous (cubic) part makes the finer and transparent stones”.Furtherforattainingstateofperfectionofinorganicmaterialaspecialtypeofforceisnecessarythatleadstheformationandunityofinorganicmattertoachieveitsperfectstate(Hurle,1993).

ItwasbelievedinPlatoacademythatfiveformsofprimaryconstituentsi.e.Nār(fire),Arḍ(earth),Hawā’(air),Mā’(water)andcelestialmatterweresupposedtobeAjza-eAwwaliyah(Teerikorpiet al.,2009).Aristotle(384-322BC)saidthattheamalgamationofprimaryconstituentsisthecauseofnaturalworldevolution(Russel,1945).


InterplayofArkan -TheDynamicFlux

Thephysicalobjectsaremadeupofdifferentcomponentswhicharearrangedinharmonizedoruniformcombinationthatarethemselvescomprisedofthefourprimaryconstituents(Woodet al.,2004).SomebodiesaresusceptibletoKaun o Fasād (generation anddestruction),while others are not and insteadexistasaresultofatemporalcreation.Ifthatisthecase,thenthereisnocommonsubstance in the first of the two, since there is no single substance that issometimessusceptibletotheformofwhatundergoesgenerationanddestructionandatanother time isvulnerable to the formofwhat isnaturally imperishableandhasnomaterialgenesis.Therefore it isnotpossible,however, itmightbepossible that the classof bodies subjected toKaun o Fasād (generationanddestruction)hasasubstancethatiscommontothosethataregeneratedoutofanddestroyedintooneanother,ascanbeseeninthecaseoftheArkan Arba (fourbasicconstituents)(McGinnis,2009).

AristotlestatesthatArd(earth)andheavensareentirelydiverseinnature.TheArd andeverythingonandabove it, upas far as themoon,wereheld to besubject to vary, decomposeand flawed.Everything here is composedof theamalgamationofArkan Arbaandallnaturalmovementontheearthisbasicallyin a straight line, either straight up likeNār (fire) andHawā’ (air), or straightdownlikeMā’(water)andArḍ(earth)(Ladyman,2002).Healsodelineatedthatfour primary properties of all substancesare opposite to eachother.Burudat (cold)andYabusat(dryness)arecontrarytoHararatandRutubat.Onthebasisofmetamorphosistheconceptoftransmutingagentcameintosurfaceoverthehundredyears.Thisencouragesthetransformationofonekindofmaterialintoanother(Hurle,1993).HefurthersaidthatbodiesarelikelytofallintoonepointthatiscenteroftheArd.HerealizedthatArdislikeaballandthatitscenterisalsothecentralpointoftheuniverse.AristotlejustifiedthatonlyafiniteuniversecouldhaveaMarkaz(center).AristotleconcurredwithEmpedoclesthat“down here”therearefourArkān,oneofwhichistheJamid madda(solidmaterial)ofwhich theearth ismade. ItwasanessentialpartofAristoteliandynamics thatmotionsofbodiesaregovernedbytheirstrivingtowardtheirnatural place.ThenormalplaceofRukn Arḍ (earth) is thecenterof theuniverse,so thenormalmovementistowarddownward.ThemovementoftheNaristowards“up”whichisoppositetotheearth.InthesamewayMaá andHawahadtheirinclinationtosettleindifferentstratum(Teerikorpiet al.,2009).

SomeofthepredecessorsofAristotlehadadifferentviewincontextofmixtureanditsseparation.Theysaidsubstancesarecomposedbydifferentproportionsof four primary constituents. If these are in right proportion ofmixture asubstance is producedotherwise substance is destructed (Stone, 1999).Thealterationoccursonthebasisofchangesinqualitiesnotdrivenbythemixture


ofArkan Arba because they remain unchanged. IbnSina also corroboratedtheconceptofAristotle (McGinnis,2009;Stone,1999;Maier,1955).Aristotleasserted thatArkanArbaaredistinct typesof sensiblematters, and that theycanbemetamorphosedcompletelyone into theother.Thesubstrate inwhichmetamorphosis takesplace is thephysicalsubstancecommon toArkan Arba. Thissubstancemightbeaprimesubstanceinthephysicalsense,becauseallother corporeal substancesaremixtureofArkan Arba.Thesubstanceswhichare common to these fourmust be common toevery corporeal thing, and soremaininvariablethroughallcorporealalterations.Stillitmightbemetaphysicalprimarysubstance(Stone,1999).

DescriptionofFourArkan

Earthisasimplebody;itsnaturalpositionisinthecentreofotherArkānduetoitsgravity(Nafis,YNM;Anonymous,1993;Anonymous,1973).Inthatposition,itremainsstationarybyvirtueofitsnature,butwhenitisdisplaceditreturnstoitsoriginalposition.This is theexplanation for itsabsoluteheaviness.Earth isbynaturecoldanddry(Anonymous1993;Kant,2008)andservesthepurposeofmaking the objects firmand stable, andmaintains their forms and figures(Anonymous,1993;Antaki,2008),

Waterisasimplebodywhich,initsnaturalposition,surroundstheearthwhileit itself issurroundedby theairprovided thatbothof themare in theirnaturalposition.Thisistheexplanationforheavinessofwaterwhich(Anonymous,1993)is coldandmoist innature. It isnaturally cold therefore it acquires itsnaturalpropertyevenifitiswarmed(Nafis,YNM)(Jurjani,2010;IbnSina,2010;Antaki,2008;Arzani,2010).Thewarmness indicates thepresenceoffire in thebody.Fire isdryandhot innature,due to itsdryness it hardlyoccupiesanyshape(Israili,YNM).Fire isaJism-e-Baseet (simplebody) that issubtleand light innature(Baghdadi,2004).Fireisaninanimateanduniformmatter,itraisehigherthanotherconstituents,owingtoitsabsolutelightness.Thefireintermixeswitheverythingonaccountofbeinglightandhavingimbibedheat.ThepoweroffirealsocausesthepenetrationofaireverywhereinthebodiesevenitdisintegratestheextremenessofMā’andArḍ(Baghdadi,2004,Jurjani,2010;IbnSina,2010;Arzani,2010;Ahmad,1983).

Hawā’(Air)isasimplebody;itsnaturalpositionisabove‘Mā’(water)andbelowtheNār (fire)(Anonymous,1973).ThenatureofHawā’ (Air) isHar Ratab (hotandmoist)(Baghdadi,2004).AirisnotBarid(cold)becauseabaridsubstancebecomesheavy anddense since, asBurūdat is the causeof heaviness anddensity (Israili.,YNM).Air stands forLatafat (lightness),Takhalkhul (porosity),Tause’e (expansion)(Jurjani,2010;IbnSina,2010;Arzani,2010).


All the fourqualitiesofArkān Arba΄ aplaykey role in the formationofnaturalsubstances,forinstance,Kafiyāt Harcausesheating,disintegration,evaporationandannihilation.Burūdat(coldness)standsforcooling,compactionandfreezingwhereas,Rutūbat (moistness) stands for soften, greasy and fluidization andYubūsat (dryness)asdenseness,firmnessandprotection(Israili,YNM).

InthelightofthedescriptionofUnaniphilosophersthephysicalpropertiesandphasesofArkān Arba΄a (four basic constituents) canbe interpretedeasily bycontemporaryphysicalscienceswhichstate thatphysicalstateofasampleofphysicalmatteranditsphysicalconditionisdeterminedbyitsphysicalproperties.Two samples of amatter that have similar physical propertieswill always besameinnature(Atkins,et al.,2010).

In the LatinWest, Ibn Sina and Ibn Rushd were known as the principaladversariesonamuch-discussedquestionofelementtheory,especially inthefourteenthcentury.Giventhatifallphysicalsubstances(apartfromtheelementsthemselves)aremixturesofArkān Arba΄a(fourbasicconstituents),thequestionthenarisesthathowdotheelementsexistinthem?IbnSina’sanswerissimplethat substantial formof theelements remainsunalteredwhena compound isformed;only thequalitiesof theelementsarealteredandunite toameanofquality,orcomplexion(Gutas,2012;Magner,2005;McGinnis,2009).

PresentPerspective

AtomismofDaltonleadstotheunderstandingofbasicblocksasatomsofdifferentphysicalandchemicalproperties.Thisprogressedtotheacceptanceofnumberof distinct element that have composedall the substances in theworld.Theprincipleoforganizationandspecialconfigurationhoweverremainsintact.Sincetheadventofparticlephysicsonlyorganizationandconfigurationhaveretainedpermanencywhereastheverynatureofelementshasshiftedtolocalizedenergypackets.Itseemsrighttimetoviewthesamewithnewenlightenedrevisiontothetheoryofexistenceofmatterasstatedbyancientphilosophers.

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UHypertension in Unani System of Medicine1Danish Ali, 2Tabassum Latafat,

2B.D. Khan, 2Jamal Azmat and

2Md. Wasi Akhtar

1DepartmentofMoalejat,RajasthanUnaniMedicalCollege&Hospital,

Jaipur-302012

2DepartmentofMoalejat,A.K.TibbiyaCollege,

AligarhMuslimUniversity,Aligarh-202002


1Author for correspondence

Abstract

nani scholarswere allmindful of Zaght-e-damwi (bloodpressure).TheyviewedZaghta-e-InqabaziasSystoleandZaghta-e-InbesatiasDiastole.TheorgansofdisseminationhavebeenportrayedbyIbnNafees(1208-1289).ThetermhypertensionorZaghtuddam QawihasnotbeenusedassuchinanyoftheestablishedUnaniwritings.RatherUnaniphysicianshavedescribedhypertensionasImtila Ba Hasbil Auiyaandsaidthishappensbecauseofsue-e-mizajdamwi.Theywereawareofthehypertension,astheyhavediscusseditintermsofgivingadetailedaccountofitsrelatedsymptomssuchasmigraine,palpitation, vertigoandepistaxis etc. Fewof themdescribedexpandedbloodvolumeinlumenofveinsasthecauseofhypertension.Theyfurtherdescribedthathypertensionisanappearanceofyabusat-e-mizaj(drynessoftemperament)which is the primary cause of atherosclerosis (Tasallub-e-Sharaeen). Imtilahasbeenmentionedasoneof thereasonsforkhafqan (palpitation)andotherdisorders.ThusImtilaappearstobeacorrelateofhypertension.LateronUnaniphysicianscoinedthetermZaghtuddam Qawiforhypertension.Unanischolarsappeartogivevividdescriptionofthecirculatorydiseasedeterminantsincludinghypertensionhowevertheywereunabletoassimilatetheirdepictionstodesignatethemalady.Imtilahasbeenattributedtobeassociatedwithmigraine,congestedeyes,pulsatileconduits,puffinessofface,heavyhead,anxiety,yawning,epistaxis,torpidity, flushingof face,warmbodywithnooutsidecauseandejectionsetcwhicharethesymptomsandindicatorsofhypertension.TheprincipleoftreatmenthasbeenestablishedbyUnaniphysiciansinthelightofitsphysiopathologyandtheclinical features.Thereappears tobeagreatdegreeofsimilarity inUnaniandthatofmodernconceptofhypertension.

Key words:Zaghta-e-damwi,Hypertension,ZaghtuddamQawi,UnaniMedicine

Introduction

The termhypertensionwas first usedbyHarryGoldBallet in 1934.HowevertheUnanischolars(mainlyRaziand,Majoosi)werewellawareof thediseaseand its symptomaticmanifestation although they did not give it a specificname.Rather theydescribed it under a broad termof Imtila.Theydescribedsymptomssuchasheadache,vertigoandepistaxisetc.ofImtilaandexplaineditasvascularpressurecausedbyincreaseinbloodvolumeanddecreaseinthelumenofbloodvessels.Someofthescholarshavealsoattributedhypertensiontodevelopbecauseof yabusat-e-urooq (Drynessofarteries).AfterRaziotherUnaniphysiciansincludingMajoosi,IbnSina,IbnRushdandJurjanihavealsodescribedandagreedwiththeRazi’sdescription.


AsperUnani description Imtila is of following two types (Kabeeruddin, 1916;Ahmad,1980):

(i) ImtilaBaHasbilAuiya(repletionwithrespecttothevessels)

(ii) ImtilaBaHasbilQuwa(repletionwithrespecttothevitality)

Imtila Ba Hasbul Auiya

Imtila-Ba-Hasbil Auyia indicates that thequality of humours is normal but thequantity has increased somuch that the blood vessels have filled up overlyanddistended.It isanincreaseinbloodvolumeleadingto increasedvascularpressure.Unaniphysicianshavealsoattributeddecreaseinthelumenofbloodvessels as a cause for increased vascular pressure. They have describedheaviness of head and visual disturbances as the symptoms of Imtila andruptureofbloodvessels in the formofepistaxis,hemoptysisandhemorrhageas itscomplications.Patientsof Imtilawithhemorrhagic tendencyareadvisedtimely venesection todecrease thebloodvolumeandprevent the chancesofhemorrhagewhichmayresultinsuddendeath.Lightdietandrestisalsoadvisedtosuchpatients.

Jalinoos (Galen) recommended venesection (fasad) for those patientswhohavesymptomslikeanxiety,excessivesleepandvisualizationofredobjectsindreamduring sleep.The incidenceof decreased lumenof blood vessels hasalsobeenmentionedby IbnRushd.Hehasdescribed that callose (kaimoos)gets accumulated in blood in excess amount resulting in increased pressureandrepletionofbloodandruh,causinggeneralrepletionofbody.ThistypeofImtilaisdescribedtocausesuda(headache),Imtela-e-chashm(eyecongestion),puffinessofface,pulsatilearteries,darkcolouredturbidurine,heavinessinhead,restlessness,yawning, ruaaf (epistaxis),flushingof face,warmbody. IbnSinahas described this typeof Imtila arise either due to strong retentive faculties(quwwat-e-masika)orweakexpulsivefaculties(quwwat-e-dafia).AccordingtoIbnSinaandMajoosi, inordinateintakeoffood,consumptionofalcohol,sedentarylifeand lackof exercise result inaccumulationofwasteproducts inourbodyleading todevelopmentof Imtila. It isusuallyseen inobesepersons.Jalinoosrecommended venesection (fasad) for those patientswho have symptomslike anxiety, excessive sleepandobserving redobject in dreamduring sleep(Kabeeruddin,1916;Ahmad,1980;Razi,1991;Kantoori,1889).

Imtela Ba Hasbil Quwa

Imtila-ba-hasbil quwaisalsocalledImtila-ba-hasbul-kaifiat.InthistypeofImtilaalongwith redundant humours their quality is also affected.Morbid humourscontrol the vitality of the bodywith theirmorbid nature and do not allow thenormalprocessesofdigestionandmetabolismtobeoperatedefficiently.Person


sufferingfromImtila-ba-hasbilquwaaremorepronetoinfectiousdisease(Shah,2007;Kabeeruddin,1930;Kantoori,1896). Itmeans that the resistanceof thebodybecomessoweakthatevensmallamountofmorbidmattermayproducetoxicity.Onefeelsheavinessanddullness inspiteofabsenceofanyapparentcauseforthesame.AccordingtoMajoosi,itoccursasaresultofweaknessoftabiyatduetowhich,foodisnotproperlydigestedandmorbidmattersareformedcausingheavinessandtiredness(Ahmad,1980;Kabeeruddin,1930).

Redundant intake of food andalcohol, physical inactivity and repose lead toaccumulationofmetabolicproductswhichculminatesintoImtila.Ithasalsobeendescribed that Imtila ismore prevalent in peoplewith leanandasthenic builtastheirrateofabsorptionofmetabolicproductsismorethantheirresolution.

IbnSinahasdescribed ImtilaBaHasbilAuiyaasquantitativeenhancementofhumours that over fills the vessels and causes their distension.He has alsodescribeditgrievousasthebloodvesselsmayruptureandhumoursmayflowtowardsblockedpassagesresultinginthedevelopmentofsymptomsmanifestingdiphtheria,epilepsyandapoplexyetclikecondition.Headvocatedvenesectionforsuchacondition.InImtilaBaHasbilQuwaboththequantityofhumoursandtheirmorbidstatecausethepathologicalcondition.Suchhumourstakethecontrolof vitality of thebodyandaffect thenormal functioningof thebody.Apersonsuffering from this condition is at high risk of putrefactive diseases (Kantoori,1896;Israeeli,1907;Khan,2004).

According to IbnRushd the increased volumeof’ intracellular fluid causes astateof Imtila.When it isassociatedwithsomedegreeofderangement in thetemperament,itiscalledImtela-Ba-HasbulQuwa.Adeviationinthetemperamentofblood isagainacauseof Imtila.Hehasdescribedsignsandsymptomsofthis conditionwhich are similar to those described by otherUnani scholars.According toRazi in this typeof Imtila, tabiyatbecomesunable todo itsworkduetoexcessofblood.QuwwateghaziyaabsorbsnutrientsfromthebloodbutTabiyat fails tomake itapartof thebodyandtherefore leadingto this typeofrepletion(Razi,1991;IbnRushd,1980).

Yabusat-e-Urooq (Dryness of arteries)

Bloodpressureisinverselyproportionaltothepowerofradiusofvessels,soaslightdecreaseinlumenofarteriolecausesmajorchangeinbloodpressureandtheincreaseintheperipheralresistancedirectly increasesthebloodpressure.Anumberoffactorshavebeendescribedtoberesponsiblefordecreaseinthelumenandincreaseintheperipheralresistance.Hypertensionismoreprevalentinelderly(>60yrs)becauseofyabusat-e-urooq(Drynessofarteries)whichhasbeen described to bemore prevalent in elderly people (Kausar, 1984).Razidescribedyabusat (dryness),KhilqiTazaiyuqe-Shiryani (Congenitalnarrowing


ofarteries)andHararat(Temperature)asthecausesofrapidpulse.IbnRushdsaysthatthedrynessisafactorfornarrowingofbloodvessels.Thediametersofbloodvessels indifferenttemperamentsaredescribedtobeHot-wet>Hot-dry>cold-dry.

IbnNafis(1438A.D)hasdiscussedthatNabze-Sulb(Rigidpulse) isproduceddue to yabusat (dryness). In obesepersons, the lumenof arteries is smallerandheartrateisfaster(Ibn-e-Rushd,1980).Theprevalenceofhypertensionisgreaterinobesepeopleduetoinordinateadiposetissueandincreaseddryness.

Basheezak

It is a term described by Razi inAl-Hawi (Razi, 1997). The symptomaticmanifestation ofBasheezak is rednessof eyesand tension in blood vessels,whichreflecthypertension.HehasdescribedthemanagementofBasheezakasdeepsleep,fasad(Venesection)anduseofMushilat-e-Safradrugs(Purgativesofyellowbile).Thistermappearstodenoteapeculiartypeofhypertensivestatewhichmaybeusefulinclinicalpracticethoughanycorrelateofthisterminologyhasnotbeendescribedinconventionalmedicine.

Determinants/RiskFactors

Consistencyofblood(qiwamuddam)makesthefringeresistancealongtheselinesthecirculatorystrainiskeptupwhichresultsproficientflowofblood.IbnAbbassaidthattheqiwamuddamofthevenousbloodishigherthanthebloodvesseldue toweight pressure ofBukharat-e-dukhania (CO2) in the blood (Kantoori,1889).Whetherpulseishigh,lowornormalitreliesuponafewvariablesi.e.theyieldfromtheheart,theresistanceofthebloodstreamtothebloodvesselsorthevolumeofbloodandbloodcirculationtodifferentorgans.Thesearebroughtaboutbytheimpingementofthesixessentialcomponentsofhealth.

Etiology

Majoosi is of the view that Imtila is brought about by over the top intake ofnourishmentandliquorandlackofphysicalexerciseandevasionfromhammam(wet and steam shower).Natural components embroiled in the causation ofhypertension includeumoor-e-nafsania (push, outrageandnervousness etc),corpulenceandderangementoftemperament.

Pathophysiology

Asindicatedabove,becauseofastateofabnormalityinveins;theirconstrictionandunwinding Imtilamaydevelop. It has been further argued thatMuhraraqSaudapromptstoyabusat,whichinturncausessalabat(solidness)invessels,causing their constriction and unwinding. In case the sauda is rotted, it willincreaseinamountandwillcreatemoresolidnessbecausesaudaisassigned


to possess relativelymore yabusat (Khan, 2004).QuwateMasika (retentivepower)responsiblemainlytoconstrictthevesselsisintervenedwithburudatandyabusat(Israeeli,1907).ThereasonofnarrowingandshuttingofwaterwaysandpathwayhavebeendescribedtobeduetothepredominanceoftheYabisMizajofthebody.IncaseSu’eMizajYabisprevailsoverthebody,itmaysolidifythevessels.Shuttingofwaterway is either becauseof increasedQuwateMasikaor decreasedQuwateDafia (expulsive power).Afaale-nafsania, for example,outrage,uneasiness,pressureetcarethemanifestationsofhararatandyabusat(Kantoori, 1896). In nabz-e-sulb (hardnpulse), salabat (sclerosis) in thenabzis foundbecauseofdryness.Thus thebloodvesselfirmnesspredisposes thehypertension,asitdiminishesthelimitofwithdrawalandunwinding.Incrementinburudat,yabusatandquwatemasikabringsaboutthebloodvesselfirmness.Anincreaseinmuhtaraqorputrifiedaudabecauseofanyreasoninducesyabusat.TabrihasmentionedthatMizajofvesselsinordinaryconditionremainsRatab.However,inhypertensionitisfoundstrayedfromRatabtoYabisandcontributessignificantlytogiverisetohypertension.

ClinicalFeatures

Acomparisonof clinical featuresof Imtila andhypertension indicates that thesymptomsdescribed in respectof the twoarealmostsimilar.Thecomparisonhasbeensummarizedinthetablegivenbelow:

Symptoms Hypertension Imtila

Headache + +

Palpitation + +

Dizziness + +

Breathlessness + +

Fatigability + +

Epistaxis + +

BlurringofVision + +

Rednessofface + +

Confusion + +

Chestpain + _

Diaphoresis + _

Fullnessofpulse + +

Weakness _ _

Hottouchofskin _ +

Lossofappetite _ +

Yawning _ +

Constrainedspeech _ +

Nightmares _ _


ItisevidentfromthedescriptionmentionedinUnaniliteraturethathypertensionisadamvi(sanguine)disease.ThesignandsymptomsofHypertensioncanbecomparedwiththesignandsymptomsofimtela-e-urooqandyaboosat-e-urooq(FullnessandDrynessofarteries).ClassicalUnaniphysicianswerewellawareof themanifestationsof imtila-e-urooqand itsmanagement, though theyhavenotmentioned the termhypertensionassuch.Rather someof thephysiciansespeciallyRaziandIbnSinahavedescribedanewtermBasheezakforraisedbloodpressuremainlycausedbynarrowingofbloodvessels(ImtilaBaHasbulAuiya)(IbnRushd,1980;Razi,1997;Tabri,YNM;IbnSina,1930;Jurjani,1903;Mehta,1998;Golwala&Golwala,1992;Kumar&Clark,2009;Ansari,1930)

Management

ThetermhypertensionisnotmentionedassuchinclassicalUnaniliteraturebutclinical features representinghypertensionhavebeenmentionedunder ImtilaBaHasbulAuiya.

As per Unani concept the principle ofmanagement is to reduce Imtila bydecreasing the blood volume.This principle can be achieved by giving non-pharmacologicalregimenaswellaspharmacologicalinterventions.Anumberofdrugshavebeenmentionedinthetreatmentofhypertensionwhichcontributestoalleviatethesymptomsinmanywayslikemufatihaat(vasodilators),munawimmat(hypnotics),musakkinat (relaxant) andmudirrat (diuretics) etc (Kabeeruddin,1916;Kantoori,1889;Ahmad,1983).

LineofTreatment

IlajBil-Ghiza(Dietotheraphy)

IlajBil-Tadbeer(Non-pharmacologicaltherapy)

IlajBil-Dawa(Pharmacotherapy)

IlajBil-Ghiza(Dietotheraphy)

ThereisavividdescriptionofdietaryrecommendationsinUnanimedicineforthepatientsofhypertension.Thegroupofdietarysupplementsthatcontrolcommonriskfactorssuchashyperlipidaemia,atherosclerosisandanxietyarecommonlyrecommendedforimprovingthestateofhypertensionanditscomplications.Thereisalargelistofdietarysubstanceswhichareconsideredtobeanti-hyperlipidemic,anxiolyticandexhilarants.

Lehsun (Allium sativum); Pyaaz (Allium cepa); Zeera siyah (Carum carvii),Anannas(Annanas sativus),Seb(Malus sylvestris),Kadu(Cucurbita moschata),Gajar(Daucus carota),Khubani(Prunus armeniaca),Tarbooz(Citrulus vulgaris),Anar(Punica granatum),Kharpaza(Cucumis melo),Toot(Morus indica),Pista(Pistacia vera) are someof thedietary substances thatareuseful tomanageImtilaorhypertension(Razi,1991;Tabri,YNM;IbnSina,1903;Khan,1286H).


Ilaj-BilTadbeer(Non-Pharmacologicaltherapy)

IlajBilTadbeerinvolvesthemodificationofAsbab-e-SittaZarooria(sixessentialsofhealthyliving).Itisveryhelpfulinpreventionaswellascontrolofhighbloodpressure.AsignificantdiminutionofriskfactorshasbeenobservedafterstrictlyfollowingtheregimensofmaintainingAsbab-e-SittaZarooriaincludingadequatesleep,increaseinphysicalwork,stressfreelifeetc.FollowingaresomeregimenaltherapiesprescribedbyUnanischolarsinthemanagementofhighbloodpressure(Razi,1991;Tabri,YNM;IbnSina,1930):

Fasad(Venesection)

Tareeq(Diaphoresis)

Ishaal(Purgation)

Taleeq(Leeching)

IlajBil-Dawa(Pharmacotherapy)

Looking at various aspects of high blood pressure, several single drugs andcompoundUnani formulations have been describewhich are in use sincecenturies for successfulmanagement of hypertension (Kabeeruddin, 1916;Ahmad,1980;Kantoori,1889;Ahmad,1983).Theseareasfollows:

Munawimmat(Hypnotics)

Akseer-e-Shifa

Roghan-e-laboobSaba

Tukhm-e-Khashkhas(seedsofPapaver sominiferumLinn)

Roghan-e-Khashkhash(oilofPapaver sominiferumLinn)

Mubarridat(Refrigerants)

Kishneez(Coriandrum sativumLinn)

Gul-e-Neelofar(Nymhaea lotus)

Tukhm-c-Kahu(Lactuca sativa)

Tukhm-e-Khurfa(Portutaca oleraceaLinn)

Mufattihat(Vasodilators/deobstruent)

Arjunchaal(Terminalia ArjunaLinn.)

Lahsun(Alium sativumlinn.)

Musakkinat(Relaxants)

Sankhahuli(Convolvulus pluricaulisChoisy)

Asrol(Rauwolfia serpentina)


Tukhm-e-Kahu(Lactuca sativaLinn)

Gul-e-Neelofar(Nymhaea lotusHookF.&Thumb)

Mufarrehaat(Diuretics)

SandalSafaid(Santalam album)

Parsiyoshan(Adiantum capillus venerisLinn)

Abresham(Silk coccon)

Khas(Andropogon muricatuslinn)

Mudirrat(Diuretics)

SharbatBazooriMautidil

Habb-e-Mudir

Tukhm-e-Kharpaza(Cucumis meloLinn.)

Tukhm-e-Khayarien(Cucumis sativus L.)

Conclusion

HypertensionassuchhasnotbeendescribedassuchinUnanimedicinehoweverthe disease and its attributes including its clinical features, symptoms andmanagementetcwereknowntoUnaniphysicians.IthasbeenmainlydescribedintermsofImtilaandhasbeencharacterizedtobeaDamwidisorder.Itsthreeimportantattributesareincreasedbloodvolume,expandedvolumeconsistencyand thickening and solidifying of vessels (arteriosclerosis).These are almostsimilar to that described in conventionalmedicine in respect of hypertension.Similarly, theprinciple of treatmentwithminor divergencealsoappears to besame.SomeoftheattributessuchasBasheezakandanumberofdrugsusedinUnanimedicinetocontrolhypertensionmustbelookedintoafreshtofindoutadegreeofconsonanceifanybetweentwo.Thismayexposedanewfrontierforresearchaswell.

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UAnisoon (Pimpinella anisum L.): A review of Pharmacological Activities and Clinical EffectsKhadija Zahid Ali, Azhar Hasan,

Shabir Ahmad Parray, Wasim Ahmad

MohammadiaTibbiaCollege,Mansoora,Malegaon,Nashik-423203,India.


*Author for correspondence

Abstract

nanidrugAnisoon,theseedsofaplantPimpinella anisum Linn, is oneof the oldest spices and importantmedicinal herbmentionedbyGreekandRomanUnaniphysiciansintheirtreatisesforitsdiversetherapeuticproperties centuries ago. It is oneof themost ancient crops cultivated in theeasternMediterraneanRegion,WesternAsia, theMiddleEast,Mexico,Egypt,andSpain. InUnani systemofmedicine, it is usedasKasir-e-riyah,Mohallil-e-Riyah,Muqawwi-e-Meda,Mushtahi,Mufatteh,MufattehSudad,Munaffis-e-Balgham,Mukhrij-e-Balgham,Muddir-e-Bol,while inethno-medical literature ithasbeendescribedtobemildexpectorant,stimulant,carminative,diuretic,anddiaphoretic showing that theplanthasdiversebiological andpharmacologicalactivities. Keeping in view its highmedicinal importance inUnanimedicine,a comprehensive reviewbasedonUnani, ethnobotanical, phytochemical andpharmacologicalliteraturehasbeenpresentedwithanaimtoexposenewfrontiersforresearchandtherapeuticapplicationofanisoon.

Keywords: Pimpinella anisum,Anisoon,UnaniMedicine,Mudir-e-Bol,MufattehSudad,Kasir-e-riyah

Introduction

Medicinalplantshaveplayedanimportantroleinthetreatmentofdiseasesallover theworld.Unanisystemofmedicine(USM) isa richsourceofmedicinalherbs,used fromcentauries (Parrayet al.,2012).Theversatilityand richnessofUSM is due to interaction of various pathies,whereUnani physicians andscholarshavenotonly included thedrugs fromother traditionalmedicinesbuthaveundertakenexperimentalworks to prepare theprofile for theirmedicinaleffectsandtherapeuticuses(Mobeenet al.,2017).Anisoon(Pimpinella anisum Linn)isonesuchherbusedfromcentauriesinUSMfordifferentpharmacologicaleffect.

It isoneoftheoldestspicesandanimportantmedicinalherb(Shobha,2013).Greek andRoman physicians havementioned its therapeutic uses in theirtreatises centuries ago.Theophrastus,Dioscorides andPliny havedescribeditsuseintheirbooks2000yearsago(Evans,2002)anditsmedicinalactivitieshave been described inUnani,Ayurveda, BritishPharmacopoea andWHOmonographwhich ismainlyattributed to itsessentialoil (Jamshidzadeh,et al,2015).AnisoonisprimarilygrownforitsfruitsthatareharvestedinAugustandSeptember.ItbelongstotheUmbelliferaefamily.


Habitat

Aniseed is indigenous toEgypt,Greece andWesternAsia. It is cultivated inEasternMediterraneanregion,MiddleEast(Shojaiiet al,2012),Russia,France,Spain, Italy,Bulgaria,Mexico, India (Kokateet al,2007),NorthAfrica,CentralEurope (Anonymous, 2005), SouthernEurope,Turkey,CentralAsia,China,Japan,CentralandSouthAmerica(Anonymous,2000). In India it iscultivatedinMadhyaPradesh(Khare,2004),UttarPradesh,PunjabandOrissa(Kokateet al,2007).SpainandEgyptaretheprincipalproducersof itsoil(Evans,2002).AlargequantityofaniseedissaidtobeexportedfromIndiaandalsoimported,exportsaremainlymade toAfghanistanandPakistanand importsaremainlyfromMalaysia,VietnamandTaiwan(Anonymous,2005).

Cultivation

Pimpinella anisumisprimarilygrownforitsseeds(aniseeds).ItisharvestedinAugustandSeptember.Theplantprefersalight,fertileormoderatelyrich,well-drainedsandyloamandispropagatedbyseeds.PlantiscultivatedfrommiddleofOctober to theendofNovember inplainareas, and from thebeginningofApriltotheendofMayinhillyareas.About13kgofseedsaresufficienttoplantahectareofland.Thecropisreadyforharvestingin3.5monthsafterplantingwhen the tipsof theseeds turngreyishgreen.Under favourableconditions,ayieldof445-665kgoffruitperhectaremaybeexpected(Anonymous,2005).

BotanicalName:Pimpinella anisum(Nadkarni,2007;Khare,2004;Tariq,2010)

Family:Umbelliferae,Apiaceae,(Anonymous,2005;Nadkarni,2007)

Vernaculars

Arabic:Anisun (Nadkarni, 2007)BazrulRazyanajRoomi (Ramlubhaya, 2004;IbnBaitar,YNM,Anonymous, 2007),RazyanjeShami,HabulHulu, KamoonHulu(NoorKarim,YNM;IbnBaitar,YNM;Anonymous,2007),Persian:Badian(Nadkarni, 2007),BadiyanRoomi,ZeeraRoomi (Kareem,YNM;Ghani, 2011;IbnBaitar,YNM;Anonymous, 2007),Unani:Anisoon,Badiyaan-roomi (Khare,2004;Kabiruddin,YNM;Anonymous,2007),Aanis,Omariqa(IbnBaitar,YNM).English:Anise,Aniseeds, SpanishAniseeds (Khare, 2004), Sweet Fennel(Nadkarni,2007),Aniseed(IbnBaitar,YNM),Anisi (Tariq,2010),France:Anis.(Nadkarni,2007),German:Anis-Biberrell(Nadkarni,2007),Hindi:Saunf,Sawolf,Badian(Prajapatiet al,2003),Saurif(Nadkarni,2007),Sanskrit:Shatapushpa,Madhurimisi, Karavee, Shatava, Shetpushpa (Nadkarni, 2007), Nepal: Sop(Anonymous, 2005), Bengali:Muhuri,Mitha jira (Prajapatiet al, 2003),Mori(Kabiruddin,YNM;Tariq,2010),Gujrati:Anisa (Prajapatiet al,2003),Kannad:Shomba (Prajapatiet al, 2003),Marathi:Somp, badishep (Anonymous, 2005;Anonymous, 2007), Oriya: Sop (Anonymous, 2005), Sindhi: Saunf Roomi


(Kabiruddin,YNM;Tariq, 2010),Tamil:Shomba (Prajapatiet al, 2003),Telgu:Kuppi,sopu(Prajapatiet al,2003;Anonymous,2007),

BotanicalDescription

Macroscopiccharacteristics

The fruit (schizocarp or cremocarp) ovoid or pyriform, laterally compressed,3-5mminlengthand2-3mmbroad,grayishgreentograyishbrown,mericarpbroadly ovoid, 5-ridgedwith short hairs and numerous vittae (Anonymous,2005).Theseedhaveasweet tasteandacharacteristicodourandaromatic;thearomaismorewhencrushed.Seedsareroughtotouch;primaryridgesareslender,paleanduniforminwidthshortbifurcatestylopodattheapex(Kokateet al, 2007).The flowers are small,white, in compoundumbles (Anonymous,2005).Theinflorescencesaremediumsizedumbelswithabout7to15scatteredpubescentrays.There isusuallyno involucre,butsometimesthere isasinglebract.Thereare barely any sepals.Thepetals arewhite, about 15mm long,andhaveaciliatemargin.Theyhavesmallbristleson theoutsideanda longindentedtip(Anonymous,2000).Therootisthinandfusiform,andthestemiserect,round,groovedandbranchedabove(Anonymous,2000).Theleavesarepinnatifidorterminatelypinnate(Anonymous,2005;Anonymous,2007).Thelowerleavesarepetiolate,orbicular-reniform,entireandcoarselydentatetolobed.Themiddleleavesareorbicularand3-lobed,or3-segmentedwithovateorobovatesegments.Theupperleavesareshortpetioledtosessilewithnarrowsheaths;theyarepinnatisectwithnarrowtips(Anonymous,2000).

MicroscopicStudyofSeed

Underthemicroscope,transversesectionofaniseshowanepidermallayerbearsnumerouspapillaeandunicellularhairs(Evans,2002).Theepidermisoffruitsiscoveredbynumerous,unicellularconical thickwalledwarty trichomes(Kokateet al.,2007).Onthedorsalsurfaceofeachmericarparefrom15-45branchedvittae (Evans, 2002),while two large vittae are seenon commissural surface(Kokateet al., 2007).An endosperm is slightly concave on the commissuralsurfaceandcontainsproteinandfixedoil(Evans,2002),smallaleuronegrains,rosettecrystalsofcalciumoxalate(Kokateet al.,2007).

PowderStudyofSeed

Powder analysis of crude drug revealed the presence of fragments of epicarp,mesocarp,vittae,endosperms,trichomes,vesselsandseclereids(Anonymous,2007).

IdentificationandPurity

TheTLCbehaviour of thepetroleumether reveals the twopeak spotswhichpossessedRfvaluesof0.11and0.87,respectively(Anonymous,2007).


Thedifferentparametersforthestandardpuritytestsweredoneandtheresultsaregivenintable1.

Table 1:IdentificationandpurityparametersofAnisoon

Name of Parameter Value of the TestForeignMatter Notmorethan2%TotalAshValue Notmorethan17%AcidInsolubleAsh Notmorethan7%Alcoholsolubleextractives Notlessthan1.5%Watersolubleextractives Notlessthan16%

PartsUsed

Themedicinalpartsarefruitofanise(Aniseeds)andtheessentialoil fromtheripe fruit and dried fruit (Evans, 2002;Anonymous, 2000). InUSM, seeds ofAnisoonareused(Tukhme Anisoon)medicinally.

Mizaj(Temperament)

Unani physicians described theMizaj (temperament) ofAnisoon (Pimpinella anisum)as:

• Hot2nddegreeandDry3rddegree(Ghani,2011;Kareem,YNM),

• HotandDry2nddegree(Ghani,2011;Kareem,YNM;Kabiruddin,YNM),

• Hot andDry 3rd degree (IbnBaitar,YNM;Ghani, 2011;Baghdadi, 2005;Anonymous,2007).

Miqdare Khorak(Dose)

Seeds:2 to 5 gm (Tariq, 2010;Kabiruddin,YNM;Anonymous, 2007), 7 to 10gm(Hakim,1999).

Oil: 2to3drops(Tariq,2010;Ali1993).

Mazarrat(Sideeffects)

Anisoonhasbeendescribedtoproduceadverseeffectsonintestines(Kareem,YNM),urinarybladder,stomachandlungs(Ghani,2011;Kabiruddin,YNM;Tariq,2010).

Musleh(Corrective)

Sikanjabeen andSaunf (Illicium verum) are used asmusleh (Ghani, 2011;Kareem,YNM;Kabiruddin,YNM;Tariq,2010).

Murakkabat(CompoundFormulationsofAnisoon)

Arq-e-Badiyan (Anonymous, 2005), Sharbat-e-Farasiun, Qurs-e-Rewand,Jawarish-e-Jalali,Jawarish-e-Kholikhan,Jawarish-e-Khozi,Jawarish-e-Qurtum,


Safoof Namak Shaikhur-Raees, Safoof Namak Sulemani, Dawa-e-Ajeeb(Ramlubhaya,2004),Jawarish-e-OodShireen,Habb-e-shab-e-yar(Anonymous,2007;Ali 1993). Jawarish-e-Narmushuk, Jawarish-e-Shaheryaran, Itrifal-e-Ghuddadi,Hab-e-Iyarij,Majoon-e-Antaki,Majoon-e-JalinoosLului,Sufoof-e-Moya(Anonymous,2007)

Afa’al(Action)

Followingdifferentpharmacologicalactionsofanisoon(Pimpinella anisum)havebeendescribedintheliterature:

Kasir-e-Riyah (Carminativae) (IbnBaitar,YNM;Anonymous,2007),Mohallil-e-Riyah(Antiflatulant)(Ghani,2011;Hakim,1999;Anonymous,2007),Muqawwi-e-MedawaFam-e-Meda: (StomachTonic) (Kareem,YNM),Habis-e-Shikam(Astringent) (Ibn Baitar, YNM),Mushtahi (Appetizer) (Tariq, 2010)Mushil(Purgative)(IbnBaitar,YNM;Ghani,2011),Mufatteh(Deobsruent)(Kabiruddin,YNM;Ahmad, 2010), Mufatteh Sudad (Deobsruent) (Anonymous, 2007),Musakkin-e-Auja(Analgesic)(Hakim,1999;Baghdadi,2005;Kareem,YNM;IbnBaitar,YNM;Ghani,2011),Munaffis-e-Balgham(Expectorant)(Kabiruddin,YNM),Mukhrij-e-Balgham,Muddir-e-Bol (Diuretic)Ghani, 2011;Anonymous, 2007),Muddir-e-Haiz: (Emmenogauge) (Ghani, 2011;Baghdadi, 2005;Anonymous,2007),Muddir-e-Sheer (Galactogauge) (Hakim, 1999; Baghdadi, 2005) Jali(Detergent) (Kareem,YNM)Musakkhin(Calorific) (Ramlubhaya,2004)Mulattif(Demulcent) (Ghani, 2011;Hakim, 1999),Mohallil-e-Warm (Anti-inflammatory)(Ghani,2011;IbnBaitar,YNM;),Mohallil(Resolvent)(Baghdadi,2005),Muarriq(Diaphoretic) (IbnBaitar,YNM),Muhassin-e-Lone (skin fairer) (Ghani, 2011),Muqawwi-e-Bah(Aphrodisiac)(IbnBaitar,YNM),Muqawwi-e-Gurda(RenalTonic)(Ghani,2011),Mufattit-e-Hisat(Lithotriptic)(Kareem,YNM),MusqiteJaneenwaMashima(Abortificient)(Ghani,2011),Dafa-e-Tashannuj(Anticonvulsant)(Ghani,2011;Anonymous,2007),QatileQumal(Licekiller)(Kareem,YNM).

Istemalat(Uses)

Anisoon(Pimpinella anisum)hasbeendescribedtobeusefulinvariousdiseasessuchasSailanur Rahem(dischargesfromtheuterus)(Ghani,2011;Baghdadi,2005; IbnBaitar,YNM) inbothdecoctionandHumool (tampon) form(Jeelani,2005;Razi,2001).Itactsasmufatteh-sudad(Deobsruent)(Anonymous,2007).Itsdecoctionisusefulinsudad-e-jigar wa tihal(IbnBaitar,YNM),wa masana wa rahem (Ramlubhaya,2004).Itsfumigationhelpsinexpulsionoffoetus(Hakim,1999) and relieves suda-e-barid (Baghdadi, 2005). It is beneficial in istasqa (Ascites)(IbnBaitar,YNM;Kareem,YNM).Biryan(roasted)anisoonisusedinbawasir(Piles)(Hakim,1999);itspowderisespeciallyeffectiveinbawasir-e-rehi (Ghani,2011).


Anisoonclearsfacialcomplexion(Hakim,1999)andincreasesmilksecretion(IbnBaitar,YNM).Itsoralformisusedinidrar-e-haizandqillat-e-sheer(Ramlubhaya,2004). It resolves riyah (flatulance)andrelieves intestinalcolic (Hakim,1999).Due to itskasir-e-riyah property, it is used indard-e-shikam (Abdominal pain)anddard-e-gurda rehi. Being amusakhkhin it increases body temperature.Becauseofitsmunaffis-e-balghamproperty,itexpelsoutbalgham(Expectorant)inpatientsofdama(asthma)andsuaal(cough).Beingjali(detergent),anisooncleanesakhlat-e-lazija wa ghalizafrommeda wa rahem(Ramlubhaya,2004).

Powderedanisoon1.5gm,mastagi (Pistacia lentiscus)4ratti (500mg)mixedwitharq-e-qaranfal(Myrtus caryophyllus Spreng)andgulqand(Rosepetaljam)3 tola(30gm) isused inqabz (constipation)(Ramlubhaya,2004). Itsbakhoor andsaoot iseffective indare-d-sar barid (coldheadache),shaqiqa (migraine),duwar(vertigo),barid nazla(commoncold),falij(Paralysis),laqwa(facialpalsy)wa istarkhaandotalgia(Hakim,1999).Itsfinepowdermixedwithroghan-e-gul (rose oil) is useful in otalgia (Ghani, 2011).Zimad of anisoon is beneficial inistarkha (Hakim,1999). Itssurma isefficacious ineyediseases (Ghani,2011;IbnBaitar,YNM).

Itsmanjan(toothpowder)isusefulinfoulsmellingofmouthandcleaningofteeth(IbnBaitar,YNM).Chewingofanisoonseeds isveryeffective insuda-e-barid,shaqiqa, dard-e-seena (chest pain),khansi (cough),dama (asthma),khafqan (palpitation).Itspowderinroghan-e-gul (roseoil)isusefulinshagaf-e-androoni uzn(tearininternalear)duetotrauma(IbnBaitar,YNM).Itsdecoctionwithaslus-soos(Glycyrrhiza glabraLinn)isbeneficialindama(asthma)andchestdiseases(IbnBaitar,YNM),shaqiqa, khafqan, sardi, khansi, darde sar baridandbeneficialfor lungs (Ghani, 2011). It is effective in laisar-e-ghus andsabat-e-balghami becauseitchangestemperamentofbrainandactsasamuqawi-e-maida(Ghani,2011). Joshandaof7gmanisooninwatermixedwithgulqand-e-asli 3 tola(30gm)iseffectiveinsabaat(coma),whichiscausedbykharij sardiorconsumptionofadvia-e-mukhaddira(sedatives)(Ghani,2011).

Powder of anisoonmixedwithgulqand (ose petal jam) curesmalenkholia (schizophrenia), especially inmalenkholia miraqi. Joshanda of anisoonwithshahed(honey)isbeneficialinqaboos(nightmare)andfalij.Joshandaofanisoonwith sugar used to dissolve yellowness of cheeks ofmother after delivery.Chewing of anisoon is carminative; it acts asmuqawwi-e-fam-e-maida, andexpeloutitsratoobat.Ithasdiureticactionandiseffectiveinrenalcalculi.Itiseffective in tape balghami kohna (chronicphlegmatic fever) (Ghani,2011)anduseful in chronic fevers (IbnBaitar,YNM). It isusedasamuqawwi-e-bah wa muqawwi-e-gurda(Ghani,2011).

Itactsasanantidoteininsectbitepoisoning(IbnBaitar,YNM)andactsasanantidoteofsomepoisons (Ghani,2011).Roghan-e-anisoon isdaf-e-tashannuj


(anticonvulsant) (Ghani, 2011; Tariq, 2010).Anisoon is used to lessen theintestinal colic one of the common side effects ofadvia-e-mushila (laxative)(Ghani,2011;Kareem,YNM).

TherapeuticusesasdescribedinEthno-medicine

The local application of oil of anisoon is useful in headache, flatulence andintestinalcolic (Khare,2004;Nadkarni,2007). Its root isused in fever (Khare,2004;Anonymous, 2005). It is used in liver diseases on account of havinghepatotoniceffect(Khare,2004;Anonymous,2000).Itisalsousedingallbladdercomplaints(Khare,2004),commoncold,cough,bronchitis(Anonymous,2000),bronchial catarrh (Nadkarni, 2007) andwhooping cough (Anonymous, 2000).Aniseoilisusedexternallytotreatliceandscabies(Prajapatiet al,2003;Khare,2004).

It isusedasaromain toiletsoapsanddentifrices(Khare,2004).Anise leavesareused forgarnishingandflavouringpurposes (Nadkarni,2007).Seedpodsare used as a remedy for dyspepsia, relieve flatulence, indigestion, colic inchildrenandtodiminishthegripingofpurgatives(Nadkarni,2007;Anonymous,2000).Anisoonusedas an insect repellent (Anonymous, 2000). It is used ininflammationofmouthandpharynx(Anonymous,2000),menstrualdisturbancesand tuberculosis (Anonymous, 2000) and also as an antiseptic (Anonymous,2005).

Inhomeopathicmedicineitisusedforshoulderpainandlumbago(Anonymous,2000). Its oil used externally as an insecticide against small insects suchas head lice,mites and vermin (Anonymous, 2005).Oil of anise is used inperfumery,soapsandothertoiletarticlesandforflavouringculinarypreparations,confectionery,beveragesand liqueuranisette. It isused inperfumingsachets,dental preparations andmouthwashes, it is also used in themanufacture oflacquers. It is used as an ingredient of cough lozenges in combinationwithliquorice, also in the treatment of cholera to prepare gripewater. It has alsofungicidalproperties(Anonymous,2005).

Phytochemistry

Anise contains1.5 to 3.5%volatile oil, 10%fixedoil, proteins,mucilage, andstarch.ThevolatileoilofAnisoononsteamdistillation,hasacharacteristicodourandtaste;colourlessorpaleyellowincolour(Kokateet al.,2007;Anonymous,2005).Themajorcompoundsoftheessentialoilofaniseseedsaretrans-anethole,methylchavicol, anisaldehyde, estragole, (Nadkarni, 2007;Anonymous, 2000)cumarins, scopoletin, umbelliferone, estrols, terpenehydrocarbons, polyenes,andpolyacetylenes(Gulcinet al.,2003).TheessentialoilofPimpinella anisum L. fruitsshowedthepresenceof trans-anethole(93.9%)andestragole(2.4%).Othercompounds thatwere foundwithconcentrationhigher than0.06%were


(E)-methyleugenol, α-cuparene, α-himachalene, β-bisabolene, p-anisaldehyde,andcis-anethole(Ozcanet al.,2006).

The composition of essential oil ofPimpinella anisum L. fruits obtainedfromdifferent geographical areas of Europe, showed the presence of trans-anethole(76.9–93.7%)andγ-himachalene(0.4–8.2%),trans-pseudoisoeugenyl2-methylbutyrate,p-anisaldehyde,andmethylchavicol (Oravet al.,2008).TheotherphytochemicalstudiesrevealedthattheplantandtheseedsofPimpinella anisumfromAlbertashowedtrans-anethole57.4%ofwholeplantand75.2%ofseedoil,respectively(Embonget al.,1997).

Themajor compounds obtained by supercritical extraction usingCO2, wereanethole (90%),γ-himachalene(2−4%),p-anisaldehyde(<1%),methylchavicol(0.9−1.5%), cis-pseudoisoeugenyl 2-methylbutyrate (3%), and trans-pseudoisoeugenyl2-methylbutyrate(1.3%)(Rodrigueset al.,2003).Volatileoilofanisecontainsspecificgravity0.978-0.988,opticalrotation+1to-2,refractiveindex1.553-1.560(Kokateet al.,2007).

A new terpene hydrocarbon called neophytadienewas isolated fromaniseedin1978(Burkhardtet al.,1986);phenolicglycoside,4-(β-d-glucopyranosyloxy)benzoic acid,wasalso isolated fromaniseeds (Drikset al., 1984). Four newaromaticcompoundswereisolatedfromthepolarportionofmethanolicextractof anise fruits (Fujimatuet al., 2003).Quercetin 3-glucuronide, rutin, luteolin7-glucoside, isoorientin, and isovitexin as crystalline compounds, apigenin7-glucoside, anda luteolin glycosideasnoncrystalline compounds fromanisehavealsobeenisolated(Kunzemannet al.,1977).

ThefattyacidscompositionofaniseedoilonsilverionHPLCshowedisomeric18:1 fattyacidsoleicacid (cis9–18:1),petroselinicacid (cis6–18:1),andcis-vaccenicacid(cis11–18:1),respectively(Denevet al.,2011).Alsothree lignin-carbohydrate protein complexeswere isolated froma hotwater extract of itsseedsbycolumnchromatography(Leeet al.,2011).

Pharmacologicalstudies

AnumberofstudieshavebeencarriedoutonPimpinella anisumLinninrecentyearsshowing that itpossessesdiversepharmacologicaleffects.Someof theimportantpharmacologicalstudiesconductedsofararebrieflydescribedbelow:

Antimicrobialactivity

TheantibacterialactivitiesofdifferentextractsofPimpinella anisumLwerestudiedbyanumberofresearchscholars(Akhtaret al.,2008;Gulcinet al.2003;Ateset al.,2003;Chaudhryet al.,2006).SynergicantibacterialactivitybetweenThymus vulgarisandPimpinella anisumhasalsobeenreported(Al-Bayati,2008).


Antifungalactivity

Theessential oil ofaniseedshowedsignificant inhibitoryactivityagainst fungi(Kosaleket al.,2005;Ozcanet al.,2006;Yazdaniet al.,2009),andanetholwasfoundtobethemostactivecomponent(Shuklaet al.,1987).

AnalgesicandAnti-Inflammatoryactivity

Twaijet al, (1998) reported significant analgesic activity ofPimpinella anisum agianstbenzoquinoneinducedwrithingandinthermaltests.InanotherstudyithasbeenreportedthattheessentialoilaswellasfixedoilofPimpinella anisum hasasignificantanalgesicandanti-inflammatoryeffects(Taset al.,2006).

AntioxidantActivity

InastudyconductedbyGulcinet al., (2003) theantioxidantpropertyofwaterandethanolicextractsofaniseedswasevaluatedandcomparedwithsyntheticantioxidantssuchasbutylatedhydroxyanisole(BHA),butylatedhydroxytoluene(BHT) andα-tocopherol. Both extracts of aniseeds showed strongantioxidantactivity.Rajeshwariet al., (2011) has reported in vitro and in vivo antioxidantpotentialofethanolicextractofaniseeds,andprovedscavengingactivity.Similarly,theantioxidant potential of essential oil andoleoresins fromanise seedswasstudied,andshowedhighestantioxidantactivity(Singhet al.,2008).ScreeningofantioxidantpropertiesofsomeUmbelliferaefruitsweredoneinIran(includingPimpinella anisum),amongthemP.anisumextractshowedthestrongestactivity.Further,apositivecorrelationwas foundbetween theantioxidantpotencyandflavonoidcontentofthefractions(Nickavaret al.,2009).Inanotherstudy,waterandalcoholextractsofaniseseedsshowedmarkedantioxidantactivity(Ismailet al.,2004).Aninvitrostudyofherbalteaofaniseseedsshowedantioxidantactivity(Speiskyet al.,2006).

Anticonvulsantactivity

Anticonvulsant effects of essential oil of the fruits ofPimpinella anisumwerereported against seizures induced by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), maximalelectroshock (MES) inmalemice (Pourgholamiet al., 1999); and picrotoxin-inducedseizureinmice(Ghaniet al.,1987;Heidariet al.,2005).

The cellularmechanisms probably produce hyper excitability, and causesenhancement ofCa2+ channels activity or inhibition of voltage and/orCa2+ dependent K+ channels activity underlying post-hyperpolarization potential(Janahmadiet al.,2008).

Antiviralactivity

TheantiviralactivityofitsessentialoilhasbeenshownagainstPVX(potatovirus),TMV(tobaccomosaicvirus)andTRSV(tobaccoringspotvirusbyShukla(1989).


Similarly,threelignin-carbohydrate-proteincomplexes(LC1,LC2,andLC3)wereisolatedfromahotwaterextractofseedsofPimpinella anisumshowedantiviralactivitiesagainstherpessimplexvirustypes1and2,humancytomegalovirus,andmeaslesvirus(Leeet al.,2011).

Antidiabeticactivity

Theantidiabetic, hypolipidemic, andantioxidant activities of aniseeds showeda significant decrease in fasting blood, serum cholesterol, triglycerides andlipidperoxidationinRBCandplasma,andalsoriseinvitaminCwasdetected(Rejeshwariet al., 2011). Kreydiyyehet al., (2003) reported that aniseed oilincreasedglucoseabsorption in the rat jejunumsignificantly, because the oilenhancedtheactivityoftheNa+-K+ATPasewhichincreasesthesodiumgradientthatgearsthemucosalglucosetransport.

Effectongastrointestinalsystem

Acute gastric ulcer in rat was produced by various noxious chemicals andindomethacinshowedaprotectiveeffect(Moflehet al.,2007).ThelaxativeefficacyofaphytotherapiccompoundcontainingPimpinella anisumL.,Foeniculum vulgare Miller,Sambucus nigraL.,andCassia angustifoliawasreportedinarandomizedclinicaltrial,whichincluded20patientswithchronicconstipationaccordingtothecriteriaoftheAmericanAssociationofGastroenterology(Piconet al.,2010).Inadoubleblindclinicaltrial,theeffectofaniseextractonmenopausalhotflashesfor4weeksshowedasignificantreduction(Nahidiet al.,2008).

Musclerelaxantactivity

The relaxant effect ofPimpinella anisum on isolated guinea pig trachealchainsand itspossiblemechanismwerestudied.Theresultsshowed that therelaxanteffectof thisplant isdue to inhibitoryeffectsonmuscarinic receptors(Boskabadyet al.,2001). Inanotherstudy,antispasmodicandrelaxanteffectsof threehydroalcoholicextractsof theaerialpartsofPimpinella anisumonratanococcygeussmoothmuscleshowedgoodresults(Tirapelliet al.,2007).

Dysmenorrhea

Theeffectivenessofaherbalcapsulecontainingdriedextractsofcelery,saffron,and anisewas comparedwithmefenamic acid in 180 femaleswith primarydysmenorrhea.Theresultsrevealedthattheefficacyofcapsulewasbetterthanmefenamicacidinpainrelief(Khodaet al,2008).

Morphinedependence

Theeffectsofaniseoilwerestudiedinmiceontheexpressionandacquisitionofconditionedplacepreference(CPP)inducedbymorphine.Thefindingsshowedthat injection of essential oil ofP. anisum has someaversive effects against


morphine induced conditionedaversion. In addition, this oil hasalso aGABAergiceffect(Sahraeiet al.,2002).

Insecticidalactivity

Essential oil ofPimpinella anisum by fumigation assay exhibited insecticidalactivitiesagainstlarvaeofLycoriella(Parket al.,2006).Prajapatiet al.,(2005)showedthat theessentialoilsofJuniperus macropodaandPimpinella anisum werehighlyeffectiveaslarvicidalandovicidalagainstthreemosquitospecies.Inaddition,theaniseessentialoilshowedrepellencyagainstmosquitoCulex pipiens (Erleret al., 2006).Theexposure to vapours of essential oils fromaniseandcuminresultedin100%mortalityoftheeggs(Tuncet al.,2000).Theascaricidalactivity of p-anisaldehyde derived fromanise seedoil against thehousedustmites,Dermatophagoidesfarinahasalsobeenshown(Lee,2004).

Conclusion

Anisoon is one of the importantmedicinal plants used in Unani system ofmedicine.Intheclassicalliterature,ithasbeendescribedtobewidelyusedasKasir-e-riyah,Mohallil-e-Riyah,Muqawwi-e-Meda,Mushtahi,Mufatteh,MufattehSudad,Munaffis-e- Balgham,Mukhrij-e-Balgham,Muddir-e-Bol. The recentstudies especially on seeds and essential oil have demonstrated that it hasantioxidant,antibacterial,antifungal,anticonvulsant,anti-inflammatory,analgesic,gastro-protective,antidiabeticandantiviraletcactivitiesandvarioustherapeuticuses supporting its therapeutic value of centuries and exposing it for furtherresearches.

Acknowledgement

Weare thankful to thePresident ofAl-JamiatulMohammadiaAl-Khairiya,Mr.ArshadMukhtar,forprovidingthefacilitiestoconducttheresearch.

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OThe Mizaj (Temperament) Patterns versus Somatotypes: Concordance or Coincidence

1Ghazala Mulla, 1Jalis Ahmed, 1Farhan Qureshi, 1Sufiyan Ghawte,

2Kalpana Joshi and

2Tejas Shah

1Z.V.M.UnaniMedicalCollege&Hospital,AzamCampus,

Camp,Pune-411001

2SinhagadCollegeofEngineering,Vadgaon,Pune-411041


*Author for correspondence;Email : [email protected]

Abstract

neofthewellacceptedclassificationsofhumanpopulationisbasedonrace.Racereferstoagroupofpeoplewhosharesimilaranddistinctphysicalcharacteristics.Itisasocialconcept,bywhichhumanbeingsidentifyanddistinguishthemselvesfromothergroups.Thetermracewasinitiallyconfinedtogroupsofpeoplespeakingcommonlanguage.By17thCenturyracereferredtophysical(Phonotypical)traits.InUnaniSystemofMedicine,ancientphysicianshadidentifiedtencomprehensivefeaturesofthehumanbodyandtermedthemasAjnas-e-Ashrah.Basedon these features theyclassifiedhumanbeing intofourcategorieswhohavedifferentMizaj (temperament)viz,Damwi, Balghami, Safrawi, and Saudawi.AmericanpsychologistWilliamSheldon(1898-1977)hasalsoclassifiedhumanbeingsintothreetypesofpersonalitiesandtermedthemsomatotypes.Sheldon’ssomatotypesarebasedonlyonphysicalcharacteristicsorphysique.Hehasexpressedthemnumericallyandnamedthemasectomorphs,mesomorphsandendomorphs.Sheldon’sbody typescanbeassessedby tenanthropometricmeasurements.

PresentstudyhasbeenconductedtoexploretheMizaj typesandsomatotypesof the same subjects and to find out any relationship between these twomethodologies and further to point outwhether this relationship ismerely acoincidenceorhasanystatisticalcorrelation?

Key words: Mizaj, Ajnas-e-Ashrah, Somatotypes,Anthropometry, Race,Phenotype

Introduction

Thepresentstudyisastatisticalscrutinyoftherelationshipbetweenthepersonalitytypes-Mizaj(Temperament)ofUnaniSystemofMedicine(USM)andSheldon’spersonalitytype(Somatotypes).ThehumanbodyisawonderfulcreationofGod,whichhasalwaysbeenasourceofcuriosityformedicalscience.Althoughthebasicframeworkofhumanbodyissame,thephenotypicfeaturesaredifferent(Dutta, 2004).Different systems ofmedicine classify the human beings intodifferentgroupsdependingonthesefeatures.AncientUnaniphysicianshadalsoclassifiedhumanbeingsintofourtypesofpersonalitiesviz,Damwi(Sanguine),Balghami(Phlegmatic),Safrawi(Choleric)andSaudawi(Melancholic)(IbnSina,1966).InUSMpersonalityitisassessedbytencomprehensivefeaturescalledAjnas-e-Ashra(tendeterminants)(Ahmad,1980).ToassesstheMizajwhichisbasedonAjnas-e-Ashrah,aquestionnairehasbeenformulatedbythephysiciansandscolars.Thisquestionnairehasbeenquantifiedasitisbasedonqualitativeentities.AmericanpsychologistWilliamSheldon(1898-1977)(Sheldon,1942)had


alsoclassifiedhumanbeings into three typesof personality and termed themsomatotypes.Sheldon’ssomatotypesarebasedononlyphysicalcharacteristicsor physique.He expressed themnumerically and named themendomorphy,mesomorphy and ectomorphy, which seemed to be derived from the threelayersof thehumanembryo, theendoderm,themesodermandtheectoderm.Sheldon’s body types canbeassessedby tenanthropometricmeasurements(http://www.age-of-the-sage.org/psychology/sheldon.html).Since thereappearsa similarity between the two therefore an observermayarrive at very similarresultsindeterminingaperson’sbodytypeorotherwise.HenceapilotstudytodeterminetheMizajtypesandsomatotypesofthesamesubjectswasconducted.Relationship if any between these twomethodologieswas scrutinized to findwhether it ismerelyacoincidenceor there isastatistical correlationbetweenthe two.TheMizaj of thevolunteers included in thestudywasassessedwiththehelpofvalidatedUnaniquestionnaire,whilesomatotypewasassessedwiththeHeathCarter software.Statistical scrutiny for concordancebetweenMizaj assessedbyUnaniquestionnaireandbySheldon’ssomatotypewasexplored.

Materials and Methods

Acrosssectional,analytical studyafter theapprovalof the InstitutionalEthicsCommitteewascarriedout.Threehundredandfiftyhealthystudentsofeithergenderbetween18to25yearsofagefromAzamCampus,CampareaofPunecity ofMaharashtra, India,were included for the study by random samplingmethod.Under18yearsandabove25yearsofageanddiseasedindividualswereexcluded.Thestudywascarriedoutfrom14thAugust2015to13thApril,2016.

I: AssessmentofMizajbyUnaniquestionnaire

AssessmentofMizajwasdonebyassessingthefollowingtenparametersknownas

Ajnas-e Asharah:

1. Malmas(Thetouch)

2. Lahm-wo-Shahm(MusclesandFats)

3. Ash’ar(Hairofthebody)

4. Laun(Colourofthebody)

5. Hay’at al-a’za(Statureofthebody)

6. Kayfiyat al-infi’al(Qualityofpassivenessoftheorgans)

7. Naum wo-yaqzah(Sleepandwakefulness)

8. Af’al al-a’za(Bodilyfunctions)

9. Fudhlat al-badan(Excretaofthebody)

10. Infi’alat nafsaniyah(Psychicreaction)


QuantificationandvalidationofUnaniquestionnaire

FortheassessmentofMizaj,aquestionnairebasedontheAjnas-e-Ashrahwasconstructed.As all the ten parametersmentioned in theAjnas-e-Ashrah arequalitativetherefore,theywerequantifiedonascaleof1to10.QuantificationwasdoneasperthemethodofquantificationmentionedbyUnaniphysicianBalinas(Falsafi,1972).Thequantificationwasbasedondifferentqualities i.e.Kaifiyat that thesubjectspossessed.Theassessmentwasdonebyasingleobserver,anexperiencedUnaniphysicianwhichwasfurthervalidatedbyanotherUnaniconsultant.Thequantificationmethodisasfollows:

QuantificationofKaifiyat

ProportionoftheLahm-wo-Shahm(MusclesandFats)wasassessedbyOmron’sbodycompositionanalyser.Skeletalmuscles,subcutaneousfatandvisceralfatswereexpressedinpercentage.QuantificationofLahm-wo-shamforthespecificMizajtypeswasdonebyNIH/WHOguidelineforBMI(Gallagher,2000)(Table1-3)

Table 1:QuantificationofKaifiyat

Sr. No. Kaifiyat Assigned score1 Har–Yabis 42 Har–Ratab 33 Barid–Ratab 24 Barid–Yabis 1

Table 2:Genderwisegradingofskeletalmusclechart

Gender Age Low (-) Normal (0) High (+) Very High (++)Female 18-39 <24.3 24.3-30.3 30.4-35.3 >25.4

40-59 <24.1 24.1-30.1 30.2-35.1 >35.260-80 <23.9 23.9-29.9 30.0-34.9 >35.0

Male 18-39 <33.3 33.3-39.3 39.4-44.0 >44.140-59 <33.1 33.1-39.1 39.2-43.8 >43.960-80 <32.9 32.9-38.9 39.0-43.6 >43.7

Source:OmronHealthcare

Table 3:Genderwisegradingofbodyfatchart

Gender Age Low (-) Normal (0) High (+) Very High (++)Female 20-39 <21.0 21.0-32.9 33.0-38.9 >39.0

40-59 <23.0 23.0-33.9 34.0-39.9 >40.060-79 <24.0 24.0-35.9 36.0-41.9 >42.0

Male 20-39 <8.0 8.0-19.9 20.0-24.9 >25.040-59 <11.0 11.0-21.9 22.0-27.9 >28.060-79 <13.0 13.0-24.9 25.0-29.9 >30.0

Source:NIID/WHOguidelinesforBMI

Source:Gallagheret al.,AmericanJournalofClinicalNutrition,Vol.72,Sept.2000


II: AssessmentofSheldon’ssomatotypes

Somatotypewas assessed by theHeath-Cartermethod.BarbaraHoneymanHeath,aformerassociateofWilliamSheldondevelopedamethodforassessmentofsomatotypes,whichisknownas‘TheHeath-CarterAnthropometricSomatotype’(Carter,2002).

Equipmentforanthropometry:Followingequipmentswereusedforanthropometricmeasurements.

I. Stadiometerorheightscaleandheadboard.

II. Weighingscale.

III. Smallslidingcaliper

IV. Aflexiblesteelorfiberglasstapemeasure.

V. Skinfoldcaliper.

Measurementtechniques:

Followingtenanthropometricmeasurementswererecorded.

1. Stature(height):Heightscalewithheadboardwasusedtomeasureheight.It was takenwith the subject standing straight, against an uprightwall,touching thewallwith heels, buttocks and back keeping the head in theFrankfortplane(theupperborderoftheearopeningandthelowerborderoftheeyesocketonahorizontalline),andtheheelstogether.Subjectwasasktostretchupwardsandtakeandholdafullbreath.Headboardwaslowereduntilitfirmlytouchedthevertex.

2. Bodymass (weight):Weight of the subjectwearingminimal clothingwasrecorded. Subject was asked to stand onweighing scale.Weight wasrecordedtothenearesttenthofakilogram.

Skin folds:After raising the subject’s skin, subcutaneous tissuewas heldfirmlybetweenthumbandforefingerofthelefthandawayfromtheunderlyingmuscleatthemarkedsite.Edgeoftheskinfoldcalliperwereapplied1cmbelowthefingersofthelefthandandallowthemtoexerttheirfullpressurebeforereadingat2secthethicknessofthefold.Skinfoldsoftherightsideofthebodywereused.Subjectwasaskedtostandrelaxed.Thecalfmuscleskinfoldwastakeninsittingposition.

3. Tricepsskinfold:Itwasmeasuredatthebackofthearmatalevelhalfwayona lineconnecting theacromionand theolecranonprocesseswhile thesubjectisstandingrelaxedwithhisarmhanginginanatomicalposition.

4. Subscapularskinfold:Subscapularskinfoldwasmeasuredonalinefromthe inferiorangleof thescapula inadirection that isobliquelydownwardsandlaterallyat45degrees.


5. Supraspinaleskinfold:Supraspinalefoldwasrecordedbyraisingitto5-7cm(dependingonthesizeof thesubject)abovetheanteriorsuperior iliacspine.

6. Medialcalfskinfold:Verticalskinfoldwasraisedonthemedialsideoftheleg,atthelevelofthemaximumgirthofthecalf.

7. Bi-epicondylarbreadthoftheHumerus:Thewidthbetweenthemedialandlateralepicondylesofthehumeruswasrecordedwiththeshoulderandelbowflexedto90degrees.

8. Bi-epicondylarbreadthofthefemur:Subjectwasaskedtositwithkneebentata rightangle.Greatestdistancewasmeasuredbetween the lateralandmedialepi-condylesofthefemur.

9. Upperarmgirth,elbowflexedand tensed:Measurementwas takenat thegreatestgirthofthearm.

10.Calfgirth:Thesubjectwasaskedtostandwithfeetslightlyapart.Thetapewasplacedaroundthecalfandthemaximumcircumferencewasmeasured.

Statureandgirthswererecordedatthenearestmm,bi-epicondylardiametersatthenearest0.5mm,andskin-foldsatthenearest0.1mm(Harpendencalliper).

Plotting the somato chart:All the ten anthropometricmeasurements wereuploaded in a software.This software calculates individual somatotypes andshowstheindividualssomatoplot.EveryindividualsomatoplotwasthencomparedwithSheldon’s curvilinear somatoplot havingHippocrates’ four basic humorsandtheircombinations.ThusMizajofeachsubjectwasassessedbySheldon’ssomatotypes.

Statisticalanalysis

Datawereenteredinexcelsheetandpresentedintheformoftablesandgraphs.ItwasfurtheranalyzedusingIBMSPSSsoftwaresystem(version20).The‘chisquare test’was used to assess the significance.Probability (P) < 0.05wasconsideredassignificant.

Results and Observations

The results calculated usingUnani questionnairemethod and theSheldon’ssomatoplothavebeenpresentedinthefollowingtables(4-5)andfigures(1):

Table 4:DistributionofMizajofStudiedPopulationbyUnaniquestionnaire

Mizaj of Studied PopulationTotal

No. %Sanguine Phlegmatic 67 19.1Sanguine Choleric 83 23.7



No. %Sanguine Melancholic 7 2.0Phlegmatic Sanguine 42 12.0Phlegmatic Choleric 31 8.9Phlegmatic Melancholic 10 2.9Choleric Sanguine 69 19.7Choleric Phlegmatic 8 2.3Choleric Melancholic 4 1.1Melancholic Sanguine 18 5.1Melancholic Choleric 9 2.6Melancholic Phlegmatic 2 0.6TOTAL 350 100.0

Table 5:DistributionofMizajofStudiedPopulationbySheldon’ssomatoplot


No. %Sanguine Phlegmatic 54 15.4Sanguine Choleric 53 15.1Sanguine Melancholic 7 2.0Phlegmatic Sanguine 55 15.7Phlegmatic Choleric 37 10.6Phlegmatic Melancholic 14 4.0Choleric Sanguine 73 20.9Choleric Phlegmatic 4 1.1Choleric Melancholic 5 1.4Melancholic Sanguine 25 7.1Melancholic Choleric 18 5.1Melancholic Phlegmatic 5 1.4Total 350 100.0

0

5

10

15

20

SANGUINE PHLEGMATIC SANGUINE CHOLERIC CHOLERIC SANGUINE

14.3 14 15.4

4.9

9.7

4.3

MATCHEDUNMATCHED

Figure 1:MizajwisematchingproportionsbyUnaniandSheldon’smethod

DistributionofMizajviz,SanguinePhlegmatic,SanguineCholericandCholericSanguineshowssignificantlyhigherconcordance(80%)whenmatchedbyUnaniquestionnaireandSheldon’ssomatoplot(p=0.001chisquaretest).


Discussion

AspertheUnanisystemofmedicinethehumanbodydependsonsevenunitsknownasAl-Umur al-Tabi’yah(Kabeeruddin,1970).Theseareasfollows:

1. Al-Arkan or Al-Anasir(Elements)

2. Al-Mizaj(Temperament)

3. Al-Akhlat(Humours-Bodyfluids)

4. Al-A’za(Organs)

5. Al-Arwah(Pneumaorvitalspirit)

6. Al-Quwa(Facultiesorpower)

7. Al-Af’al(Bodyfunctions)

1. Al-Arkan:AccordingtoHippocrates(460-377B.C.),Aristotle(384-322B.C.)andGalen(130-200) thehumanbody ismadeupof fourArkan viz.Al-nar (Fire),Al-hawa (Air),Al-ma’ (Water) andAl-ardh (Earth) (Gallagheret al.,2000).TheyattributeddualKafiyat (qualities) toeachUnsur.Onequality isdominantwhereasoneisrecessive,thesequalitiesexpressthepropertiesoftheArkan(Hamdani,1980).

Theabovefourelementsarethebasiccomponentsofthehumanbody.Hawa standsforgaseous,Ma’ standsforliquid,ArdhforsolidcomponentsofthebodyandNarfortheATPsgenerationasaresultoffoodmetabolism.

2. Al-Mizaj (Temperament): Ibn Sina definesMizaj as “the new state of amatterwhichemergeafteradmixtureoftwoormorethantwoelementsofacompound.Thiscompoundhasnewqualities(Kafiyat)differentfromthatoftheelementsorfromwhichithasemerged.ThisuniformstateofequilibriumiscalledasMizaj(Temperament).Mizajindicatestheprinciplesofchemicalcombinationofdifferentelementsorcompoundstoformanewcompound.Thus,eachcell, tissue,organsortheentirebodyisbestoweduponwithaMizaj,whichisknownasMizaj mu’tadil(normaltemperament).

WhendifferentAnsir-al-Insaniyah(Humanelements)undergovarioustypesof imtizaj (Chemical reaction/combinations) various compoundsof specificsurat-nau’iyah (molecular structure), having specificMizaj are produced.These compounds constitute theAkhlat-al-Badan (Humors).The humorsmake the internal environment of the cells aswell as of thewhole body(milieuinterior).

3. Al-Akhlat(Humors-Bodyfluids):TheconceptofAkhaltplayscentralrole inUnaniSystemofmedicine.ThewordAkhlat (singular-Khilt) literallymeansadmixture.AllbodyfluidsaretermedasAkhlat,becausethebodyfluidsarenotasingleentityrathertheyareformedaftermetabolismandservevariousfunctionslikenutrition,growth,repairandpreservationofhealthetc.inthebody.


In 5thCenturyB.C.Hippocrates orBuqarat (460-337BC)mentioned thetheory ofHumorsorAkhlat in his book “Tabiat al-Insan”.According to histheory thehumanbody contains fourAkhlat (Humors) i.e.BloodorDum,PhlegmorBalgham,YellowbileorSafraandBlackbileorSauda.

DominanceofoneoftheaboveKhiltnecessarilyexertsitsinfluenceontheMizaj(Temperament)ofaperson.Thus,accordingtodominanceofthetypeofKhilt (Humors)humanbeingshavebeenbroadlyclassified into4 typesofMizajorpersonalityDamwi-ul-Mizaj, Balghami-ul-Mizaj, Safrawi-ul-Mizaj, Saudawi-ul-Mizaj.

4. Al-A’za(Organs):Al-A’zaareonthefourthpositioninofAl-Umur Al-Tabi’yah. Theyarethesolidstructureofthebody.TheyhaveformedfromnormalAkhlat havinggoodcompositionandaretheresultofprimaryorbasictransformationofnormalAkhlat. A’zaareoftwotypes,A’za-e-Mufrad (simple)andA’za-e-Murrakab(compound).

5. Al-Arwah (Pneuma):ThewordArwah is the plural ofRuh whichmeanspneuma.WithoutRuhtheexistenceoflifeisimpossible.AllthegasesinthebodyarecalledasArwah,especiallytwogases,Ruh(oxygen)andBukharat-e-dukhaniya(carbondioxide).

6. Al-Quwa(FacultiesorPower):Al-QuwaisthepluralofQuwat.ItisthealsooneoftheuniqueconceptsofUnaniSystemofMedicine.Itisthepropertyofthebodywithwhichthehumanbodycarriedoutallitsfunctions(Af’aal).Itprovidesthebasisfordifferentbodilyfunctions.HenceQuwaandAf’aalareinseparable.Eachfunctionrequiresitsownspecialquwat.Therearethreemajortypesofquwainthebodyi.e.Al-quwa al-Tabiyah(naturalfaculties),Al-quwa al-Nafsaniyah(Psychicormentalfaculties)andAl-quwa al-Haywaniyah (vitalfaculties).

7. Al-Af’al (Functions):Al-Af’al means functions. Body performs severalfunctionswiththehelpofQuwa.Asmentionedtheyareinseparable,hencethe classification ofAf’al is sameas that ofQuwa. Arkan transforms intoA’za. A’za inturnperformsvariousAf’alwiththehelpofQuwa andArwah. MetabolismisoneofthesignificantfunctionsofA’za.AftermetabolismAkhlat areproduced.AkhlatdeterminesMizajorpersonalityofanindividual.Inthiswayallthesevenprinciplesworkinaproportionatemannertomaintainthemilieuinterior(Moatadil halat-e-badan)ofthehumanbody.

Mizaj (Temperament) is one of the important entities inUnaniSystemofMedicine.Assessment ofMizaj is done in healthy aswell as of diseasepersons.ThequestionnairebasedonAjnas-e-AsharaisusedforassessmentofMizaj orpersonalitytypes.Itplaysaveryimportantroleindeterminingthephysical,physiologicalandpsychologicalstatusofhumanbeing.DiagnosisofdiseaseandprinciplesoftreatmentarealsobasedontheMizajofaperson.


Sheldon’stheoryofSomatotypes

The somatotype is defined as the quantification of the present shape andcompositionofthehumanbody.AmericanpsychologistWilliamSheldon(1942)has classified human being into three types and called them somatotypes.Sheldon’ssomatotypesarebasedonlyonphysicalcharacteristicsorphysique,named themendomorphy,mesomorphyandectomorphy.Tenanthropometricmeasurementsviz.stretchstature,bodymass,fourskinfolds(triceps,subscapular,supraspinale,medialcalf),twobonebreadths(biepicondylarhumerusandfemur),andtwolimbgirths(armflexedandtensed,calf)wererecordedanduploadedon new comprehensive user-friendly software, which gives the individual’ssomatotypeaswellasHippocrates’Mizajandtheircombinations.

Chartingsomatotypes:Itisanattempttoaidinthevisualizationoftherelationshipbetweenthevarioussomatotypesonacurvilineartriangle.Theleftsidednumberson the curvilinear triangle represents the degree of endomorphy, the uppernumbers indicates the degree ofmesomorphy, and the final or right numberrepresents thedegreeofectomorphy.Thefigurebelow ishow this is typicallyillustrated.

Sheldon’s somato plot and Hippocrates’ four humors: Hippocrates’ fourtemperaments and their different combinations have been incorporated intoSheldon’ssomatoplot.BelowistheimageoftheSheldon’scurvilinearsomatoplotwithHippocrates’fourbasichumorsandtheircombinations(Figure2).

Figure 2:Sheldon’ssomatoplotwithHippocratesfourhumors

There is a great degree of similarity betweenMizaj assessed by UnaniquestionnaireandthatofSheldon’ssomatotypesas80%concordancewasfoundbetween the two indicating least difference between two.Both appears to becomplementarytoeachotherThestudyindicatedthatsomatotypesmayalsobeusedtoassessthetemperamentalongwiththeUnanitoolshoweveralargerandmulticentricstudyisrequiredtoprovetheexactconcordancebetweenthetwo.


Acknowledgments

Authorsareverygrateful toProf.GhufranAhmad,Departmentof IlmulAdvia,FacultyofUnaniMedicine,AligarhMuslimUniversity,Aligarh–202002,forkindlygoingthroughthedraftmanuscript,providingnecessaryinputsandsuggestingmanycorrections tomake it print-worthy.Wearealso thankful to theMinistryofAYUSH,NewDelhi,forprovidingfinancialsupportandtothevolunteerswhoparticipatedinthestudyfortheirhumblecooperation.

References

Ahmed,S.I.,1980.IntroductiontoAl-UmooralTabiya,SainiPrinters,NewDelhi,India.pp.26,63,156-159,162-208.

Carter,J.E.L.,1972.TheHeath-CarterAnthropometricSomatotype,InstructionManual.

Datta,A.K. 2004. Essentials ofmedical genetics,ARKPublication, Kolkata,(revisedandreprinted),p.44.

Falsafi,A.L.,1972.Tajdeed-e-Tib,1972,AalaPressDelhi (compiledbySayedZil-ur-Rehman),pp.16-18.

Gallagher,D,Steven,B.,Heymsfield,MoonseongHeo,Susan,A.Jebb,Peter,R.Murgatroyd, andYoichi Sakamoton, 2000. Healthy percentage bodyfat ranges: an approach for developing guidelines based on bodymassindex1,2,3,American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,72:694–701.

Hamdani,K.H., 1980.Usool-e-Tib, LithoColorPrints,Achal tal,Aligarh, p. 20http://www.age-of-the-sage.org/psychology/sheldon.html

Ibn-Sina,1966.AlQanoonfiTibb(EnglishtranslationbyMazherH.Shah,NaveedClinic,Karachi,Pakistan,pp.3-29.

Kabeerudin,M.,1970.Ifada-e-Kabeer.NationalFinePrintingPress,CharKaman,Hyderabad,pp.80,141,142.

Sheldon,WilliamH.,1942.TheVarietiesofTemperament.Harper&Brothers,NewYork.


PSafety Study of a Single Unani Drug Khare-e-khasak Khurd(Tribulus terrestris Linn.)

1Mohd. Waseem, 2Abdul Latif, 3Sumbul Rehman,

1Reesha Ahmed and

1Zafar Javed Khan

DepartmentofIlmulAdvia,A.K.TibbiyaCollege,



3*Author for correspondence;

Abstract

resentstudywasaimedtoevaluatesafetyparametersinKhar-e-KhasakKhurd(Tribulus terrestrisL.)-averycommondrugusedinUnaniMedicinefor its lithotripticandaphrodisiaceffectusedinurinarydisordersandimpotence.Studyrevealsthepresenceofheavymetalslead,cadmium,mercuryand arsenicwithin permissible limit as perWHOguidelineswhile aflatoxins,pesticidesandmicrobialloadwasfoundtobeabsentinthecrudedrugsample.Itcanbesaidthatthedrugisfreefromtoxicity.

Keywords: Khar-e-khasak khurd (Tribulus terrestris L.), Safety study,HerbalMedicine,WHOGuidelines

Introduction

Tribulus terrestris Linn (Family-Zygophyllaceae) known asKhar-e-khasak inUnaniMedicine,Gokhru inUrdu, isa thorny fruit ofT. terrestrismentioned inmany classicalUnani literature (Ghani, ynm). It has been used in India andChinasincetimeimmemorialforhealthailmentsaslithotripter,aphrodisiacandusefulinstrangury(Hashimet al.,2014).T. terrestrisisanannualorperennialplant growing throughout India and other warm countries such as Ceylon(Chopra,1958).AccordingtoUnaniliterature,Khar-e-khasakhasbeendescribedmorphologicallyoftwovarietiessmall(khurd)andKalan(large/big)accordingtothesizeoffruit;amongwhichmostlyKhurdvarietyismedicinallyused(Kabeeruddin,y.n.m).RenownedUnanischolarsRhazes(865-925AD)mentionedKhar-e-khasakas lithotriptic, aphrodisiac, demulcent, anduseful in strangury in hisbookKitabul Mansoori(Razi,2008),Usr-al-Baul(Dysuria),Sozak(Gonorrhoea),Urinary disorders, incontinence of urine and impotence (Khory, 1985), usefulinstrangury,vesicularcalculi,pruritusani,alleviateburningsensation(KiritikarandBasu,1996).ItpossessesmanyactionslikeMudir-i-Baul(Diuretic)(Chopra,1958;Nadkarni, 1954),Musaffiedam (Bloodpurifier), havecoolingeffectandtonic to the bodyandused in calculusaffection, kidneydiseasesandpainfulmicturition(Dey1980).

Currentpracticesofharvesting,production,transportationandstorageofherbaldrugs cause additional contamination andmicrobial growth proliferation ofmicroorganismthatmayresultfromfailuretocontrolthemoisturelevelsofherbalmedicinesduringtransportationandstorage(Anonymous,2007).AflatoxinB1,G1,B2,G2,arefungalsecondarytoxicmetabolitesproducedbyAspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus nomius.Aflatoxinsarethestrongestnaturalcarcinogensandtheirmaintargetorganistheliver.TheInternationalAgencyforResearchonCancer(IARC)hasclassifiedaflatoxinB1inthegroup1asahuman


carcinogensandaflatoxinG1,B2andG2inthegroupB2aspossiblecarcinogenstohumans(MeritxellVentura,2004).Contaminationofherbalmaterialswithtoxicsubstances suchasarsenic canbeattributed tomany factors.These includeenvironmental pollution (i.e. contaminated emissions from factories, leadedpetrol, andcontaminatedwater including runoffwaterwhich finds itsway intorivers,lakesandsea,andsomepesticides),Soilcompositionandfertilizers.Thecontaminationoftheherbalmaterialleadstocontaminationoftheproductsduringvariousstagesofthemanufacturingprocess(Anonymous,2007).Theworldwideconsumptionofherbalmedicinesisenormous,sointermsofpopulationexposurealone, it isessential to identify the risksassociatedwith theiruseassafetyofherbalmedicinesisanimportantpublichealthissue(Anonymous,2004).Presentstudy isanattempt toassess thesesafetyparameters inawellknownherbaldrugusedinUnaniMedicineKhar-e-khasakkhurd(T. terrestrisLinn.).


Samplepreparation:

ThetestdrugKhare-e-khasakkhurd(T. terriestrisLinn)wasprocuredfromlocalmarket ofAligarh city in themonth ofMay 2016 andwas properly identifiedaccording to themorphological featuresmentioned in botanical andUnaniliterature&thenfurtherconfirmedinPharmacognosysectionofdepartmentofIlmulAdvia,A.M.U.,Aligarh.Aherbariumsampleofthetestdrugwasprepared&submittedtoMawalid-e-salasamuseumofthedepartmentafteridentificationforfurtherreferencewithVoucherno,SC-0188/15.

Thedrugwascleanedfromtheearthymaterial,washedwithdoubledistilledwateranddriedat45ºCinhotairoventopowderit inelectricalgrinder.Thereafterthedrugwaspassedthroughsieveno.80toconfirmitsfinenessanduniformityofparticlesize.Finally thepowdereddrugwasstored inanair tightcontainerforexperimentalstudy.

Thepowderoftestdrugwasstudiedtoevaluatethepresenceofmicrobialload,pesticides residue, aflatoxinsandheavymetals atDelhiTestHouse,Azadpur(NewDelhi)asperWHOGuidelines.

1. Microbiologicaldeterminationtests

Totalviableaerobiccount(TVC)

Fordetectionoftheanti-bacterialactivityofthetestdrug,thetotalviableaerobiccount(TVC)ofthetestdrugwascarriedout,asspecifiedinthetestprocedure,usingplatecount,resultsareshownintable-1.


Pre-treatmentofthetestdrug

Depending on the nature of the herbal drug sample used, it was dissolvedusingasuitablemethodandanyantimicrobialpropertypresent in thesamplewaseliminatedbydilutionorneutralization.BufferedSodiumChloride-PeptoneSolution, pH7.0 (MM1275-500G,Himedia Labs,Mumbai, India)wasused todilutethetestsample.

Testprocedures

Platecountforbacteriaandfungi

Forbacteria:1mlof thepretreatedtestsamplewasadded toabout15mloftheliquefiedcasein-soybeandigestagarinapetridishof90mmdiameteratatemperaturenotexceeding450C.Alternatively the testsamplewasspreadonthesurfaceofthesolidifiedmedium.Twodisheswerepreparedwiththesamedilution,theywereinvertedandincubatedat30-350Cfor48-72hrs.unlessamorereliablecountwasobtainedinashortperiodoftime.Thenumberofcoloniessoformedwascountedand the resultswerecalculatedusing theplateswith thelargestnumberofcolonies,uptoamaximumof300.

Forfungi:1mlofthepretreatedtestsamplewasaddedtoabout15mloftheliquefiedSabouraudglucoseagarwithantibioticsinapetridishof90mmdiameteratatemperaturenotexceeding450C.Alternativelythetestsamplewasspreadonthesurfaceofthesolidifiedmedium.Twodisheswerepreparedwiththesamedilution;theywereinvertedandincubatedat20-250Cfor5days,unlessamorereliablecountwasobtainedinashortperiodoftime.Thenumberofcoloniessoformedwascountedand the resultswerecalculatedusing theplateswithnotmorethan100colonies.(Lohar,2007).

2. EstimationofAflatoxinssamplepreparation

ThetestfordeterminationoftheaflatoxinswascarriedoutusingLCMS-MS.2gmoftestdrugwasblendedathighspeedwith20mlof60%acetonitrile/waterfortwominutes.Theblendedsamplewascentrifuged for tenminutesusing1600rpm(av.),supernatantwasretainedanddilutedwith2mloffiltratewith48mlofphosphatebufferedsaline(PBS,pH7.4)togiveasolventconcentrationof2.5%orless;methanol/waterwaspreparedbytaking2mlofsampleanddilutedwith14mlofPBS(pH7.4)togiveasolventconcentrationof10%orless.Thesamplediluentwaspassedthroughtheimmunoaffinitycolumnataflowrateof5ml/min.Thecolumnwas thenwashedbypassing20mlofdistilledwater through thecolumnattheflowrateofapproximately5ml/minanddriedbyrapidlypassingairthroughthecolumn.1.5mlofdistilledwaterwasaddedtothesampleelute.


500µlofsamplewasinjectedontotheLCMS-MS(LC-Perkin,MSAppliedBioSystem,ModelNo.2000,MobilePhase).A-Water100%,B-ACN100%,Columnoventemperature=30,ColumnZORBAXRxc18,narrowbase2.1×150mm-5micron,Flow=0.750ml).Theaflatoxinconcentrationwasquantifiedbycomparingsamplepeakheightsorareastothetotalaflatoxinstandard(R-Biopharm)(Lohar,2007).Resultssofoundareshownintable-2.

3. Heavymetals

Heavymetals includingArsenic,Mercury,CadmiumandleadweredeterminedinthetestsampleusingAtomicAbsorptionSpectroscopy(table-3).

4. Estimationofpesticidalresidue

ThetestfordeterminationoftheaflatoxinswascarriedoutusingGC/MS.ThetestwasdonefortheassessmentofspecificpesticideresidueslikeOrganochloridecompounds, Organophosphorous compounds, and Pyrethroids compound(Ramkrishanan,et al,2015)asdepictedinTable-4.

Figure 1:Khar-e-khasakKhurd(Tribulus terrestrisLinn.)

PlantofTribulus terrestrisLinn. FruitsofTribulus terrestrisLinn.

Table 1(a):MicrobialloadinKhar-e-khasakkhurd

S. No. Microbes Result Permissible limit

1. TotalBacterialCount 680 Notmorethan1x105cfu/gm

2. TotalYeast&Mould 50 Notmorethan1x103cfu/gm

Table 1(b):TestforspecificpathogensinKhar-e-khasakkhurd

S. No. Pathogens Result (gm) Permissible limits as

1. E.coli Absent Absent

2. Salmonella Absent Absent

3. S. aureus Absent Absent

4. P. aeruginosa Absent Absent


Table 2:AflatoxininKhar-e-khasakkhurd

S. No. Aflatoxin Result LOQ (mg/kg) Permissible Limit (mg/kg)

1 AflatoxinB1 BLQ 0.001 Notmorethan0.5

2. AflatoxinG1 BLQ 0.001 Notmorethan0.5

3. AflatoxinG2 BLQ 0.001 Notmorethan0.1

4. AflatoxinB2 BLQ 0.001 Notmorethan0.1

LOQ=LimitofquantificationBLQ=Belowthelimitofquantification

Table 3:HeavyMetalinKhar-e-khasakkhurd

S. No. Test parameter Result (mg/kg) LOQ (mg/kg) Permissible limit (mg/kg)

1. Lead(Pb) Notdetected 2.50 Notmorethan10

2. Mercury(Hg) Notdetected 0.5 Notmorethan1

3. Arsenic(As) Notdetected 1.25 Notmorethan3

4. Cadmium(Cd) Notdetected 0.25 Notmorethan0.3

LOQ=LimitofQuantificationBLQ=BelowthelimitofQuantification

Table 4:PesticidalresidueinKhar-e-khasakkhurd

S. No. Pesticide Result LOQ (mg/kg)

Permissible Limit (mg/kg)

1. Alachlor Notdetected 0.02 0.022. Aldrin&Dieldrin Notdetected 0.04 0.053. Azinophos-methyl Notdetected 0.04 1.04. Bromopropylate Notdetected 0.08 3.05. Chlordane Notdetected 0.04 0.056. Chlorfenvinphos Notdetected 0.04 0.57. Chlorpyrifos Notdetected 0.04 0.28. Chlorpyrifos-methyl Notdetected 0.04 0.19. Cypermethrin Notdetected 0.10 1.010. DDT

(Sumofpp-DDT,pp-DDEandpp-TDE

Notdetected 0.04 1.0

11. Deltamethrin Notdetected 0.10 0.512. Diazinon Notdetected 0.04 0.513. Dichlorvos Notdetected 0.04 1.014. Dithiocarbamates Notdetected 0.01 2.015. Endosulfan

(SumofIsomerandEndosulfansulphate)



S. No. Pesticide Result LOQ (mg/kg)

Permissible Limit (mg/kg)

16. Endrin Notdetected 0.04 0.0517. Ethion Notdetected 0.04 2.018. Fenitrothion Notdetected 0.04 0.0519. Fenvalerate Notdetected 0.10 1.520. Fonofos Notdetected 0.04 0.0521. Heptachlor

(SumofHeptacholar&Heptachlorepoxide)


22. Hexachlorobenzene Notdetected 0.04 0.123. Hexachlorocyclohexane

isomer(otherthaný)Notdetected 0.04 0.3

24. Lindane(ý-Hexachlorocylohexane)


25. Malathion Notdetected 0.04 1.026. Methidathion Notdetected 0.04 0.227. Parathion Notdetected 0.04 0.528. ParathionMethyl Notdetected 0.04 0.229. Permethrin Notdetected 0.04 1.030. Phosalone Notdetected 0.04 0.131. Piperonylbutoxide Notdetected 0.04 3.032. PrimiphosMethyl Notdetected 0.04 4.033. Pyrethrins Notdetected 0.10 3.034. Quintozen

(SumofQuintozene,pentachloroanilineandmethylpentachlorophenylsulphide)


Results and Discussion

All four parameters undertaken in the study are considered instrumental todetermine the safety/ toxicity of drugs.The result of the study demonstratedthatheavymetals(Arsenic,Mercury,CadmiumandLead)werenotfoundtobepresent.TheirpresencecauseseriouseffectsonhumanbodyasAflatoxin(B1,B2,G1andG2)causeserioussideeffectssuchashepatotoxity,carcinogeneticetc.Microbialcount(Bacterial,yeastandMould)werefoundbelowpermissiblelimit,whichisunabletoproduceanytoxicity.Thisdrugisalsofreefrompesticideresiduecontamination.

The study revealed that the safety parameters carried out onKhar-e-khasakkhurd (Tribulus terrestris) arewithin the permissible limitswhich indicate thatdrugisquitesafeasperWHOrequirement.


References

Anonymous,2004.WHOguidelinesonsafetymonitoringofherbalmedicineinpharmacovigilancesystem.WHO,Geneva.

Anonymous, 2007.WHOguidelines for assessing quality of herbalmedicinewith reference to contaminants and residues,WorldHealthOrganizationGeneva,pp.14-15.

Chopra,R.N.,Chopra,K.CandKapoor,L.D.,1958.IndigenousDrugsofIndia,2ndEdition,U.N.Dhur andSonsPrivate Limited, 15,BankimChatterjeeStreetCalcutta-12,p.430

Dey.C.A.,1980.“IndianMedicinalPlantsusedinAyurvedicPreparation.BishenSinghMahendraPalSingh,Dehradun,p.52.

Ghani,N.,YNM.Khazainal-advia,NewDelhi,IdaraKitabusshifa.

Hashim,et al.,2014.MedicinalpropertiesPhytochemistryandPharmacologyofTribulus terrestrisL(Zygophyllaceae).Pak J botany,46:399-404

Kabeeruddin,YNM.Makhzanulmufridat,NewDelhi,Ejazpublishinghouse.

Khory,R.NandKatrak,N.N.,1985.MateriaMedicaofIndiaandtheirTherapeutic.NeerajPublishingHouseDelhi.p.148.

Kirtikar,K.R.,Basu,B.D.,1996.IndianMedicinalPlants,IIndEd.InternationalBookDistributers,Rajpurroad,Dehradun,India.Vol.IV,p.420

Lohar,D.R.,2007.Protocol for testingofAyurvedic,Siddha&UnaniMedicinepharmacopoeialLaboratoryforIndianMedicines,Ghaziabad,pp.77-89.

MeritxellVentura,Antonio,G.Anaya,I.,Diaz,J.,Broto,F.,Agut,M.,ComellasL.2004.DeterminationofAflatoxinB1,G1,B2,G2,inmedicinalherbsbyliquidchromatography-tandemmassspectrometry,Journal of ChromatographyA,1048(2):25-29.

Moses,A.G.Maobe,ErastusGatebe, LeonardGitu andHenryRotich, 2012.ProfileofHeavyMetalsinSelectedMedicinalPlantsusedforthetreatmentofDiabetes,MalariaandPneumoniainKisiiregion,SouthwestKenya.Global Journal of Pharmacology6(3):245-251.

Nadkarni,A.K., 1954. IndianMateriaMedica, Edi.3rd Popular BookDepot,Bombay,DhootapapeshwarPrakashanLtd.Panvel,Vol.I,p.1229.

Ramkrishanan,G.Gayathri V.Sathia,S.Parameswari,R.P.Saravana,C.B.,2015.Physicochemical andphytochemical standardizationofThraatchathichooranam-Apolyherbalformulation.Journal of Pharmaceutical Science & Research7(6):305-313.

Razi,A.M.Z.,2008.Kiabalhawi,Vol.22,NewDelhi,CCRUM,181


AStudy of Market Samples of Khulanjan for Their Quality Standards

Abdul Wadud, Mohd Imran Ansari, Shaista

Perveen, Shaikh Ajij and

Ahmad Maqbool

DepartmentofIlmulAdvia,NationalInstituteofUnaniMedicine,

Kottigepalya,MagadiMainRoad,Bengaluru-560091


*Author for correspondence; email : [email protected]

Abstract

dulteration and substitution are common in commercialsamplesofmanydrugsduetoresemblancebetweentwoormoredrugswhichareeasilymixedwithoneanothergivingconfoundingcharacters.Consequently,market samples of some of the drugs are available as either completelysubstitutedoramixedbagofgenuineandsubstituteddrugs.Inviewofregularuse ofKhulanjan in UnaniMedicine and reports of its being admixedwithspuriousor lowquality substitutes, present studywasundertaken to study itsthreesamples,twocollectedfrommarketandoneobtainedfromnaturalhabitat.Pharmacognostical parameterswere applied to all the samples to ascertainauthenticity of commercially available samples by comparing themwith thestandard sample.The study consisted ofmacroscopic, physicochemical andphytochemicalstudiesandspectrophotometeryofall thesamples.Findingsofthestudyinmostoftheparameterswerefoundalmostsimilarindicatingmarketsamplesofthedrugtobegenuine.

Key words: UnaniMedicine, Crude drugs,Market samples,Adulteration,Standardization;Khulanjan

Introduction

CenturiesoldpracticeofUnanimedicineistestimonytoitstherapeuticpotential.It uses drugs of natural sources preferably that of plant origin. Traditionalmedical systems includingUnanimedicine that use natural drugs are facingseriousproblemspertainingtotheavailabilityofauthenticdrugs.Commerciallyavailable samples of some of plant drugs are frequently found adulteratedor substituted.Growing awareness and increased use of herbal drugs haveresultedininjudiciousexploitationofwildsourcesofcertaindrugswhichfavoredadulterationandsubstitution.Adulterationandsubstitutionarenotonlycreatingproblemstophysiciansandresearchersbutarealsocompromisingtheefficacyofanumberofimportantdrugs.

Crudeherbal drugmarket has been in the domain of nonmedicalmen,whothemselvesandtheworkerstheyemployedtocollectthedrugshavelittleideaofidentityandqualityofdrugsandremainleastbotheredforsuchattributes.Suchpracticesputaquestionmarkon theauthenticityof thecrudedrugsavailableinthemarket.Ithasbeenobservedthatmanysamplesofplantdrugsprocuredfromdifferentmarketsdonotmatchwiththedescriptiongivenintheliterature.And itbecomesamatterofgreatconcernwhenentirelydifferentsamplesareavailableinthemarketinplaceofagenuinedrug(Bonakdar,2002).


Pharmacognosyisareliabletoolbywhichmuchinformationaboutcrudedrugscan be obtained (Soni, 2011).Detailed pharmacognostical evaluation givesvaluableinformationaboutcharacteristicsofcrudedrugs.Ifpharmacognosticaltechniquesandclassicalapproachesareappliedtogether forauthenticationofadrug,betterresultscanbeobtained.Regulatoryauthoritiesarealsoinfavourofsuchguidelines.Exclusiveliteraturereviewandmarketandfieldsurveyscanprovideadditionalbenefitinthisregard.

Kulanjan (Alpinia galanga Linn.) isan importantdrugofUnanimedicineusedin common practice and included in a number of pharmacopoeal and non-pharmacopoealformulationsonaccountofbeingattributedtopossessdifferentpharmacologicaleffects(Shetty,2005;Verma,2011;Girija2014;Kabeeruddin,2007;Saeed,2007;Khan2012).However,itisfrequentlyadulteratedwithotherdrugsthathavesimulatingphysicalappearance.Itaffectsthequalityandtherebytheefficacyofthepreparations.Inviewoftheabove,threedifferentsamplesofKhulanjanweretakenupforthepresentstudy.Onesamplewascollectedfromthehabitatandwasconsideredasstandard.Twosamplesofthesamedrugwereobtainedfromtwodifferentmarkets.All threesampleswerestudiedoncertainPharmacognostical parameterswith anaim to compare the findingswith oneanothertoobservethedifferences,ifany,betweenthesamples.


Materials

TwomarketsamplesunderthenameofKhulanjanwereprocuredfromBengaluruand Hyderabad’s herbal drugmarkets and were designated asA and B,respectively.Thesesampleswerekeptunidentified.ThethirdsamplesnamedasCwascollectedfromnaturalhabitat(HerbalgardenofNationalInstituteofUnaniMedicine (NIUM),Bengaluru (Figure 1) andwas identifiedasAlpinia galanga Linn,byS.NoorunnisaBegum,SeniorAsst.Professor,FRLHT,Bengaluruvideauthenticationcertificateno.3832.SampleCservedas thestandardsample.VoucherspecimensofallthesampleshavebeendepositedinthedrugmuseumofNIUM,Bengaluru.Allthechemicalsandreagentsusedinthisstudywereofanalyticalgrade.

Methods

Macroscopic/Organolepticstudies

Theorganolepticcharacters likecolor,odor, taste,shape,size,andsurfaceofallthesampleswereexaminedbynakedeyeasdescribedbyWallis(2005).


Physicochemicalstudies

Total ash, acid insoluble ash and water soluble ash were determined bythemethod described in Physicochemical standards ofUnani Formulations(Anonymous,1987);extractivevaluesinpetroleumether,benzene,chloroform,acetone,ethanol,anddistilledwaterweredeterminedbythemethoddescribedinBritishpharmacopoeia(Anonymous,1968).Moisturecontentwasdeterminedbythelossondryingmethod(Khandelwal,2008).ThepHvalueof1%and10%aqueous solutionwas checked by themethod described inPhysicochemicalStandardsofUnaniFormulations(Anonymous,1987).

Phytochemicalstudies

Forpreliminaryphytochemicalstudiesofextractstakenindifferentsolventsviz. Petroleumether,benzene,chloroform,acetone,ethanol,anddistilledwaterweresubjectedtovariousqualitativephytochemicaltestssuchasalkaloids,glycosides,carbohydrates,phenoliccompounds,tannins,phytosterols,fixedoils,coumarins,diterpenes, flavonoides proteins and amino acids etc by differentmethods(Anonymous,1987;Brewster,1971;BhattacharjeeandDas,1969;Khandelwal,2008;Pandey,2013).

Spectrophotometery(Spectrumscanning)

SpectrophotometerywasperformedwiththehelpofUV-VisSpectrophotometer(model Lab India 3000). Extracts of test drugswere analyzed against blanksample for visible wave length range (360-190 nm). The parameters wereset anddark current correctionwasperformed to ensure theaccuracyof themeasurement.Baselinecorrectionwasperformedwiththesamplecontrolcell,and then sampleof drugwasanalyzed.Peakpickingwasdoneby thresholdvalue.The observationswere saved in graphical aswell as tabular form tonotemaximumabsorbanceagainst particularwave length and thenumber ofpeaks.Other specifications includedSpectralBandwidth, 2.00 nm;SpectrumPerformance:ScanRange,190.00-900.00;MeasureMode,Abs; Interval,5.00nm.Speed:Fast.

A B C

Figure 1: VarioussamplesofKhulanjan


Table 1:OrganolepticcharactersofvarioussamplesofKhulanjan

S. No. Characteristics Sample A Sample B Sample C

1. Shape Cylindrical,branched

Cylindrical,branched

Cylindrical,branched

2. Size 2-4cmlong,0.1-0.2cmdiameter

2-5cmlong,0.1-0.2cmdiameter

3-8cmlong,0.1cmdiameter

3. Colour Darkbrown Reddishbrown Yellowishbrown

4. Odour Pungent&Aromatic

Pungent&Aromatic

Pleasant&Aromatic

5. Taste Spicy Spicy Spicy&Sweet

6. Surface Rough Rough Rough

Table 2:AshvaluesofofvarioussamplesofKhulanjan

SamplesAsh Values

Total ash Acid insoluble ash Water soluble ash

A 4.25±0.03 0.89±0.07 2.75±0.16

B 4.91±0.04 3.76±0.27 1.59±0.33

C 5.64±0.15 2.80±0.19 1.45±0.09

Table 3:ExtractivevaluesofvarioussamplesofKhulanjanindifferentsolvents

SamplesSolvents

Pet. Ether Benzene Chloroform Acetone Ethanol Aqueous

A 2.56±0.30 1.82±0.38 1.744±1.744 3.53±0.392 2.10±0.20 11.05±0.38

B 1.14±0.26 1.45±0.30 0.307±0.307 1.51±0.34 2.10±0.20 23.94±1.07

C 2.26±0.25 0.55±0.09 0.342±0.342 1.84±0.29 10.83±0.46 16.05±0.52

Table 4:pH,MoistureContentandSolubilityofvarioussamplesofKhulanjan

Samples

1% solution 10% solution

A B C A B C

pH 4.47±0.38 4.98±0.21 4.74±0.36 4.74±0.9 5.46±0.9 4.65±0.10

Mo is tu reContent

10.57±0.04 9.79±0.08 9.13±0.01 - - -

Solubility 17.76±1.16 15.78±0.2 20.97±0.5 - - -


Table 5:FluorescenceanalysisofpowdersofvarioussamplesofKhulanjan

S. No. Treatment

Fluorescence

In daylight In UV light

A B C A B C

1.Powderassuch

Lightbrown

Lightyellow

Yellowishbrown

Gray Gray Gray

2.Powder+1NHCL

Red BlackReddishbrown

BlackGreenishblack

Darkbrown

3.Powder+1NNaOH

BlackReddishYellow

BrownGreenishBlack

GreenishBlack

Darkbrown

4.Powder+50%HCL

Red RedLightYellow

Greenishbrown

GreenishDarkGray

5.Powder+50%H2SO4

Reddishbrown

GrayReddishbrown

Greenishblack

BlackDarkgreen

6.Powder+50%HNO3

Red Red Red Black Black Brown

7.Powder+Methanol

Red Yellowish Yellow Gray Gray Gray

8.Powder+Methanol+1NNaOH

Reddishbrown

Yellowishbrown

Yellowishbrown

BlackYellowishbrown

Darkbrown

Table 6:Spectrophotometery:Aqueousextract

Aqueous extract

Sample A Sample B Sample C

PeakWave length (nm)

Abs

orba

nce


Abs

orba

nce


Abs

orba

nce

Peak-1 280.00 0.314 Peak-1 70.00 370.00 Peak-1 745.00 0.053

Peak-2 205.00 0.133 Peak-2 195.00 195.00 Peak-2 275.00 0.248

A B C

Figure 2:Spectrumscancurves:Aqueousextract


Table 7:Spectrophotometery:Ethanolextract

Ethanol extract

Sample A Sample B Sample C


Abs

orba

nce


Abs

orba

nce


Abs

orba

nce

Peak-1 370.00 0.053 Peak-1 275.00 0.179 Peak-1 275.00 0.062

Peak-2 275.00 0.133 Peak-2 205.00 .779 Peak-2 195.00 1.535

Peak-3 200.00 1.558 - - - - - -

A B C

Figure 3:Spectrumscancurves:Ethanolextract


Anumberofstudiesoncommercialsamplesofplantorigindrugshaverevealedthatmanydrugsweresubstitutedand/oradulterated(Ansari,1994;Afaq,1994).Over thedecades, onaccount of growingawarenessabout herbal drugsandthe increasingdemand for herbal products for various therapeutic applicationmindlessexploitationofwildsourcesofthesedrugshasbecomerampant.Manytradersofherbaldrugshave indulged inmalpracticestakingadvantageof thissituation(Ansari,1994;Afaq,1994).Similarlookingdrugsareeasilymixedandthereforethemarketsamplesofmanycrudedrugsareeithertotallysubstitutedormarketedasamixtureofgenuineandsubstituteddrugs.Therefore,itisnecessarytostandardizeallthesingledrugstoruleoutmisidentification,adulterationandsubstitutionofherbaldrugs.

Standardizationisthecornerstoneforensuringtheauthenticityandgenuinenessof herbal drugs. Strategies have beenmade for standardization bymostof the regulatory authoritieswhich are based onmacroscopy,microscopy,physicochemicalandanalyticalstudies.


Morphological characteristics are important in describing the deterioration ofdrugsdue to faultyharvesting,shipmentandstorage. Inourstudyweappliedmacroscopy to all the samples. The findings showed similarity withminordifferencesinallthesampleswithrespecttoshape,sizeandsurface,howeverthecolourwasfoundabitdifferent(Figure1a,b,candTable1).Thismayhavearisenbecauseofdifferentstorageconditions,ageandsourceofthedrugs.

Physicalparametersfororganizeddrugsusuallyincludesashvalues,extractivevalues,moisture content, solubility, andpH.Weappliedall theseparameters.The findings of all three samples (A, B andC)were found to have similarcharacterwithminor or negligible differences,whichwerewithin the normalrange.AcidinsolubleashofsampleBwashigherwhencomparedwithC;highacid insolubleash indicates contaminationwith earthymaterial (Evans, 2008)(Table2).Extractivevaluesinaparticularsolventareindicatorsoforiginalityofthedrugs.Thepetroleumetherextractive valueofAandCwas similar. LessvalueofsampleBmaybebecauseofexcessivedryingoroldnessofthedrug.ThebenzeneextractofAandBwasfoundtobemorethanC.ThechloroformextractivevalueofAwasmorethanC.TheacetoneextractivevaluesofsampleAweremorethanC,whereasthatofBwassimilar toC.TheextractivevalueofCinethanolwasmorethanAandB.TheaqueousextractofsampleBwasestimatedtobemorethanC.butthatofsampleAwaslessthanstandardsampleC(Table3).Thefactorswhichinfluencethequalityofanextractdependsuponthe extraction procedure, type of extraction, time of extraction, temperature,natureofsolventandpolarityetc.(Tiwariet al.,2011).Slightdifferencesintheextractivevaluesmaybetakenasnormalinviewoftheabovefactors.Aqueoussolubilitywasfoundwithinthenormalrange.MoisturecontentofsampleAandBwasnearlyequal(Table4).ThepHvaluesofthethreesamplesin1%and10%aqueoussolutionwerealsofoundwithinthenormalrange(Table4).Preliminaryphytochemical studiesarenotonlygood indicatorofgenuinenessofdrugbutareconsideredmorereliablethanthephysicalparameters. In certain cases, a particular test on a drug shows negative results but at the same time it shows positive result in other tests. In our study, it happened very often.Preliminaryphytochemical test carried out on the extract prepared in various solvents,revealedpresenceofalkaloids,carbohydrates,glycosides,terpenes/phytosterols,fixedoil,flavonoides,diterpenes,quinones,anthraquinones,saponins,proteins,aminoacidsandcoumarinsinallthesamples.Terpenoids,whichcontainsvolatileoils, is insoluble inwaterandsoluble inorganic compounds (Doughari, 2012;Ahmad, 2007).Phenols andpoly phenols canbeextracted inwater, ethanol,methanol,andacetoneextracts(Tiwariet al.,2011).Fixedoilswerepositiveinallthethreesamplesofpetroleumetherextract.Flavonoidescanbeextractedthrough,ethanol,methanol,chloroform,ether,andacetone(Tiwariet al.,2011).Tanninsaresolubleinwater,dilutealkali,alcohol,andglycerol(Doughari,2012;


Ahmad2007).Saponinissolubleinwaterandalcohol.Itisinsolubleinnon-polarorganicsolventslikebenzene,hexane,chloroformetc.(Doughari,2012;Ahmad,2007).Proteinsandaminoacidsaresoluble,diluteinwater,diluteacids,dilutealkali solutions, anddilute salt solutions, 70%alcohol.Xanthoproteinic test isused for thedetectionofpresenceofaromatic ring inaminoacids (Doughari,2012;Ahmad,2007).Testsforinorganicconstituentsshowedpositiveresultsforsulphates,ironandchlorideinallthethreesamples.

Fluorescenceanalysiswasalso carriedout during the study. Findingsof ourstudy revealedminor differences among the samples (Table 5) however thedifferenceswerenotfoundtobesignificant.

Spectrophotometery is themeasurementand interpretationofelectromagneticradiationabsorbedoremitted(Sankar,2010).Thishighlysensitivetechniqueisfrequentlyusedfordifferentiationbetweensimilarlookingdrugswiththehelpofpeaksobservedinrespectofdifferentsamples.If,itisallowedtorunagainstastandardmarker,phytoconstituentsmayalsobecharacterized.But,inourstudy,spectrophotometerywasappropriatedtorunagainsttheblanksample,thereforethepeakscouldnotbe interpreted,however thenatureandnumberofpeakscangivea rough ideaabout thedifferenceor similarity between twoormoredrugs.Inourstudy,aqueousextractofallthesamplesgavetwopeaksbutwithminutelydifferentwave lengthsandabsorbance.But, theethanolextractgavethreepeaks in sampleAand twopeakseach in sampleBandCagainwithminutely differentwave lengthsandabsorbance (Table6, 7 andFigure2, 3).Thefindingssuggestedthatthereisinconsequentialdifferenceamongthethreesamples. It indicates that samplesavailable in theHyderabadandBangaluruarereliableandcanbeusedfortepreparationofherbalproducts.Howeverthedifference in thenumberofpeaks insampleAmustbe investigated further toknowwhetheritisanindicatorofaphytoconstituentorsomethingextraneous.

Conclusion

ThestudyrevealedsimilarityamongthethreesamplescollectedfromBengaluru,HyderabadandfromthehabitatofNIUM,Bengaluru.Thefindingsofthestudydemonstratedthatdifferentphysicochemicalandanalyticalcharactersofmarketsampleswere sameas that of the standardone, therefore, itwas concludedthatthemarketsamplesofKhulanjancollectedfromthemarketsweregenuine.

Acknowledgement

Theauthors are thankful toProf.M.A.Siddiqui,Director,National Institute ofUnaniMedicine,Bangaloreforprovidingfacilitiesforthestudy.


References

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Wallis, T.E., 2005.Text book of Pharmacognosy. 15th ed. NewDelhi: CBSPublication,pp.556-558,578-579;2013Dec;2(5):115-119.


PSafety Study of ‘Qurs-e-Ziyabetus’–A Unani Pharmacopoeial Compound Formulation

1Bushra Abrar, 2Sayeed Ahmad, 3B.D. Khan

and 1Ghufran Ahmad

1DepartmentofIlmulAdvia,A.K.TibbiyaCollege,


2DeptofTahaffuziwaSamajiTib,NationalInstituteofUnaniMedicine,

Kottigepalya,MagadiRoad,Bengaluru-91.

3DeptofMoalejat,A.K.TibbiyaCollege,

AligarhMuslimUniversity,Aligarh


1*Author for correspondence;

Abstract

lant drugs used in traditionalmedicines are liable to becontaminatedwith toxicsubstances.Plantsarepronetobecontaminatedwiththemduringtheagriculturalpracticesandthereafterandcouldleadtopoisoning,besidessideeffectslikedepression,memory,lossofsensationandchronicrenalfailureetc.Contaminationofherbalproducts isapublichealth issueofglobalsignificanceand theuseof theseproductsmaybea risk for toxicityofheavymetalsandothertoxicants.Therefore,safetystudiesoftheherbaldrugsarenowmandatoryasperWHOguidelines. It includesAflatoxindetermination,Heavymetalanalysis,Pesticidalresidueevaluation,andMicrobialloaddetermination.Althoughdrugsunder the IndianSystemofMedicine (ISM)are required tobemanufactured in hygienic environment following theGMPnormsafter qualityassurance of the rawmaterials still the products are tested for the toxicantmentionedaboveinordertoensuretheirsafetyandefficacy.Therefore,inpresentstudy,thepowderofQurs-e-Ziyabetuswasstudiedonsafetyparameters.

Thetestdrug(QZ)showedthatallthesafetyparameterswerefoundwithinthepermissiblelimitsasperWHOguidelines;hencewecansaythatourtestdrugQurs-e-Ziyabetus(QZ)isquitesafeanddoesnotcontainthetoxicmaterials.

Key words:Safetystudy,Qurs-e-Ziyabetus,Unanidrug

Introduction

InUnanisystemofmedicineanumberofsingledrugsandcompoundformulationsareusedinthemanagementofDiabetes.Qurs-e-Ziyabetus(QZ)isanimportantcompoundpreparationmentionedinvariousQarabadeen(PharmacopoeiasandFormularies)with littlevariationof ingredients; thoughall thepreparationsareused for same therapeutic effect.The formulation under study however hasbeentakenfromQarabadeenAazamwaAkmal(Akmal,ynm)inviewofitswideacceptabilityamong thephysicianswhoprescribe it in their routinepractice tomanagethediabetesandtheconditionsassociatedwithit.

QZincludesanumberofsingleherbaldrugs(Table1)asitsingredientsthathavebeenattributedtopossessdifferentpharmacologicaleffectthatmayamelioratethediabeticconditionassuchorinducesucharesponsethatmaynegotiatethecomplicationsariseoutofdiabetes.Sincethemanagementofdiabetesrequiresinclusionofdrugsinacombinationthatmayaddresstheneedofloweringglucoselevel and other symptomatic and systemic relief therefore this combinationappearstobecomprehensiveasitincludesthedrugsthathavebeendescribedtoreducetheglucoselevelandpolyuria(Hafeez,2005).AsperUnanidescriptionthe physiopathology arisingmainly from kidneybut also evolving spleenand


liveretcalongwithcertainmetabolicdisturbances,giverisetodiabetesmellitus.Further,thediseaseoveraperiodoftimeaffectsalmostallorgansandsystemsofthebodyvitiatingthehumanhealth.Thereforeacompounddrughavingdifferentpharmacologicaleffects todealwithdiabetesand itscomplicationsappears tobemoresuitableascomparedtosingledrugoramolecule.Someofthedrugsdescribedtostrengthenthekidneyandvisceralorgansimprovethemetabolism,reduce the thirstandhavegeneral toniceffecthavebeen included in the testdrugforwidetherapeuticrequirements.Abilityofcompounddrugstodealwithcomplexproblemsnotwithstandingbeingappreciableissometimesunderminedbecauseoftheirpoorqualitystandards,asanyingredientofinferiorqualitymayspoil themeasures of the entire product.The chances of contaminationwithdifferent toxic substancesarealsohigh in compoundpreparations.Therefore,WHOhassetastandardforherbaldrugsandtheirproductsinrespectoftheirqualityandsafety.Variousconstantsof safetyhavebeenmademandatory toputwithinthepermissiblelimitsincludingaflatoxin,heavymetals,microbialloadsandpesticideresidues.Everyproduct isthereforetestedtodeterminethefourconstantofsafetyparameters.

Table 1:Ingredientsof‘Qurs-e-Ziyabetus’

S. No Ingredients Botanical name Quantity

1. Tabasheer Bambusa arundinacea 35gm

2. Rubbussus Extract of liqueorce 35gm

3. Tukhm-e-kahu Lactuca sativa 70gm

4. Tukhm-e-khurfa Portulaca oleracea 52.5gm

5. Gil-e-armani Bole armeniae rubra 17.5gm

6. Gul-e-surkh Rosa damascena 17.5gm

7. Kishneezkhushk Coriadrum sativum 17.5gm

8. Samagh-e-arbi Acacia arabica 7gm

9. Sandalsafed Santalum album 7gm

10. Sandalsurkh Pterocarpus santalinum 7gm

11. Gulnar Punica granatum 2gm

12. Kaphur Cinnamomum camphora 1.75gm

The test drug despite being used commonly in clinical practice and beingstandardizedonphysicochemical parameters hasnot been studiedon safetyparameters that are necessary to ensure its quality as suggested byWHO.


Therefore present study was undertaken to determine the presence andconcentrationofaflatoxins,microbialload,pesticideresidueandheavymetals.

Medicinalplantsmaygetcontaminatedeasilybyabsorbingheavymetalsfromsoil,waterandair.Usuallysoilissubjectedtocontaminationthroughatmosphericdeposition of heavymetals from point sources including different industrialactivities.Additionalsourcesoftheseelementsforplantsarerainfall,atmosphericdusts and plant protection agents (Nema, 2016).Herbalmaterials normallycarryalargenumberofbacteriaandmoulds,oftenoriginatinginsoilorderivedfrommanure.Current practices of harvesting, production, transportation andstoragemaycauseadditionalcontaminationandmicrobialgrowth.Proliferationofmicroorganismsmayresultfromfailuretocontrolthemoisturelevelofherbalmedicinesduringtransportationandstorage(Anonymous,2007).AflatoxinsB1,G1,B2andG2arefungalsecondarytoxicmetabolitesproducedbyAspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticusandAspergillus nomius.Aflatoxinsarethestrongestnatural carcinogensmainly targeting the liver. The InternationalAgency forResearch onCancer (IARC) has classified aflatoxinB1 in the group 1 as ahuman carcinogenandaflatoxinsG1,B2 andG2 in thegroup2Baspossiblecarcinogens (Meritxellventuraet al., 2004).Contaminationof herbalmaterialswithtoxicsubstancessuchasarseniccanbeattributedtomanyfactors.Toxicelementsfromwastewatermaycontaminateagriculturalsoil,watersupplyandenvironment.Thesetoxicmetalsconfinedinplantsfinallyenterthehumanbodyandmaydisturbsthenormalfunctioningofcentralnervoussystem,liver,lungs,heart,kidneyandbrainleadingtohypertension,abdominalpain,skineruptions,intestinal ulceranddifferent typesofmalignancies (Nema,2016;Anonymous,2007).

Theworldwideconsumptionofherbalmedicinesisenormous.So,itisessentialto identify the risksassociatedwith theiruseassafetyofherbalmedicines isanimportantpublichealthissue(Anonymous,2004).Inviewoftheabove,thepresentstudywasundertakentopreparethesafetyprofileofQZ.

Material and Method

Samplepreparation

The crude drugswere procured fromDawakhanaTibbiyaCollege,AligarhMuslimUniversity,Aligarh.Aftergettingconfirmationofpurityand identity fromPharmacognosysectionofDepartmentof IlmulAdvia,all the ingredientswerepowderedinanelectricgrinderseparatelyandmixedtogetherinequalproportionasmentionedinthePharmacopeia.Themixeddrugwasthenpassedthroughthesieveno.80togetequallyfinepowder.Itwasstoredinanairtightcontainerforfurtherexperiments.


Powdered test drugwas studied to evaluate the presence ofMicrobial load,Pesticidesresidue,AflatoxinsandHeavymetals.

MicrobiologicaldeterminationTest

Totalviableaerobiccount(TVC)

Thetotalviableaerobiccount(TVC)ofthetestdrugwasdeterminedusingPlateCountMethod.

Pretreatmentofthetestdrug

Compoundformulationwasdissolvedandantimicrobialpropertypresentinthesample, if anywas eliminated by dilution or neutralization.BufferedSodiumChloride-PeptoneSolution, pH7.0 (MM1275-500G),Himedia Labs,Mumbai,India,wasusedfordilutingthetestsample.

Platecountforbacteria

1mlof thepretreated test samplewasadded toabout15mlof the liquefiedcasein-soybeandigestagarinapetridishof90mmdiameteratatemperaturenotexceeding45 ºC.Alternatively the testsamplewasspreadon thesurfaceofthesolidifiedmedium.Twodisheswerepreparedwiththesamedilution;theywereinvertedandincubatedat30-35ºCfor48-72hours,unlessamorereliablecountwasobtainedinashortperiodoftime.Thenumberofcoloniessoformedwascountedand the resultswerecalculatedusing theplateswith the largestnumberofcolonies,uptoamaximumof300(Lohar,2007).

Testforpesticideresidue

The test for theassessment of specific pesticide residues like organochlorinecompounds, organphosphorous compoundsandpyrethroids compoundswasdoneusingGCMS-MS(Ramkrishananet al.,2015).

TestforAflatoxins

LCMS-MSwasused todetermine thedifferentAflatoxins includingB1,G1,B2 andG2(Maritxellventuraet al.,2004).

Testforheavymetals

HeavymetalslikeArsenic,Mercury,CadmiumandLead,beyondthepermissiblelimitaffect thehealthandproduceadverseeffectonbrain,kidney,developingfoetus,normalgrowth,vascularandimmunesystem(MosesandMoebe,2012).ThistestwasconductedusingAAStechnique.

Observations and Results

Theresultsofthefourtestshavebeenpresentedinthefollowingtables(1-4):


Table 1:HeavyMetalsinQurs-e-Ziyabetus

S. No Test Parameter

Result (mg/ kg) LOQ (mg/kg) Permissible limit (mg/kg)

1 Lead(Pb) 9.4 2.50 NMT10

2 Mercury(Hg) Notdetected 0.5 NMT1

3 Arsenic(As) Notdetected 1.25 NMT3

4 Cadmium(Cd) Notdetected 0.25 NMT0.3

Table 2A:MicrobialloadinQurs-e-Ziyabetus

S.No. Test for Microbiology Result (cfu/gm) Permissible Limit (cfu/gm)

1 TotalBacterialCount 600 NMT105

2 TotalYeastandMould <10 NMT103

Table 2B:MicrobialloadinQurs-e-Ziyabetus

S.No Specific Pathogen Result (/gm) Permissible limits as per API

1. E. Coli Absent Absent

2. Salmonella Absent Absent

3. S. aureus Absent Absent

4. P. aeruginosa Absent Absent

Table 3:AflatoxininQurs-e-Ziyabetus

S.No. Aflatoxin Result LOQ (mg/kg) Permissible Limit (mg/kg)

1 AflatoxinB1 Notdetected 0.001 NMT0.5

2 AflatoxinG1 Notdetected 0.001 NMT0.5

3 AflatoxinB2 Notdetected 0.001 NMT0.1

4 AflatoxinG2 Notdetected 0.001 NMT0.1

Table 4:PesticidalresidueinQurs-e-Ziyabetus

S.No Pesticide Residue Result LOQ (mg/kg) Permissible limit (mg/kg)

1 Alachor Notdetected 0.02 0.02

2 Aldrin&Dieldrin Notdetected 0.04 0.05

3 Azinophos–methyl Notdetected 0.04 1.0

4 Bromopropylate Notdetected 0.08 3.0

5 Cholordane Notdetected 0.04 0.05

6 Chlorfenvinphos Notdetected 0.04 0.2

7 Cypermethrin(andisomers) Notdetected 0.10 1.0


8 Chlorpyrifos Notdetected 0.04 0.2

9 Chlorpyrifos-methyl Notdetected 0.04 0.1

10 DDT(Sumofp.p-DDT,p.p-DDEandp.p-TDE)


11 Lindane Notdetected 0.04 0.6

12 Deltamethrin Notdetected 0.10 0.5

13 Diazinon Notdetected 0.04 0.5

14 Dichlorvos Notdetected 0.04 1.0

15 Dithiocarbamates(asCS2) Notdetected 0.01 2.0

16 Endosulfan(SumofIsomerandEndosulfanSulphate)


17 Endrin Notdetected 0.04 0.05

18 Ethion Notdetected 0.04 2.0

19 Fenitrothion Notdetected 0.04 0.5

20 Fenvalerate Notdetected 0.10 1.5

21 Fonofos Notdetected 0.04 0.05

22 Heptachlor(SumofHeptachlor&Heptachlorepoxide)


23 Hexachlorobenzene Notdetected 0.04 0.1

24 Hexachlorocyclohexaneisomers


25 Malathion Notdetected 0.04 1.0

26 Parathion Notdetected 0.04 0.5

27 Methidathion Notdetected 0.04 0.2

28 ParathionMethyl Notdetected 0.04 0.2

29 Piperonylbutoxide Notdetected 0.04 3.0

30 PrimiphosMethyl Notdetected 0.04 4.0

31 Permethrin Notdetected 0.04 1.0

32 Pyrithrins(Sumofisomers) Notdetected 0.10 3.0

33 Phosalone Notdetected 0.04 0.1

34 Quintozen(SumofQuintozene,pentachloroanilineandmethylpentachlorophenylsulphate)



Discussion

All the fourparametersundertaken in thestudy todetermine thesafetyof thetestdrugserveasimportanttoolsofqualitycontrolandstandardization.Safetystudiesofherbaldrugsandotherproductsused in traditionalmedicineshavebecomemandatory in order to ensure their quality and risk free therapeuticapplication.About 80% of populations worldwide rely on herbalmedicinesfor their primary healthcare requirements.Adverse effects associatedwithherbalmedicinesmayresult fromcontaminationofproductswith toxicmetals;adulteration,misidentification, substitution of herbal ingredients or improperlyprocessedor preparedproducts.Unanimedicine is recognizedasoneof thesafestsystemsofmedicinebecausethedrugsusedinthissystemarepreparedafter using different procedures of purification and detoxification.ThereforecommonlyitisbelievedthatUnanidrugsdonotproduceanymajorsideeffects.However, thepossibilityof contaminationofherbalmedicinewith toxicantsbyabsorbingheavymetalsfromsoil,waterandaircannotbedenied.Usuallysoilissubjected tocontamination throughatmosphericdepositionofheavymetalsfromdifferentindustrialactivities.Additionalsourcesoftheseelementsforplantsarerainfall,atmosphericdustsandplantprotectingagents.Toxicelementsfromwastewatermaycontaminateagriculturalsoil,waterandenvironment.Finallythesetoxicantsenterthehumanbodyandmaydisturbitsnormalfunctioningandcauseanumberofserioussideeffectssuchashepatotoxicity,carcinogenicityandimmune-suppressionetc.Therefore, ithasbeenmademandatory toascertainthattheseagentsarenotexceedingthepermissiblelimitsintestdrug.QZinthepresentstudywas foundsafebecauseaflatoxins,pesticide residueswerenotdetectedatall in the testsample,whereas thebacterial loadwas found tobemanyfoldslowerthantheirpermissible limits.Similarlytheheavymetalswerealsofoundwithinthepermissiblelimits.Thefindingsindicatedthatthetestdrugisquitesafeandcanbeusedeffectively in themanagementofdiseases.ThestudyprovidesoneoftheearliestreportsaboutthesafetyofQZ.Theindividualingredients and to someextent the composition has been studied earlier forvariouspharmacologicalandstandardizationrelatedprofiling.Byproviding thedataregardingitssafetyprofilethedrugcannowsaidtobeeffectiveandsafeandcanbeusedtherapeuticallywithoutafearofserioustoxicity.

References

Akmal,YNM.Qarabadeen-e-AazamWAAkmal(UrduTranslation)C.C.R.U.M.,NewDelhi,pp.244,427.

Anonymous, 2007.WHOguidelines for assessingquality of herbalmedicineswithreferencetocontaminantsandresidues,14-15.


Hafeez, H.A. 2005.Qarabadeen-e-Jadeed (Trans. byCCRUM)NewDelhi.CCRUMMinistryofHealthandFamilyWelfare,p.166.

LoharDR,2007.Protocol for testingofAyurvedic,Siddha&Unanimedicines.DepartmentofAYUSH,MinistryofHealth&FW:PharmacopoeialLaboratoryforIndianMedicines,Ghaziabad,pp.47-52.

Lohar,D.R.,2007.ProtocolfortestingofAyurvedic,Siddha&Unanimedicines.DepartmentofAYUSH.MinistryofHealth&FW:PharmacopoeialLaboratoryforIndianMedicines,Ghaziabad,pp.47-52.

Meritxellventura,2004.DeterminationofAflatoxinB1,G1,B2,G2 inmedicinalherbs by liquid chromatography: tandemmass spectrometry. Jour. of Chromatography1048(3):25-29.

Moses,A.G.,Maobe,EratusGatebe, LeonardGitu andHenryRotich, 2012.Profileofheavymetals inselectedmedicinalplantsusedfor thetreatmentofdiabetesMalariaandPneumoniainKisiiregion.SouthwestKenya.Global Jour. of Pharmacology6(3):245-25.

Nema,S.Shabnam,2016.Impactoftoxicofheavymetalsandpesticideresiduesinherbalproducts.Beni-SuefUniversityJournalofbasicandApplied Sciences 5(1);102-106.

Ramakrishna, G., Gayathri, V, Sathiya, S, Parameswari, R.P., Saravana,Babu, C, 2015. Physicochemical and phytochemical standardization ofThraatchathichooranam-Apolyherbal formulation,Journ of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research7(6):305-313.


PPhysico-chemical and Phyto-chemical Analysis of Market Sample of Banafshah (Viola odorata Linn.)

*Sumbul Rehman and

Abdul Latif

DepartmentofIlmulAdvia,A.K.TibbiyaCollege,




Abstract

resent studyprovidesanupdated standardizationprofileofmarketsampleofawellknownUnanidrugBanafshah(Viola odorataLinn.)used for its efficacy in bilious affections, lung troubles, kidneydiseases, liveraffections, in feversandasbloodpurifier.A reviewof literature, revealed thatonly fewpharmacopoeial parameters like total ash value, acid insoluble ash,alcoholsolubleandwatersolubleextractives,thinlayerchromatography(TLC)of petroleumether extract are reported in theUnani pharmacopoeia.Theseknownparameterswerematchedwith themarket sample ofBanafshahandwere found tobewithin rangewith slight acceptable variation.However, dataonwater soluble ash value, sulphated ash value, extractive value in differentsolvents, organoleptic features,moisture content, bulk density,melting range,pHvalue,totalalkaloidcontent,crudefibercontent,qualitativeanalysis,phyto-chemicalanalysiswithdifferentreagents,IRspectralstudies,FTARanalysisofdifferentextracts,TLCofotherextractsareunreported.Theseparameterswereinvestigatedbyusforthefirst-timeasperthepharmacopoeialguidelines.Thiscommunication provides updated pharmacopoeial parameters of Banafshahthatwillhelp tomatch its futuremarketsamples forevaluationof their identityandpuritysoastohaveuniformtherapeuticefficacyofmanufacturedproducts.

Keywords:Banafshah (Viola odorataLinn.),Standardization,Pharmacopoeialguidelines

Introduction

Standardization of bio-resources ismandatory to ensure their identity, quality,safetyandefficacyfortheirproperuseinhealthailments;thisisaveryimportantinpresentscenariowherethereishighlyincreasingtrendofutilizingmedicinalplantsspecificallyindevelopingcountries,wheretheyareacceptedduetotheirsafety,efficacy,culturalacceptabilityand lessersideeffects(Kamboj,2000). ItismorespecificforthetraditionalmedicineswhicharebasedonnaturaldrugsasAyurveda, Unani, Siddha andHomeopathy (AYUSH)medicine. Diversebiological flora and fauna; geographical and climatic diversity provideuswithvarietyofdifferentspeciesofsameplantatatimecollectedfromdifferentplaces;moreoverchangeintheenvironmentalconditionofaplaceafteraregularintervalof timealso leadtodifferenceintheirquality.Sothereareupmostchancesofvariation intheirphysicochemicalorphytochemicalparametersthatalsoaffecttheirtherapeuticefficacyandprovideaverystrongreasonbehindnon-uniformresultsinpharmacologicaleffectofsameplantnowadays.


To ensure the authenticity and quality of pharmaceuticalmaterial used inUnaniformulations,CentralCouncil forResearchinUnaniMedicine(CCRUM)(Anonymous,2006)andMinistryofAYUSHintheUnaniPharmacopoeiaofIndia(Anonymous,2007)haslaiddownstandardizationprofilemonographsofUnanidrugs alongwith the standardmethods to evaluate the physic-chemical andphytochemicalprofileasperDrugsandCosmeticAct,1940.

The present studywas carried outwith a view to analyze physico-chemicalandphyto-chemicalparametersofawellknownUnanidrug–Banafshah(Viola odorataLinn.)collected from the localareaofKashmir (where it issaid tobeof thebestqualityasper literature,and issupplied throughout thecountry forconsumption)(Ghani,1921)andwerematchedwithstandardsavailableinUnanipharmacopoeiawhilemanynewparameterswhicharenotreportedearlierweredoneaspertheguidelinesavailabletoensureitsuniformquality.TheattemptistopresentanupdatedstandardizationprofileofthisimportantdrugtohelpISMdrugmanufacturerstoproducequalitymedicine.

Reviewofliterature

Viola odorata Linn. (Family-Violaceae) - a glaborous or pubescent perennialherbabout10-15cminheightarisingfromshortstoutrootstocks,leavesareinradial/terminal tuftswithbluishpurpleorwhiteflowersbornesinglyonaxillarypeduncles, scented, tastes nauseous, bitter andmucilaginous (Anonymous,2006).Commercially plant and flowers are used inmedicine (Dymock, 1890;KhoryandKatrak,1985)whilethenativehealersconsiderthepurplefloweredvariety tobethebest; theyusetheflowerseparatelyandalsotheentireplant(Dymock,1890)andbotharesoldinthemarketinthenameof‘banafshah’.NativeofKashmirandtemperatewesternHimalaya,foundatanaltitudeof1500-1800m,above5000 ft.,distributedovernorthandwestAsia,NorthAfrica,Europe,Nepal,Mishmi,andKhasihillsandChina(Anonymous,1976).V. odoratafromKashmir is considered to beof finest in quality (Ghani, 1921),which is oftenplanted.InnorthernIndiaViola cineriaBioss.andViola serpenesWall.areusedassubstituteforViola odorata,andarecalledasBanafshah(Dymock,1890)andcommercialdrugavailableintheIndianmarketisgenerallyhighlyadulteratedwithotherViolaspp.asV. biflora, V. canescens, V. cinerea, V. pilosa, V. sylvestris (Anonymous,1976).

EthnopharmacologicalReports:Flowersareastringent,demulcent,diaphoretic,diuretic,laxative,refrigerantandexpectorant(Nadkarni,2000);flowerandleavesareusedinbiliousaffections, lungtroubles,prolapseoftherectumanduterusand in restraining suppuration, kidney diseases, for calculous affections andliveraffections,fevers,syphilis,skindiseases,chronicdiarrhoeaanddysentery(Anonymous,1976;Farooq,2005;KhoryandKatrak,1985;PandeyandChadha,


1996;Sharma,2003).Itisalsousedasbloodpurifiers(BhattacharjeeandDe,2005;Chopraet al., 1958; Farooq, 2005; Sharma, 2003).The herb showsantimycotic and antibacterial activity, and is considered quite effective in thetreatmentofeczema(KiritikarandBasu,1996).

Use inTraditionalmedicine:The literature reviewundertakenon the testdrugBanafshahreveals that thedrughasbeentraditionallyused inmanydiseasesasinbiliousaffections,lungtroubles,prolapseoftherectumanduterus,kidneydiseases, liver affections, in fevers and as blood purifier (Attar, 1888;Ghani,1921;IbneSina,1887;IbneBaitar,1885;Khan,1892;Hakeem,2002).Presentstudy is an attempt to provide standardization profile of amarket sample ofbanafshahmatchedwith the standards available and to explore thosewhicharenotexistingbutarenecessary,asperpharmacopoeialguidelinesandcouldbesetasstandard.ThestudywasdoneinDepartmentofIlmulAdvia,A.M.U.,Aligarhintheyear2009-2010.


PlantMaterial:DriedherbalmaterialofBanafshah(V. odorataLinn.)wasprocuredfromthelocalmarketofKashmirandbotanicallyidentifiedwithavailableliteratureandthenconfirmedbyProf.S.H.AfaqinPharmacognosySection.Aherbariumsample(VoucherNo.SC-0099/09-V)waspreparedandsubmittedinthemuseumoftheDepartmentofIlmulAdviaforfuturereference.Leavesandflowerswerehandpicked to remove them fromdebrismaterial that includes some sandymaterial andwoodpieces (Fig.1).TheywerewashedwithDDWanddriedatroomtemperatureinaventilatedroom,milledtocoarsepowderandstoredinacloseairtightcontainerindarkuntiluse.Strictasepticprecautionswerefollowedthroughouttheprocess.

Physico-chemicalanalysis:Theanalysisincludethestudytodetermineashvalue,meltingpoint,moisturecontent,pHvalueat1%and10%solution,solubility,bulkdensity, loss on drying (Jenkinset al., 1967;Anonymous, 1968;Anonymous,1970;Afaqet al.,1994).

Phytochemicalanalysis:Theanalysisincludethedeterminationoftheextractivevalues in different organic solvents, qualitative analysis of the chemicalconstituentspresentinthedrugsample,FluroscenceAnalysisofthepowdereddrugs and successive extracts (FTARAnalysis), crude fiber content, alkaloidestimation,ThinLayerChromatography(TLC)(Jenkinset al.,1967;Anonymous,1968;Anonymous,1970;Afaqet al.,1994;Peachet al.,1955).

StatisticalAnalysis:Results areexpressedasMean,Standarderror ofMeanwithStandard deviation.All the tests donewere carried out in triplicates instandard laboratory conditions following the guidelines ofGood LaboratoryPractices(GLP).


Results

Correct identificationandqualityassuranceof the rawmaterial isanessentialprerequisitetoensurereproduciblequalityofherbalmedicine,whichcontributestoitssafetyandefficacy.So,standardizationoftheselectedmarketsampleofBanafshahwasdoneasanupmost criterionof our study.As theefficacyofmanydrugsmainlydependsuponitsphysicalandchemicalpropertiestherefore,thedeterminationofphysico-chemicalcharacters for theauthenticityofadrugis necessary before studying anymedicinal property. These studies of anyphyto drugs are necessary for standardization, as it helps in understandingthe significance of physical and chemical properties of the substance beinganalyzedintermsoftheirobservedactivitiesandespeciallytothedeterminationof thepurityandqualityof thedrugsandchemicalsofficial to itas inNationalPharmacopoeia. It isalsomore important,because ithelps incharacterizationof constituents or group of constituents that frequently lead to establish thestructure-activity relationship and the likelymechanismof action of the drug.Phyto-chemicalconstituentspresentinthedrugvary,notonlyfromplanttoplantbut also among different samples of same species, depending upon variousatmospheric factors, storageanddrying conditions; a little deviation from thenormal in termsofqualityandquantityof theconstituentsmayalter theeffectofdrug.Apart fromthedegradation in thequalityof thedrugsthatoccursdueto above conditions, adulterationalso contributes to variability.Thus, keepingin view the above consideration, physico-chemical studies on the drug understudywerecarriedouttocharacterizethedrugsampleforthefuturereference.OrganoplepticfeaturesarepresentedinTable-1.

Parametersusedforthephysico-chemicalsstudyofthetestdrugswere:(i)Ashvalue;(ii)MoistureContent;(iii)pHvalue;(iv)Meltingrange;(v)Solubility; (vi)Bulkdensity; (vii)Crudefiberestimation; (viii)Alkaloidestimation.ResultsareexpressedasMeanvalueinTable-2.

Parametersusedforthephyto-chemicalsstudyofthetestdrugswere:(i)Extractivevalue (Table-2); (ii)Qualitative analysis of the phyto-chemicals (Table-3); (iii)FluorescenceAnalysisofPowdereddrugs(Table-4);(iv)FluorescenceAnalysisoftheSuccessiveextractsofthetestdrug(Table-5);(v)IRSpectralAnalysisofthetestdrugs(Table-6);(vi)ThinLayerChromatography(Table-7).


Freshsample-V.odorata

PartsUsed-V. odorata Marketsample-V. odorata

Fig.1:Banafshah(Viola odorataLinn.)

DayLight UVShort IodineVapour UVLongTLCBanafshah-Petroleum

etherextractTLCBanafshah-Chloroform

extract

DayLight IodineVapour

UVLong UVShort

TLCBanafshah-Ethanolicextract

Fig 2:ThinLayerChromatographyofBanafshah(ViolaodorataLinn.)


Table 1:OrganolepticCharactersofBanafshah(ViolaodorataLinn.)

Parameters BanafshahColour DarkGreenSmell OdourlessTaste SlightlyBitter

Table 2:PhysicochemicalstudyofmarketsampleofBanafshah

S. No

Parameters

V.odorata Linn. (Violaceae)

Mean ± S.E.M. (S.D)

(Market Sample)

V.odorata Linn.

(Violaceae)(Percentage /

Gram)(CCRUM,

2006)

V.pilosa Blume.

(Violaceae)(Percentage /

Gram)(UPI, 2007)

1PercentageofAshValue(w/w)

TotalAsh 11.24±0.01(0.02)Notmorethan

14.25%Notmorethan

13%AcidInsolubleAsh

3.15±0.00(0.01)Notmorethan

1.7%Notmorethan

3%WaterSolubleAsh

2.35±0.07(0.19) ------- -------

SulphatedAsh 0.59±0.02(0.05) ------- -------

2MoistureContent(v/w)

LossofweightonDryingat1050C

12.28±0.01(0.02) ------- -------

TouleneDistillationMethod

12.60±0.01(0.02) ------- -------

3 pHValue1%solution 7.05±0.01(0.02) ------- -------10%solution 6.52±0.01(0.02) ------- -------

4Solubility(%inw/w)

AlcoholSoluble 18.49±0.02(0.04)Notlessthan

5.25%Notlessthan

2%

WaterSoluble 26.72±0.02(0.04)Notlessthan

18.31%Notlessthan

11%

5ExtractiveValue(%inw/w)

PetroleumEther

1.69±0.02(0.05) ------- -------

DiethylEther 0.85±0.02(0.03) ------- -------Chloroform 0.76±0.01(0.03) ------- -------Ethanol 9.53±0.32(0.56) ------- -------Aqueous 11.88±0.28(0.49) ------- -------

6 MeltingRange 102-1200C -------7 BulkDensity(%inw/w) 0.54±0.01(0.02) -------8 CrudeFiberContent(%inw/w) 7.33±0.01(0.02) -------

9TotalAlkaloidestimation(%inw/w)

6.04±0.08(0.01) -------


Table 3:QualitativeAnalysisofthePhytochemicals

S.No Chemical Constituents Test Reagents Banafshah

1. Alkaloids

Dragendorff’sreagent +

Wagner’sreagent +

Mayer’sreagent +

2. Carbohydrates

MolishTest +

FehlingTest +

BenedictTest +

3. Flavonoids MgRibbonanddil.Hcl +

4. Glycosides NaOHTest +

5. Tannins/Phenols

FerricChlorideTest +

Liebermann’stest +

LeadAcetatetest +

6. ProteinsXanthoproteictest _

Biurettest +

7. Starch IodineTest _

8. Saponnins FrothingwithNaHCO3 +

9. Steroids/Terpenes SalkowskiReaction +

10. Aminoacids NinhydrinSolution +

11. Resins Aceticanhydridetest +

Indications:‘_’Absenceand‘+’Presenceofconstituents

Table 4:FluorescenceAnalysisoftheTestDrugswithchemicalsofBanafshah

S.No. Powdered drug Day Light UV Short UV Long

1. P.drug+Con.HNO3 LightOrange LightGreen Green

2. P.drug+Con.Hcl DarkGreen LightGreen LightGreen

3. P.drug+Con.H2SO4 DarkBrown Black Black

4. P.drug+Iodinesol.(5%)inalcohol GoldBrown BrownishGreen

Black

5. P.drug+GlacialAceticacid Green Green Black

6. P.drug+Gl.Aceticacid+HNO3 Green Green DarkGreen

7. P.drug+NaOHSolution(10%) DarkGreen DarkGreen Black

8. P.drug+10%NaHO+ConcnHNO3 Brown DarkGreen VerydarkGreen

9. P.drug+diluteHNO3 Green DarkGreen Black

10. P.drug+diluteH2SO4 DarkGreen DarkGreen Black


S.No. Powdered drug Day Light UV Short UV Long

11. Powdereddrug+diluteHcl DarkGreen Green Black

12. P.drug+Drangendorffreagent BrownishGreen

DarkGreen Black

13. P.drug+Wagner’sreagent DarkGreen BrownishGreen

DarkGreen

14. P.drug+Benedict’sreagent DarkGreen BrightGreen DarkGreen

15. P.drug+FehlingReagent VeryDarkGreen

DarkGreen DarkBlue

16. P.drug+KOH(10%)methanolic VeryLightYellow

Green DarkGreen

17. P.drug+CuSO4(5%) LightGreen DarkGreen Black

18. P.drug+Ninhydrin(2%)inacetone DarkGreen DarkGreen Black

19. P.drug+Picricacid LightGreen LightGreen Green

20. P.drug+LeadAcetate(5%) DarkGreen LightGreen Black

Table 5:FluorescenceAnalysisofthesuccessiveextractsofBanafshah

Extracts Day Light UV Short UV Long

Petroleumether Brown LightGreen DarkBrown

Diethylether DarkGreen DarkBrown Black

Chloroform Black Green DarkBlack

Alcohol Brown Green GreenishBrown

Aqueous Brown DarkGreen Black

Table 6:IRSpectralDetailsofAlcoholicExtractofDrug

Test Drug IR, υ (cm-1)

Banafshah 3463.19,2930.35,2365.70

Table 7: ThinLayerChromatographyofBanafshah

Extract Solvent System

Treatment Visualizing Agent

No. of Spots

Rf value

Petroleumether

Benzene:Chloroform(8:2)

Petroleumether:ether(8:2)

I2Vapour

”

DayLightUVLongUVShort


331

431

0.06,0.10,0.200.06,0.10,0.200.10(G)

0.07,0.15,0.53,0.610.07,0.53,0.610.53(D.G)


Extract Solvent System

Treatment Visualizing Agent

No. of Spots

Rf value

Chloroform Benzene:Chloroform(4:1)

Chloroform:Methanol(3:7)

I2Vapour

”



121

145

0.080.130.13(L.G)

0.410.33.0.5,0.75,0.830.50(G),0.54(D.G),0.63(L.G),0.83(G),0.90(D.G)

Alcohol Toulene:Ethylacetate:Benzene:Aceticacid(4:1:2:2drops)

Benzene:Ethylacetate:Diethylether

I2Vapour

”

DayLight

UVLong

UVShort


6

6

5

111

0.23,0.30,0.35,0.38,0.49,0.520.23,0.30,0.35,0.38,0.49,0.520.30(L.Br.),0.35(Br.),0.38(Br.),0.49(G),0.52(L.G)

0.54,0.630.540.54(D.Br.)

Discussion

Standardizationisconsideredasaprerequisiteforanyphyto-drugtoassessitsbiologicalactivityordeterminationofbiologicalstandardsoftheherbalmaterialthatprovidestheanalyticalcharacteristicswhichmayprovetobeusefulinfixingthephysicochemicalstandard.

In thepresent study itwasobserved from thedescriptions available inUnanipharmacopoeia of India (2007) that the drugmentioned under the name ofBanafshah is botanically a different species i.e.Viola pilosa of ViolaceaeaefamilywheretheyhavementionofleavesofBanafshah,soitisobviousthatthestandardparametersavailableinUPI(Anonymous,2007)arejustforidentityofleaves;andinouranalysisofmarketsample(MS)ofV.odorata,wehavetakenleavesandflowersofBanafshah,sothereareupmostchanceofslightvariationandwhichareobviousduetochangeinspeciesofthedrug,butstillitwasseenthatthevariationwasnotsolargeormaybesaidtobenone,asaccordingtoUPI(2007)totalashvalue/gmofthedrugshouldnotbemorethan13%,andinMSitwasof11.24%.SimilarlyinacidinsolubleashvalueUPI(2007)reportittobenotmorethan3%andinMSitwasfoundtobe3.15%.OtherparameterforidentificationmeasurementwasofsolubilityinUPI(2007);thatalcoholsolubilityshouldnot be less than2%andwater solubility tobenot less than11%and


inMSalcoholsolubilitywas18.49%andwatersolubility26.72%,i.easpertherangeofUPI,2007.So,inspiteofadifferentspeciesandflowerscombinedinourdrugsamplethedifferenceisnotthereintwodifferentspeciesorthestudymayalsobe takenas thatwhen leavesandflowersbothareused thevaluesofabovementionedparametersshouldbeasavailableinthepresentstudy.

AndwhentheseresultsarecomparedwithotherworksofMinistryofAYUSHinCentralCouncilforResearchinUnaniMedicine(Anonymous,1992;Anonymous,2006),itwasobservedthatthedrugsamplementionedisofsamespeciesi.e.V.odorata,butinthatalsotheanalyticalparametersthatarementionedareforleavesofBanafshah.Totalashvaluementionedforsamespecies isnotmorethan14.25%,and inMSitwasfoundtobe11.24%(below14.25%)andacidinsolubleashisreportedinCouncilresearchworkisthatitshouldnotbemorethan1.7%,andinMSitwas3.15%(abovefrom1.75%)that isadifferenceintheacid insolublevalue.Howeveralcoholsolubilitymentioned isnot lessthan5.25%andwater solubility as18.31%and inMSalcohol solubilitywas foundto be 18.49% (i.e. above 5.25%)while aqueous solubility as 26.72% (above18.31%).So, the same species ismatchedwith thiswork, and canbe takenasmoreapproachablesampleofBanafshahtomatchwiththestandard.AnditwasobservedthatmarketsampleofBanafshahstudiedforphysio-chemicalandphytochemicalanalysisisofstandardqualityandauthentic.

Conclusion

SampleofBanafshahavailable in themarket isof standardvalue in termsofitsphysico-chemicalandphyto-chemicalstandardsasperthepharmacopoeialguidelines with a slight variation, asmatched with reported parametersavailable for its identity and purity.Somenewparameterswere also studiedthatarenotmentionedinthepharmacopoeiaandreportedforthefirsttimeviz.,FTARAnalysis, IRSpectral study.Additional standardizationparametersmaysupplementtheexistingparametersandprovidearoadmapforfurtherresearchanalysisof‘Banafshah’tocheckforitsidentityandpuritysoastohavegenuine,authentic,safedrugwithuniformpharmaceuticalefficacy(Shariq,2008).

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AA Contribution to the Ethnomedicinal Flora of Chakrata Forests in Dehradun District, Uttarakhand#

*Zaheer Anwar Ali, Sarfraz Ahmad, Parwez Ahmad

and Shariq Ali Khan

SurveyofMedicinalPlantsUnit,RegionalResearchInstituteof

UnaniMedicine(CCRUM),PostBox70,

Aligarh–202001(U.P.)


# FeatureArticle *Author for correspondence

Abstract

n ethnobotanical survey of the Chakrata forests inDehradundistrictofUttarakhandhasyieldedusefulinformationonfolkmedicinalclaimsprevalent among the tribal communities, dominatedby Jaunsar-Bawar.Basedon thisfieldstudycarriedoutduringNovember2014andMarch2017,thepresentpaperdealswith55speciesbelongingto51generaand34familiesthat are commonly used as folk drugs for treatment of various humans andcattlediseasesandconditions.Foreachplantspeciesthecurrentbotanicalandprevalent localnames,thepartused,claimedmedicinaluse(s)andmannerofusingthecrudedrugsareprovided.Thisreportlistsmanynewphytotherapeuticapplicationsandpreparationsfromtheareasurveyed.

Key Words:Ethnobotanicalsurvey,Folkmedicine,Chakrataforests,Dehradun,Uttarakhand.

Introduction

TheChakrataforestdivision(30˚26΄-31˚02΄Nlatitudesand77˚38΄-78˚04΄Elongitudes)formsapartofDehradundistrict inGarhwalHimalayas.Theentiredivision isahighlymountainous region locatedbetween theuppercoursesofriverYamunaandTons.Inmajorpartoftheyear,manyareasathigherelevationsremainundersnowcover.Theareahasmainlyatemperatetypeofvegetation.Forestsofthisdivisionareveryrichinfloristicdiversity.ItisahomelandofsomeprimitivecommunitiesdominatedbyJaunsar-Bawar.Thisparticularregionwasselectedforanextensiveethnobotanicalsurveyofthemedicinalplantsbecauseitisremotefromtheindustrialcentresandpossessesinterestingclimate,landscapeandvariedflora(Agarwal,1959;ChandandYadav,1970;Chandraet al.,2010;Cheemaet al.,2014;Kanjilal,1911;Singhalet al.,1986).Moreover,availableethnobotanicalpublishreportswereencouraging(BartwalandChandra,2010;Bartwalet al.,2011;BhattandNegi,2006;BistandPundir,2008;ChandraandMeenakshi,2010;Chantia,2003;Dobhalet al.,2007;JainandPuri,1984;JoshiandJoshi,2011;KumarandPandey,2015;Neelamet al.,2009,2010;RanaandDatt,1997;Rawatet al.,2009;SinghandPundir,2004;Singh,1997;Singhet al.,1984).Inthiscommunication,anenumerationoftheplantsofethnomedicinalutilityispresented.ThestudyrepresentsacontributiononourexistingknowledgeonethnomedicinalfloraofthispartofGarhwalHimalayas,Uttarakhand.

Methodology

Thestudyareawassurveyed inNovember2014andMarch2017.During thecourse of fieldwork, a number of tribal settlements located in different forestranges viz.Kanasar,Devghar,Rickhanar,Babar andMoltawere visited and


datawereobtainedbyinterviewinglocalhealersandotherknowledgeablevillageelders.Theinformationcollectedincludeslocalname,claimedmedicinaluse(s),partused,other ingredientsadded (if any),methodofpreparing themedicineandmodeofadministration.Plantspecimenswerecollectedand identifiedbythe senior authorwith the help of pertinent floras (Babu, 1977;Gupta, 1928;Naithani,1984-1985)andnomenclaturewasupdatedaccordingtoarecentworkonfloweringplantsofUttarakhand(Uniyalet al.,2007).AllvoucherspecimenswerepreparedanddepositedintheherbariumoftheSurveyofMedicinalPlantsUnit,RegionalResearchInstituteofUnaniMedicine,Aligarh(UP),India.

Enumeration

Inthefollowinglisting,plantsarearrangedinalphabeticalorderbytheirbotanicalnametogetherwithrespectivefamilybetweenparentheses,localname,localityandvoucherspecimennumber,followedbyclaimedmedicinaluse(s)andmodeofadministration.As faraspossible,dosesanddurationof thesecrudedrugsarealsogiven.

Aconitum heterophyllumWall.exRoyle (Ranunculaceae), ‘Atis’,Deoban (ZAA10454).Asmallpieceoffreshrootischewedforstomach-ache.Higherdoseofthedrugmaybepoisonous.

Acorus calamusL.(Araceae),‘Bach’,Deoban(ZAA10455).Driedrhizomeistiedasanamuletaroundneckofthechildsufferingfromworminfestation.

Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) R.M. King & H. Rob. (Asteraceae),‘Kalabansa’/‘Bushiyan’,Gouraghati(ZAA10415).Freshleavesarewashedandsqueezedtoobtainthejuice.Itisappliedoncuttostopthebleeding.

Ainsliaea apteraDC.(Asteraceae),‘Kadu’,Deoban(ZAA10405).Leafdecoctionisgivenorallytoallayfeverinpneumoniawhilefreshrootischewedforinstantreliefinabdominalpainduetoflatulence.

Ajuga parvifloraBenth.(Lamiaceae),‘Neelkanthi’,Chakrata(ZAA9795).Afreshlymadepaste of the leaves, obtained by crushing, is applied externally on thebodyforgeneralswelling.

Allium consanguineumKunth (Liliaceae), ‘VanLehsan’,Deoban (ZAA10456).Apaste,obtainedbycrushingthebulbs,isappliedonkneefortreatingpain.

Artemisia roxburghianaWall.exBesser(Asteraceae),‘Chhamru’,Chakrata(ZAA9756).Aqueousdecoctionofdriedleavesisgiventotreatstomach-ache.

Artemisia vulgarisL.(Asteraceae),‘Paati’,Chakrata(ZAA9852).Rootdecoctionisadministeredorallyagainstflatulence.


Berberis asiaticaRoxb.exDC.(Berberidaceae),‘Kashmoi’,Deoban(ZAA10345).Driedrootpieceissoakedovernightinwater;theinfusionthusobtainedisgivenoncedailyinthemorningtocontroldiabetes.Prolonguseofthisdrugdamageskidney.

Berberis chitria Buch.-Ham. ex Lindl. (Berberidaceae), ‘Kingor’,Deoban (ZAA10018).Sapoffreshrootisinstilledintheeyesforredness.

Bergenia ciliata(Haw.)Sternb.(Saxifragaceae),‘Pattharchoor’/’Silphora’,Deoban(ZAA10399).Fortreatmentofpiles, leavesarecookedandtakendailyaspotherb.Simultaneously, rootpaste isgivenorally.Equalquantitiesof the rootof‘pattharchoor’, ‘gokhru’ (fruitsofTribulus terrrestrisL.,Zygophyllaceae), ‘kulthi’(seedsofMacrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.)Verdc.,Fabaceae)and‘sonf’(Foeniculum vulgareMill.,Apiaceae)arecrushedtogetherandtwospoonofthispreparationaregiventwiceadayforonetotwomonthtodissolveandexpelsmallkidneystones.

Boenninghausenia albiflora(Hook.)Rchb.exMeisn.(Rutaceae),‘Pissu’,Chakrata(ZAA9778). Leaf decoction is poured over the body of cattle to keep awayectoparasites.

Cedrus deodara (Roxb. exD.Don)G.Don (Pinaceae), ‘Deodar’,Guswapul(ZAA10368).Wood-oil isappliedonscabies. It isalsoappliedon thebodyofsheeptokilllice.

Crotalaria linifoliaL.f.(Fabaceae),‘Pengiyara’,Chakrata(ZAA9863).Leafpasteisappliedoncutandwoundsforhealing.

Daphne papyraceaWall. exG.Don (Thymelaceae), ‘Satpura’,Deoban (ZAA10392).Stembarkpasteisappliedonburns.

Debregeasia saeneb (Forssk.) Hepper & J.R.I.Wood (Urticaceae), ‘Siar’,Lakhamandal(ZAA10430).Stemtwigsareusedassplintsinbonefracture.

Digitalis purpureaL.(Scrophulariaceae),‘Tilpushpi’,Deoban(ZAA10447).Equalquantitiesof the leavesand rootsareboiled inwaterand liquidstrained. It isgivenforchestpainincardiacproblem.

Elaegnus rhamnoides(L.)A.Nelson(Elaeagnaceae),‘AmeeshChook’,Deoban(ZAA10459).Fruitjuiceisgivenorallytoreducetheriskofheartattack.

Ephedra gerardiniaWall. exStapf (Ephedraceae), ‘Tootganth’,Deoban (ZAA10394).Leafdecoctionisgiventotreatleucorrhoea.

Ficus neriifolia Sm.(Moraceae),‘Dudhla’,Gouraghati(ZAA10417).Freshleavesarefedtocowsfordeficientlactation.


Gentiana kurroo Royle (Gentianaceae), ‘Karwi’/‘Tirayaman’, Deoban (ZAA10457).For treatingurinary tract infection, thedecoctionof thechoppedplantisadministeredorallytwotimesadayfor7-10days.

Gentiana tianschanicaRupr. exKusn. (Gentianaceae), ‘Narbosa’, Badrikhan(ZAA9833).Rootdecoctionisgivenforfeverduetocold.

Geranium wallichianumD.DonexSweet(Geraniaceae),‘RaatNinnai’,Deoban(ZAA9794).Leafpasteisappliedexternallyonnecktotreattonsillitis.

Girardinia diversifolia (Link) Friis (Urticaceae), ‘Karwakushka’,Murthat (ZAA9810).The rootdecoction isgivenorally to thewomenwho isgivingbirth, thebeliefthatitwillfacilitatedelivery.

Grewia optivaJ.R.Drumm.exBurret(Tiliaceae),‘Bihu’,PunaPokhri(ZAA10423).Freshleavesarefedtocattletotreatthelossofappetite.Thesearealsogiventocowasgalactagogue.

Hedychium spicatumSm.(Zigiberaceae),‘KapoorKachri’,Guswapul(ZAA10458).Rhizomepasteisappliedonkneeaspoulticeforjointpainandinflammation.

Juglans regiaL.(Juglandaceae),‘Akhrot’,Gouraghati(ZAA10443).Freshstembarkchewedtotreattoothache.

Mahonia napaulensisDC. (Berberidaceae), ‘Khoru’,Gouraghati (ZAA10357).Rootsapisappliedintheeyesufferingfromconjunctivitis.

Neolitsea umbrosa(Nees)Gamble(Lauraceae),‘Shrood’,Deoban(ZAA10451).Theoil,extractedbycrushingthedriedseeds,isappliedinthescalpwithalightmassageoncedailytokilllice.Thisoilisoftenkeptashouseholdsremedyandusedasandwhenneeded.

Picrorhiza kurrooaRoyle(Scrophulariaceae),‘Kutki’,Deoban(ZAA9804).Rootiscrushedandboiledinwater;theliquidisstrainedandgivenorallytwiceadayforonemonthforleucorrhoea.

Pinus wallichiana A.B.Jacks.(Pinaceae),‘Kail’,Deoban(ZAA10387).Pasteofthestembarkmixedwithlittlepowderedalumisplasteredaroundthefracturedlimb.Moreover, longpiecesof the stembark as splints and cottonbandagesareusedtoholdthebonesandplasterinposition.

Platycladus orientalis(L.)Franco(Cupressaceae),‘Surai’,Deoban(ZAA10389).Coneisrubbedonstonewithlittlewaterandthepastethusobtainedisappliedonburns.

Pouzolzia viminea Wedd.(Urticaceae),‘Panguri’,Tuina(ZAA9862).Leafinfusionisusedasgarglefortreatinggingivitis.


Prunus cerasoidesBuch.-Ham.exD.Don(Rosaceae),‘Padam’,Kanasar(ZAA10461).Powderofthestembarkisboiledinwatertillitbecomesemisolidandcooled.Thisisappliedlocallyformuscularpain.

Punica granatum L. (Punicaceae), ‘Darimb’/’Darmu’, Lotakhand (ZAA9855).Choppedstembark isboiled inwaterandcooled. It isgiven two timesadayfortwoweekin jaundice.Longpieceofthestembarkisrubbedwithwateronstoneandgiventochildrenforcough.Innerportionofshellofthematurefruitisdriedandgroundtomakeafinepowder.Onespoonofthisisgivenwithwateroncedailyinthemorningtocontroldiabetes.

Pyrus pashia Buch.-Ham. exD.Don (Rosaceae), ‘Kaenth’,Guswapul (ZAA10354). Juiceof theunripe fruit is instilled in injuredeyeofcattle for rednessandhealing.

Reinwardtia indica Dumort. (Linaceae), ‘Pingli’,Guswapul (ZAA10366). Leafpasteisappliedoncutforhealing.

Rhododendron arboreum Sm. (Ericaceae), ‘Burans’, Deoban (ZAA 10336).Powderoftheflowerissnuffedinblooddysentery.

Rubia cordifoliaL.(Rubiaceae),‘Charchara’,Guswapul(ZAA10371).Leafpasteisappliedlocallyonscorpionstingtoreducestingingpain.Itisalsoappliedonbitepointofotherpoisonousinsects.

Rumex hastatusD.Don(Polygonaceae),‘Almoru’,Chakrata(ZAA10334).Leafpasteisappliedonboiltospeedupsuppurationandhealing.

Sapindus mukorossiGaertn.(Sapindaceae),‘Reetha’,Tuini(ZAA10462).Pasteofthefruitpulpisappliedonalopecia.

Sarcococca pruniformisLindl. (Buxaceae), ‘Tiliari’,Deoban (ZAA10393).Rootbarkisgroundwithwaterandappliedonabscessesofmalegenitalia.

Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch. (Asteraceae), ‘Kuth’,Deoban (ZAA10463).Crushedleavesareboiledandbeveragedrunktorelieveasthma.Thispreparationalsoclaimedeffectiveinthetreatmentofanuria.

Senecio nudicaulisBuch.-Ham.exD.Don (Asteraceae), ‘Neelkanth’,Deoban(ZAA10448).Leafpasteisappliedonoldwoundforhealing.

Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle)T.S.Ying (Berberidaceae), ‘BanKakri’,Deoban(ZAA10460).Rootpaste isgivenorally foruneasinessandstomach-ache.

Swertia chirayita(Roxb.)H.Karst.(Gentiaceae),‘Chirata’,Murthat(ZAA10416).Decoctionof thewholeplant isgiventoallayfeverofpneumonia, typhoidandmalaria.


Swertia ciliata (D.DonexG.Don)B.L.Burtt (Gentianaceae), ‘Chirata’, VyasShikhar(ZAA9763).Leafpowder isboiled inwaterand liquid isstrained. It isgiventotreatcommonfever.

Taxus baccataL.(Taxaceae),‘Thuner’,Deoban(ZAA10397).Pasteofthestembarkisappliedexternallyoncystofbreast.

Thalictrum foliolosum DC.(Ranunculaceae),‘Sopau’,Deoban(ZAA10411).Rootsaregroundandmadeintopillsofpeasizeeachwith‘gur’(solidifiedsugarcanejuice);aboutfivepillsaregivenwithwater twicedaily for twoweektoactivateliverafterjaundice.

Thymus linearisBenth.(Lamiaceae), ‘Banajwain’,Deoban(ZAA10408).Pasteofthewholeplantisgivenorallytotreatchestpainduetoexcessivegases.

Tinospora glabra(Burm.f.)Merr.(Menispermaceae),’Gilo’,DeobanZAA10460).Pasteofthestem-bitsismixedwithtraditionalbuttermilkandappliedlocallyonmammaryglandsofcowsinskinallergy.

Urtica doicaL.(Urticaceae),‘Kandali’,PunaPokhri(ZAA10422).Leafpasteisappliedonwoundforhealingincasesofchildren.

Urtica parvifloraRoxb,(Urticaceae),‘Karwakushka’,Deoban(ZAA9809).Wiltedplantsarefedtocowsfordeficientlactation.

Viola pilosa Blume(Violaceae),‘Benaksha’,Guswapul(ZAA10332).Twospoonfuldecoctionsofaerialpartsaregiventoinfantstotreatcatarrhandcold.

Zanthoxylum armatumDC.(Rutaceae),‘Timur’,Kuansi(ZAA10428).Fruitpasteisputonachingtooth.

Some Folk Medicinal Plants of the Study Area

Fig. 1. Bergenia ciliata(Haw.)Sternb. Fig. 2. Daphne papyraceaWall.exG.Don


Fig. 3. Debregeasia saeneb (Forssk.)Hepper&J.R.I.Wood

Fig.4 Gentiana kurrooRoyle

Fig. 5. Mahonia napaulensisDC. Fig. 6. Reinwardtia indicaDumort.

Fig. 7. Rhododendron arboreumSm. Fig. 8. Rubia cordifolia L.

Fig. 9. Sarcococca pruniformisLindl. Fig. 10. Zanthoxylum armatumDC.



This report documents some traditional and contemporary knowledge of themedicinaluseofplantsemployedby the indigenouscommunitiesofChakrataforests.Atotalof55plantspeciesbelongingto51generaand34familieswererecordedforcuringoralleviatingvariousdiseasesandconditionsviz.abscessandboils,alopecia,anuria,asthma,blooddysentery,bonefracture,burns,cold,diabetes, fevers, flatulence, jaundice, joint pain, kidney stones, leucorrhoea,muscular pain, piles, scabies, scorpion-sting, stomach-ache, tonsillitis,worminfestation,andmanycomplaintsofdomesticanimals.Thedataareauthenticand based on direct field interviews of reliable informantswho have soundknowledge of herbal remedies.These ethnomedicinal useswere comparedwiththepertinentliterature(Agarwal,1986;Ambasta,1986;Anonymous,2001;Chopraet al.,1956;Jain,1991;KirtikarandBasu,1935;Nadkarni,1954)anditwas found thatusesofmanyplantspeciesweresimilarandreported in theliterature.Furthermore,manyphytotherapeuticapplicationscoincidewiththoseof other parts ofDehradun (Aliet al., 2015, 2016a, 2016b;Bisht andBhatt,2012;Deoliet al., 2014;Gairolaet al., 2013;Gauret al., 2010;MaheshwariandSingh,1992;Negiet al.,1992;PantandSharma,2010;RawatandBhatt,2002;Sharmaet al.,1979,2017;SharmaandPainuli,2011;Singhet al.,1989,2008, 2014;Upadhyay, 2014, etc.).Uses of other plants seem to be neworimperfectlyknown.Allsuchmedicinalusessuggestedby theseelderlypeopleseemtobereliableanddeservefurtherscientificinvestigationsfortheirtoxicity,effectivenessandsafemedicinalusage.

Itwasemphatically notedduring the current survey that some importantwildmedicinalplantshavebecomescarce in theareadue to illegalandcontinuedoverexploitationaswellashabitatdestruction.Similarly,localtraditionalmedicinemennowrepresentadisappearingtraditionbecausetheyoungergenerationisnot interested to learn their traditionalphytotherapy.Moreover,PrimaryHealthCareCentresarenowaccessibletotheruralpopulace.So,graduallythisartoffolkmedicineisdisappearingwitheverypassingday.It is, therefore,desirabletoconductsurveyofotherethnobotanicallyimportantareasofthestatebeforethistraditionalknowledgeislostpermanentlywiththeeverdwindlingnumberoffolkmedicinemen, the rapiddevastationofnaturalplanthabitatsandculturalchanges among the tribal communities due to the effect ofmodernization.Through such observations, based on properly designed field studies,manymore reliable folkmedicinal usesof plantsmaybe revealedwhichmay yieldusefulleadsneededinthesearchofnewerandpotentpharmaceuticalsofplantoriginforwideapplication.


Acknowledgements

WearehighlygratefultotheDirectorGeneral,CentralCouncilforResearchinUnaniMedicine,NewDelhiforprovidingnecessaryfacilitiesforconductingthepresentfieldstudy.WeshouldliketothanktoMr.DeepChandraArya,DivisionalForestOfficer,ChakrataForestDivision,Dehradun forgivinguspermission towork in thisDivision.Wewouldalsorecordgratitude toall the informantsandShriKatkuRam,InchargeofHigh-techMedicinalPlantsNurseryDeobanofthedivisionwhohavewillingly shared their knowledgeonmedicinal usesof localplantswiththeauthors.

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HPhysico-chemical Standardization of Habbe Kafoori: A Unani Formulation

1Osama Akhtar, 2Roohi Zaman and

2Shariq Shamsi

1RegionalResearchInstituteofUnaniMedicine,250A/29,G.T.Road(North)

Liluah,Howrah-711204

2DepartmentofIlmulSaidla(UnaniPharmacy),NationalInstitute

ofUnaniMedicine,Kottegepalya,MagadiMainRoad,

Bengaluru-560091


*Author for correspondence;

Abstract

abbe Kafoori (HK pills) is a pharmacopoeal compoundUnanipreparationmainlyusedinpatientsofpyrexiaofdifferentetiology.Manypharmaceuticalcompaniesprepareitforcommercialsupplybuttheyfrequentlyfailtomaintainthedesiredstandardsofitsquality.InthepresentstudyHKhasbeenstudiedonanumberofphysicochemicalparameterstosetitsphysicochemicalstandard.Theparametersincludeorganolepticcharacters,weightvariationofpills,uniformityindiameter,hardnesstest,friabilitytest,pH,moisturecontent,lossofweightondrying,ashvalues,waterandalcoholsolublematter,extractivevalues,Thin LayerChromatography (TLC) and total alkaloid estimation.The findingsofthestudymaybeusedasareferenceforfuturestudiesandalsototestthedrugsavailableinthemarketfortheirqualityandexpectedbiologicalactivity.

Keywords:Organoleptic,ThinLayerChromatography,Alkaloidalestimation.

Introduction

Habbe Kafoori(HK)isanimportantdrugofUnanisystemofmedicinecommonlyusedinthemanagementofHummiyate Moharraqa, Humma Diqe Mewiandotherfeversofdiverseetiology(Anonymous,2006).Itisapharmacopoealdrug(pills)which ispreparedbyphysiciansandpharmacistsandalsobypharmaceuticalunitsforlargescalesupply.Sincetheagentsintendedtobeusedfortherapeuticpurposesarestudiedfortheirsafetyandefficacyinordertoensuretheirqualityandexpectedpharmacologicalandtherapeuticeffecttherefore,itismandatorytotestsuchagentsonphysicochemicalparameterstosettheirstandardsofquality.Standardization isconsideredessential forherbaldrugsandtheir formulationsinordertoassesstheirquality.Sincetherearechancesofvariationindifferentbatchesofmedicineitisimperativetoestablishasystemofstandardizationforeveryplantproductinthemarket.

Ifthephysico-chemicalstandardsareensuredthentherearegreaterchancesthatthedrugiseffectivetherapeuticallyanditsdifferentsampleswillproduceuniformdegreeof effect.SinceHabbe Kafoori has beennot been studied thoroughlyforitsphysicochemicalstandardsthereforeinthepresentstudyitwaspreparedaccording to themethods described inUnani pharmacopoeal literature andstudiedon variousphysicochemical parameters includingash value,moisturecontent,pHof1%and10%solutions,pillfriability,hardnessandTLCetc.Thefindingswillhelpindeterminingthequalityofthetestdrugavailableinthemarketandsetthestandardforagenuinepreparation.



UnanipolyherbalformulationHabbe Kafoori (Anonymous,2006)waspreparedaccordingtothemethoddescribedinnationalformulary.Itwasthenstudiedoncertainphysicochemicalparameters.

Ingredients

Kafoor(Cinnamomum camphora)3g,Tabasheer(Bambusa arundinacea)5g,Nishasta(Triticum sativum)5g,SandalSafaid(Santalum album)5g,MaghzeTukhmeKadu(Lagenaria siceraria)5g,Kateera(Cochlospermum gossypium) 5g,LuabeBehidana(Cydonia oblonga)Q.S

Procurementofcrudedrugs

The ingredients ofHKwere procured froman authorized single drug dealerinBangalore.Unaniexperts including thesupervisorsof thestudyatNationalInstituteofUnaniMedicine(NIUM),Bangaloreidentifiedthecrudedrugsamples.AVoucherspecimen(No.21/IS/Res./2014)hasbeendepositedinthemuseumofNIUM.

Physicochemicalstudies

Physicochemicalstudiesincluded(i)Organolepticcharactersofthehuboobsuchasappearance,colour,smell, texture, taste (ii)Weightvariation (iii)Uniformityin diameter (iv) Hardness test (v) Friability test (vi) pH value (vii)Moisturecontent (viii) Loss ofweight on drying (ix)Ash values (x)Water and alcoholsolublematter(xi)Extractivevalues(xii)Totalalkaloidestimation(xiii)Thinlayerchromatography(TLC).

Organolepticproperties

Organoleptic evaluation refers to the evaluation of the formulation by colour,odour, taste and texture. These were evaluated according to themethodrecommendedbyPandeyet al.(2012).

Weightvariation

Averageweightoftwentyrandomlyselectedpillswasdeterminedtheneachpillwasweighed singly. In each case thedeviation from theaverageweightwascalculated andexpressedas percentage.Thepills are consideredwithin therangeifnotmorethantwopillsareoutsidethelimitof5%(Anonymous,2006;Lachmanet al.,2013).

Uniformityofdiameter

ThreepillswerepickedrandomlytomeasureuniformityofdiameterindividuallybyVerniercalliperandexpressedinmm(Dandagiet al.,2006).


HardnessTest

ThreepillswereindividuallytakenandtestedforthehardnessbytheMonsantohardnesstesterintermsofkg/cm(Lachmanet al.,2013;William&Wilkins,2011).

FriabilityTest

Friability of the pillswas determined usingFriability test apparatus (Roche’sFriabilator).Preweighedsampleofpillswasplaced in the friabilatorandwassubjectedto100revolutions.Pillswerede-dustedusingasoftmuslinclothandreweighed.Thefriability(f)wascalculatedbytheformula

1001

0

WWf

Where,WistheweightofthepillsbeforethetestandWoistheweightofthepillsafterthetest(Lachmanet al.,2013).

DeterminationofpH

pHvalueof1%and10%solution:Oneandtengmofaccuratelyweighedpowderdrugwasdissolvedin100mlofmeasureddistilledwaterseparately,filteredandpHwasmeasuredwithapHmeter(Anonymous,2006).

MoistureContent

Toluenedistillationmethodwasusedforthedeterminationofmoisturecontentofthedrug.10gmofpowdereddrugwastakeninaflaskand75mlofdistilledtoluenewasaddedto it.Distillationwascarriedoutforfivehours.Thevolumeofwater collected in receiver tubewasnotedand thepercentageofmoisturewascalculatedwithreferencetotheweightoftheair-drieddrug(Jenkinset al.,2008;Afaqet al.,1994).

Lossofweightondrying

Twogramofdrugwas taken inaPetridishandwasspreaduniformly. Itwasheated at a temperature of 105ºC, cooled andweighed.The processwasrepeatedtilltwoconsecutiveweightswereconstant.Thepercentlossinweightwascalculatedwithrespecttoinitialweight(Anonymous,2006;Afaqet al.,1994).

AshValues

Total Ash:Twogmofdriedpowdereddrugwasincineratedinasilicacrucibleatatemperaturenotexceeding450ºCuntilfreefromcarbon;cooledandweighedandthepercentagewascalculatedwithreferencetoairdrieddrug.

Acid insoluble Ash:Totalashwasboiledwith25mlofdilutehydrochloricacidfor 5minutes and insolublematterwas collected on an ash less filter paperwashedwithhotwaterandignitedatatemperaturenotexceeding450ºCand


weighedaftercooling.Thepercentageofacidinsolubleashwascalculatedwithreferencetotheairdrieddrug.

Water soluble Ash:Totalashwasboiledwith25mlofdistilledwaterfor5minutes.Theinsolublematterwascollectedonanashlessfilterpaper,washedwithhotwaterandignited.Theweightof insolubleashwassubtractedfromtheweightof thetotalash,givingtheweightof thewatersolubleash.Thepercentageofwatersolubleashwascalculatedwith reference toairdrieddrug (Afaqet al.,1994;Anonymous,2006;Anonymous,2011).

Determinationofwaterandalcoholsolublematter

Fourgmofaccuratelyweigheddrugwasplaced inaglassstopperedconicalflask.Itwasmaceratedwith100mlofwaterandalcoholseparatelyfor6hoursandwasshookfrequently,andthenallowedstandingfor18hours,andfilteredrapidly throughadryfilter.25mlof thefiltratewas transferred toapreviouslyweighedand tarred flat-bottomeddishandevaporated to drynessonawaterbath, thendriedat 105 ºC for 6 hours, cooled in a desiccator for 30minutesandweighedwithoutdelay.Thepercentageofwateroralcoholsolublematterwascalculatedwithreferencetotheamountofdrugtaken(Anonymous,2011).

Determinationofextractivevalues

Successive extractive value: Powdered pills were taken and subjected tosuccessiveextractionwith different solvents viz. petroleumether, alcohol andwater,respectively.ItwascarriedoutbypercolationinSoxhletapparatus.Theheatwasappliedforsixhoursonaheatingmantleforeachsolvent.Theextractswere filteredusing filter paper andafter evaporationof the solvents onwaterbath,theextractivevaluesweredeterminedwithreferencetotheweightofdrug(%w/w)(Anonymous,2006).

Non-Successive extractive value:Powderedpillswere takenandsubjected toseparateextractionwitheachsolvent (%w/w)viz.alcoholandwaterandwascarriedoutseparatelybypercolationinSoxhletapparatus.Theheatwasappliedforsixhours.Theextractswerefilteredusingfilterpaperandafterevaporationofthesolventsonwaterbath,theextractivevaluesweredeterminedwithreferencetotheweightofdrug(Anonymous,2006).

Alkaloidalestimation

Fivegramofdrugsamplewasweighedintoa250mlbeakerand200mlof10%aceticacidinethanolwasaddedto itandallowedtostandfor4hours.Itwasfilteredandtheextractwasconcentratedonawaterbathtoone-quarteroftheoriginalvolume.Concentratedammoniumhydroxidewasaddeddropbydroptotheextractuntiltheprocessofprecipitationcompleted.Thewholesolutionwasallowedtosettle;theprecipitatewascollectedandwashedwithdiluteammonium


hydroxideand then filtered.The residue is the alkaloid,whichwasdriedandweighed(Suthersinghet al.,2011).

ThinlayerChromatography

ThinlayerchromatographywascarriedoutonTLCprecoatedaluminiumplateswithsilicagel60F254(layerthickness0.25mm)foralcoholicextractofHKinbenzene:ethylacetate(3:1)asmobilephase.Forspotdetectioniodinevapourwasused.TheRfvaluesofthespotswerecalculatedbythefollowingformula(Jenkinset al.,2008).

Rf value =

Table 1:OrganolepticdescriptionofHabbeKafoori

Appearance Pill

Colour Straw

Smell LikeKafoorandSandal

Texture Hard

Taste Bitterandacrid

Table 2:WeightvariationofHabbeKafoori

Sl. No Weight of individual Habb (mg)

Difference in weight from mean(mg)

Weight variation(%)

1. 507 2.15 0.43

2. 493 11.85 2.35

3. 505 0.15 0.03

4. 512 7.15 1.42

5. 499 5.85 1.16

6. 517 12.15 2.40

7. 489 15.85 3.14

8. 502 2.85 0.56

9. 516 11.15 2.21

10. 497 7.85 1.55

11. 506 1.15 0.23

12. 512 7.15 1.42

13. 508 3.15 0.62

14. 493 11.85 2.35

15. 510 5.15 1.02


Sl. No Weight of individual Habb (mg)

Difference in weight from mean(mg)

Weight variation(%)

16. 513 8.15 1.61

17. 505 0.15 0.03

18. 499 5.85 1.16

19. 513 8.15 1.61

20. 501 3.85 0.76

Mean±SEM 504.85±1.80

Table 3:Diameter,HardnessandFriabilityofHabbeKafoori

Sl. No Diameter of Pill (mm)

Hardness (kg/cm) Friability (%)

1. 9.8 6.4 0.072. 10 6.7 0.103. 10.1 6.6 0.10

Mean±SEM 9.97±0.09 6.57±0.09 0.09±0.01

Table 4:pHValues,MoisturecontentandLossofWeightondryingofHabbeKafoori

SI.No pHValues MoistureContent(%)

Lossofweightondrying(%)1%Solution 10%Solution

1. 6.03 5.80 5 7.952. 6.02 5.78 6 7.843. 6.04 5.82 6 9.23

Mean±SEM 6.03±0.01 5.8±0.01 5.67±0.33 8.34±0.45

Table 5:AshValuesofHabbeKafoori

Sl. No Total ash (%) Acid insoluble ash (%)

Water soluble ash (%)

1. 18.08 15.11 3.292. 18.06 15.22 1.253. 17.99 15.06 1.49

Mean±SEM 18.04±0.03 15.13±0.05 2.01±0.64

Table 6:AlcoholandWatersolublematterofHabbeKafoori

Sl. No Alcohol soluble matter (%)

Water soluble matter (%)

1. 5.98 3.032. 5.75 2.783. 5.53 3.30

Mean±SEM 5.75±0.13 3.03±0.15


Table 7:Non-successiveandsuccessiveextractivevaluesofHabbeKafoori

Sl. No Non-Successive Extractive Values

Successive Extractive Values

Water (%)

Alcohol (%)

Petroleum ether (%)

Alcohol (%)

Water (%)

1. 3.89 10.23 7.03 2.69 2.452. 4.72 9.52 7.05 2.72 2.483. 5.83 8.98 7.10 2.66 2.72

Mean±SEM 4.81±0.56 9.58±0.36 7.06±0.02 2.69±0.02 2.55±0.08

Table 8:TotalAlkaloidalEstimationofHabbeKafoori

Sl. No Total Alkaloidal Content (%)1. 0.342. 0.33. 0.28

Mean±SEM 0.307±0.02

Table 9:TLCofHabbeKafoori

Extract Solvent Treatment No. of Spots Rf Value Colour

Ethanol Benzene:Ethylacetate(3:1)

IodineVapour

4 0.14,0.705,0.769,and0.846

Yellow

Figure 1: SampleofHabbeKafoori Figure 2:TLCofHabbeKafoori



Physico-chemicalstudies

Theorganolepticcharacteristicsi.e.appearance,colour,smellandtasteofHKwerefoundtoberoundinshape,strawcoloured,havingKafoorandSandallikesmellandbitterandacridintaste(Table1)(Figure1).

Weightvariationofpill:Themeanvalueofrandomlyselected20pillswasfoundtobe504.85±1.80mg.Thistestwasdonetohelpensurethatapillcontainstheproperamountofdrug.All20pillswhenweighedindividuallywerefoundtobewithinthepermissiblelimitof5%(Table2).

Diameter:Diameterwasmeasured toensure theuniformity insizeof thepillsandtheamountofdrug.Themeanvalueofthediameterwasfoundtobe9.97±0.09mm(Table3).

Hardness:Themean valueof thehardnesswas found to be6.57 ± 0.09 kg/cm, this testwasdone todetermine the forceneeded to fractureorbreak theformulation(Table3).

Friability:Themeanpercentageoffriabilitywasfoundtobe0.09±0.01.Testwasdonetofindoutanypossiblereductionintheweightofthesoliddosageformsasaresultofmechanicalerosionduringhandling,packagingandtransportationduetoremovalofthesmallfragmentsandparticlesfromthesurfaceofthesoliddosageforms(Table3).

pHValues:pHvalueofthedrugwasdeterminedin1%and10%aqueoussolutionandthevalueswerefoundtobe6.03±0.01and5.8±0.01,respectively(Table4).

Moisturecontent: It isagoodparameter fordetecting thequalityof thedrugs.Variationinmoisturelevelaffectsthequalityofthedrugandalsoitsefficacy.Themeanpercentageofthemoisturecontentwasfoundtobe5.67±0.33(Table4).

Lossofweightondrying:It isundertakentodeterminetheamountofwaterorvolatilematterinthesample,whichisremovedduringdryingprocess.Themeanpercentageoflossofweightondryingwasfoundtobe8.34±0.45(Table4).

Ashvalueofthedrugwasdeterminedfordetectinginorganicmatterofthedrug.Anashdetermination is a basis of judging the identity of the drugandgivesinformationrelatedtoitsadulterationwithinorganicmatter.Themeanpercentagevaluesofthetotalash,acidinsolubleashandwatersolubleashwerefoundtobe18.04±0.03,15.13±0.05and2.01±0.64,respectively(Table5).

Alcoholandwatersolublematter:Amountofdrugsolubleinagivensolvent isanindexofitspurity.Themeanpercentageofalcoholandwatersolublecontentwasfoundtobe5.75±0.13and3.03±0.15,respectively(Table6).


Extractive value is an index of the purity of the drugs and helps in thedeterminationofadulterationandvariation if any, in thechemical constituentsbecauseitleadstothechangeintheextractivevalues.Themeanpercentageofthenon-successiveextractivevaluesinwaterandalcoholwerefoundtobe4.81±0.56and9.58±0.36, respectively.Themeanpercentageof thesuccessiveextractivevalueswithpetroleumether,alcoholandwaterwerefoundtobe7.06±0.02,2.69±0.02and2.55±0.08,respectively(Table7).

Alkaloids are characterized by their high potency andefficacy. Little variationinalkaloidmaycauseamajorchangeintheefficacyofdrug.ThemeanvalueoftotalalkaloidalestimationofHKwasfoundtobe0.307±0.02%(Table8).

Thinlayerchromatography:Itisoneoftheimportantparametersusedforjudgingthequalityofthedrugsandfordetectingtheadulteration.FourspotswerefoundonTLCsilicaplatewith thealcoholicextractofHK.TheRfvalueswerefoundtobe0.14,0.705,0.769,and0.846(Table9,Figure2).

The findings of the study sets the physicochemical standards of HKwhichmaybeusedfor futurereferenceandmaybeusedtocomparethetestdrugsintendedtobeusedinthemanagementofdiseases.Sincethebiologicalactivityofplantdrugsandtheirpreparationsdependsmainlyontheauthenticityoftheingredients and theprocedureused for their processingand final preparationthereforephysicochemicalparametersareconsidered important toensure thequalityandtherebyefficacyofadrug.SinceHKisacommonlyuseddrugandispreparedbymanypharmaceuticalcompaniesthereforethefindingsofpresentstudywillhelpthepractitionersandpharmaceuticalindustriesalike.

Acknowledgement

Wewould like toexpressour heartfelt gratitude toProf.MansoorA.Siddiqui,Director,NationalInstituteofUnaniMedicine,Bengaluru,forprovidingthefacilitiesthatleadtosuccessfulcompletionofthestudy.

References

Afaq, S.H.,Tajuddin, andSiddiqui,M.M.H., 1994. Standardization ofHerbalDrugs.A.M.U.Press,Aligarh,pp.33,34,41,42,66-73.

Anonymous, 2006. National Formulary of UnaniMedicine, Part-IV, 1st ed.CCRUM,MinistryofH&F.W.,Govt.ofIndia,NewDelhi,pp.7-8,16,189-202.

Anonymous,2006.PhysicochemicalStandardsofUnaniFormulations.Part4.CCRUM,DepartmentofAYUSH,MinistryofHealthandFamilyWelfare,NewDelhi,pp.142-145,184.

Anonymous, 2011.Quality controlmethods for herbalmaterials.WHOPress,Geneva,Switzerland,pp.29,31.


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Lachman, L., Liberman,H.A. andKanig, J.L., 2013.TheTheoryandPracticeofIndustrialPharmacy.CBSPublishers&DistributorsPvt.Ltd.,NewDelhi,pp.479-492.

Pandey,M.K.,Singh,G.N.,Sharma,R.K.andLata,S.,2012.StandardizationofYakritPlihantakChurna:AnAyurvedicpolyherbalformulation.Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research3(1):171-176.

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EUseful Folk Mediicnal Plants and Their Diversity Status in Southern Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Kerala

*R. Murugeswaran, K. Venkatesan, P.K. Sagar,

Kabiruddin Ahmed and

Asiya Khanum

RegionalResearchInstituteofUnaniMedicine,

1WestMadaChurchStreet,Royapuram,Chennai-600013



Abstract

thno-botanical leads are invaluable for the discovery ofnovel active compounds fromnatural sources.Anethno-botanical surveyhasbeen carriedout in the tribal dominatedareasofTamilNadu,KarnatakaandKeralatodocumenttheusesandstatusofthefolkmedicinalplantsamongthetribalcommunitiesofWesternGhatsregionofSouthernIndia.TheinformationonfolkmedicinalplantsusedbythetribalcommunitiesandlocalinhabitantsforvariousailmentsaregatheredfromthetribalpeopleandinhabitantofCoimbatore,TriunelveliandKanniyakumaridistrictsinTamilNadu,WayanadforestdivisionsinWayanaddistrict,KeralaandChamarajanagarwildlifedivision,Chamarajanagardistrict,KarnatakaState.Thestudymainlyfocusedonthewildplantsusedbythetribalandlocalpeopletocurevarioushealthcareailments.Itisalsorevealedthattheanalysisoffloristicdiversityof148folkmedicinalplantsspeciesbelongingto 120 genuswhich includes 53 families.Traditional knowledge ofmedicinalplantsand indigenoususeofplantmaterialhaveprovided thebasis formanypharmaceuticalsused todayand thereare stillmanypotential pharmaceuticalcompoundsyet tobediscovered. In thiscontext furtherextensivefieldstudiesmayhelpinthediscoveryofnewplantspeciesusedintheindigenoussystemsofmedicineforthebettermentofhealthcareneeds.Presentworkisbasedonthisrationaleandprovidesfirst-handinformationonfolkmedicinalclaimsoftheareainvestigated.

Keywords:Ethno-medicine,Tribal,TraditionalKnowledge,WesternGhats

Introduction

Ethno-botanicalleadsareinvaluableforthediscoveryofnovelactivecompoundsfromnaturalsource,particularlyfromplants,sincenewdiseasesaswellasdrugresistantstrainsofknownpathogenscontinue toemerge thesearch fornovelcompounds.Traditional knowledgeofmedicinal plants and indigenous useofplantmaterialhaveprovidedthebasisformanypharmaceuticalsusedtodayandtherearestillmanypotentialpharmaceuticalcompoundsyet tobediscovered(Asolkaret al.,1992).Thereisarisk,however,oflosingthispreciousresourceandmany indigenous cultures aswell as themedicinal plants themselvesare threatenedwith extinction.Basedon this rationale thepresent studywasundertaken and provides data on ethno-pharmacological field studies andliteraturesurveyconductedinruralandsuburbanplaces,atthestudyareasofTamilNadu,KarnatakaandKeraladuring2005-2010tocontributematerial forfurther investigations in thesearchofnewdrugsofplantsorigin (Anonymous,1994).


The tribal populations inhabit varied geographical and climatic zones of thecountry.Livingclosetonature,thetribal’shaveacquireduniqueknowledgeabouttheindigenousfloraandfaunaandtheiruses.Mostofwhicharenotknowntotheoutsideworld.Therefore,ethno-botanicalstudiesassumegreatimportancein enhancing the knowledgeabout theplants grownandusedbynative/tribalcommunities, the rich diversity assembled by them for their sustenance anddifferentmeansadoptedbythemforitspreservation/conservation.

SomeimportantcontributionsinthisdirectionarethoseofApparananthamandchelladurai,(1994,1986);AugustineJoy(2005);Hema(2007);Jain,(1981,1991);Jainet al.,1973, 1991;Mini (2007);Murgeswaranet al., 2010, 2011, 2013,2014,2015);Narayanan(2011);Nisha(2007);PramodandSivadasan(2003),Subramaniam,(1999),Rosakuttyet al.,(1999),Ravikumaret al.,(2004),Udayanet al.,(2008)andYoganarasimbanet al.,(1991;1982).

Thepresentwork embodies the data on folkmedicinal plants and their usescollectedduring2005-2010onfolkloremedicinesthroughextensivefieldstudiesand interviewswith tribal and rural inhabitants in the studyareasof statesofTamilNadu,KarnatakaandKerala.

Thestudyareas

Thestudyareas covered includedCoimbatore,Triunelveli andKanniyakumaridistrictsinTamilNadu,WayanaddistrictinKeralaand,ChamarajanagardistrictinKarnatakaState.Thestudieswerecarriedoutinforestareas,tribalcoloniesandsettlementsof theabovedistricts.Thestudyarea fallsunder thehill tractofSouthernwesternGhatsofTamilNadu,KarnatakaandKerala.ThedifferentethnicgroupsoftribalcommunitieslikePaliyar,IrularKani,Soligar,MalayaliandKattunayakan.Apartfromthesetribalcommunitiesthelocalnon-tribalcommunitiesofthestudyareaswerealsointerviewedwhopossessgoodknowledgeoffolkmedicine.All theseresourceshavebeenrecordedby theresearchersasfirst-handfielddataonfolkmedicinalplantsfromthestudyarea(s).

Methodology

The informationon folkdrugplantswereobtained in thecourseofaseriesofethnopharmacologicalsurveysofthestudyareaconductedduring2005to2010.Theinformationpresentedisessentiallybasedonthefirst-handdatacollectedthrough interviewingherbalmedicinemenof thestudyareaduring thecourseof theethnoparmacological field investigations.Thestudyhasbrought to lightsomeinterestingtraditionaltherapeuticmethodsappliedbythenativeofdifferentforest areaofTamilNadu,KarnatakaandKerala states. 149 taxaofmedicalplantswerecollectedandindentifiedwiththehelpofsomeflorasfromthestudyarea.Voucherherbariumspecimenspreparedanddeposited in theherbariumoftheSurveyofMedicinalPlantsUnit,RRIUM,Chennai. Inmostof thecases


thebotanical specimenswere identifiedandconfirmedatBotanicalSurveyofIndiaCoimbatore.

Duringsurvey,theinformanthadtobeconvincedthattheirco-operationwasofgreat benefit to the country.The survey team therefore, visited thehealers intheirrespectivelocalitiesandtheywereofgreathelptodiscussandrevealfolkmedicinalusesoflocalplantsandtoshowtheirsampleseitherinthefieldorinthecamp.Foreachplant, the following informationwasgathered; (i)commonnameof the plant, or crude drug; (ii)medicinal use(s); (iii) part(s) used; (iv)other ingredientsadded(ifany); (v)methodofdrugpreparations; (vi)modeofapplication;(vii)dosageanddurationoftreatment,and;(viii)precautions(ifany).

Plant specimenswere collected and entered in the field book each day. Forbotanical identification, the floraofBritish India (Hooker, 1872-1897), Flora ofTamilNaduCarnatic(Matthew,1983),ThefloraofTamilNadu(NairandHenry.,1982),(Hentryet al.,(1987,1989)FloraofthePresidencyofMadras(Gamble,1936).AdditionstothisfloraofKarnataka.(Ravikumaret al.,2001)andFloraofKarnataka(Shaldanha,1984).Theliteraturesurveyforgeneralinformationandbiodynamicnotesandtherapeuticusesforidentifiedplantswascarriedout.Themaininformationsourceswere;thewealthofIndia‘Rawmaterials’.(Hussainet al.,1992).MedicinalplantsofIndia.(Anonymous,1976,1987).NotablePlantsinEthnomedicineofIndia(Jainet al.,1991).‘CompendiumofIndianMedicinalplants’ (RastogiandMehrota,1990-1998);Secondsupplementary toGlossaryofIndianMedicinalPlantswithActiveprinciples’(Asolkaret al.,1992);GlossaryofIndianMedicinalPlants’(Chopraet al.,1956).

Results

Table 1:FolkMedicinalPlantsofSouthernWesternGhats,India

Botanical Name Local Name Part Used

Curative diseases

Habit Status

Abrus precatoriusL.RRIUM-CH:8511,8929

Kundumani(T) Leaf Swellings Climber C

Abutilon indicum(L)Sweet.RRIUM-CH:9365

Tuthi(T)Baralukaddi(K)

Leaf Piles,WoundsLeafJuiceCough

Herb C

Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.)WilldRRIUM-CH:9503

Velvelam(T)Nayibela(K)

Gum Healthtonic Tree C

Acacia nilotica(L)WilldexDelRRIUM-CH:9412

Karuvelam(T)Karijaali(K)

BarkFruit Diarrhoea,dysenterySexualdisorders

Tree C



Curative diseases

Habit Status

Acacia sinuata(Lour)Merr.RRIUM-CH:9412,9678

Shikaka(M)Cige(K)

Fruit Expectorant,dandruff

Climber C

Ach Acyranthes aspera L. RRIUM-CH:8824,8979,9283,9647

Nayuruvi(T)Uttareni(K)

LeafStem

Dentalcareand

Strengthen-inggums

Herb C

Adiantum capillus-veneris L. RRIUM-CH:9897

Mangayarkunthalparani(M)

Leaf bonefracture Herb C

Aegle marmelos(L.)Corr.RRIUM-CH:9233,9499

Vilvam(T)Belapatre(K)

Fruit Asthma,laxative

Tree S

Aerva lanata(L)Juss.exSchult.RRIUM-CH:9427

Poolanpundu(T)Bilesolegida(K)

Rootleafwholeplant

scorpionstinging,headacheKidneystone,urinaryirritations

Herb C

Ageratum conyzoides L. RRIUM-CH:8446

Mookuthipul(T)Helukasa(K)

Leaf Cutinjuries Herb C

Alangium salvifolium(L.f)Wangerin.

Alingil(T) FruitBark RefrigerantHypotensive

Tree S

Albizi aamara(Roxb.)Boivin.RRIUM-CH:8351,9477

Usil(T)Chalavagai(K)

Leaf,Seed

Hairfalling,Piles

Tree C

Albiza lebbeck(L)BenthRRIUM-CH:9302

Vagai(T)Baage(K) Bark,Seed

Skinirritation,Skin

diseases

Tree C

Allium cepa L.RRIUM-CH:9432

Vengayam(T)Eetilli(Kannada)

ExtractionLeaf

Asthma,Diabetic

Herb C/C

Alpinia galangaSwRRIUM-CH:9539

Perarattai(T)Dhumarasmi(K)

Rhizome Fever Herb C/C

Alstonia scholaris(L)R.Br.RRIUM-CH:8371

Eazhilaipalai(T)Aelelehale(K)

Bark DiarrhoeaHeadache

Tree S

Alternanthera sessilis (L)R.Br.exDC.RRIUM-CH:8938

Ponnankani(T) LeafLeaf Stomachpain

Stomachulcers

Herb C

Amaranthus spinosus L RRIUM-CH:8572,8941,9170,9898

Chaulai,muludantu(K)

LeafRoot Boils,SwellingsEczemaLaxative

Herb C



Curative diseases

Habit Status

Amaranthus viridis L RRIUM-CH:9418

Mullukeerai(T)Chelakeeraesoppu

(K)

Leaf Poisonousbites

Herb C

Anacardium occidentale L. RRIUM-CH:9012,9668

Mundiri(T)Kapamava(M)

SeedResinousjuice

FootcrakePalpitation

Tree C/C

Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.)Wall.exNees.RRIUM-CH:8690,8931

Nilavembu(T) Leaf StomachpainItching,

Fever

Herb R

Anogeissus latifolia(Roxb.exDC.)Wall.exGuill.&Perr.RRIUM-CH:9131

Vellai-Nagai(T)Dindal(K)

StemBarkLeaf

Snakebite Tree C

Argemonem exiana L. RRIUM-CH:9178

Bramathandu(T)Arasinaomathai(K)

Seed Psoriasis Herb C

Aristolochia indica L RRIUM-CH:8689

Perumarunthu(T) Leaf Eczema Climber R

Asclepia scurassavica L RRIUM-CH:8673,8952

Neeraruvi(K) Root Piles,ScabiesCutinjuries

Herb C

Asparagus racemosus Willd.RRIUM-CH:9263,9826

Amukrakilangu(T)Aashaadibaeru(K)

root Stomachpainduetoirregularmenstruation

Whitedischarges

Climber R

Azadirachta indicaAJuss.RRIUM-CH:9232

Vemmbu,Balanthibaeru(K)

StemBarkSeed

Fever,Diabeticwounds

Tree C

Bauhinia purpurea L.RRIUM-CH:9526

Mandarai(T)Akilu(K)

BarkLeaf Malarialfever

Herb C

Boerhavia diffusa L.RRIUM-CH:9383

Mookeratai(T)Adakaputhanagida

(K)

Root Jaundice,Leafwounds

Herb C

Bixa orellana L.RRIUM-CH:8659

Kurangumanjal Seedsbulbseed

HeadacheDysentery

C

Butea monosperma(Lam)TaubRRIUM-CH:8686,9440

Kattuthee SeedFlowers

RingwormSwellings

Tree C

Caesalpinia crista L.RRIUM-CH:9357

Kalatchikai(T)Gajaga(K)

LeafSeed

HydroceleFever

Climber S



Curative diseases

Habit Status

Calophyllum inophyllum L. RRIUM-CH:8670

Pinnai(T) Seed Jointpain Tree S

Calotropis gigantea(L.)R.Br.RRIUM-CH:8592,8963,8883,9114

Erukku,Aarka(K) Latex Insectbite Herb C

Cardiospermum canescens Wall.RRIUM-CH:9486,8444,8878,9735

Mudakuthan(T)Agniballa(K)

Leafleaves

StomachpainJoint

pain

Climber C

Cardiospermum helicacabum L.RRIUM-CH:8444,8878,9169

Mudakathan(T)Battekaayiballi(K)

SeedsLeaves

JointpainLaxative

Climber C

Cariss Carissa carandas L RRIUM-CH:8348

Kalakai(T) Fruit Generalhealth

Indigestion

Tree C

Cassia alata L.RRIUM-CH:8843,8930

Seemaiagathi,Kaddumardu

LeafStem

SkindiseasesRingwarmToothache

Shrub C

Cassia auriculata L.RRIUM-CH:8565,8763,9390

Aavarai(T) Aavarika(K)

Flowersleaf

Dandruffdiabetes

Shrub C

Cassia fistula L. RRIUM-CH:8385,8454,8769,8923,9109,9813,

Kondrai(T),Araghvada(K)

FlowersFruit

Barkfruitpowder

StomachpainAsthma,

KneeswellingMuscularpain

Tree C

Cassia occidentalis L RRIUM-CH:8746,8988,9308

Thakarai(T)Aanesogata(K)

LeafSeed

PsoriasisCough

Herb C

Cassia tora L.RRIUM-CH:8951,9360,9435

TantemuCagace(K) LeafSeed

RingwormJaundice

Herb C

Catharanthus roseus(L)G.DonRRIUM-CH:9210,9612

Nithyakalyanibatelahoo(K)

LeafFruit DiabetesLeachbite

Herb C

Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.)TirvengRRIUM-CH:8355,8810,8879

Madukarai(T) Fruit RheumatismWorm

infestation

Tree C



Curative diseases

Habit Status

Centella asiatica(L)UrbanRRIUM-CH:9679

VallaraiBrahmeesoppu(K)

Leaf LaxativeLeprosy

Herb C

Cinnamomum wightii Meisner.RRIUM-CH:8778

Kattukaruva(T) Bark Cold Tree V

Cinnamomum verum Presl.RRIUM-CH:8933

Lavangampattai(T) BarkLeaf VomitingStomachpain

Tree V

Cissus quadrangularis L. RRIUM-CH:9429

Pirandai(T)Asthisamboora(K)

StemLeaf

Stomachpain

Indigestion

Climber C

Citrullus colocynthis(L)Schrader.RRIUM-CH:8377,8705

Aathuthumatti(T) Fruit DarkspotStomachpain

Climber C

Citrus limon(L)Burm.f.RRIUM-CH:9465,8705

Elumichai(T)Brihatnimbu(K)

Fruit StomachpainScabies

Tree C

Clerodendrum inerme(L)Gaertn.RRIUM-CH:8916

Pekallathi(or)

Peenarisangu(T)

LeafFruit ItchingScabies

Tree C

Clitoria ternatea L. RRIUM-CH:8927,9231

Sangupushpam(T)Girikannike(K)

Wholeplant

Seedleaf

SnakebiteWounds,Eyediseasesof

cattle

Climber C

Coccinia grandis(L)Voigt.RRIUM-CH:9217

Kovai,Kaagethonde(K)

RootRootfruit

RheumatismJointpainDiabetes

Climber C

Coffea arabica L. RRIUM-CH:9471

Kappi,Bannugida(K)

Seed Stimulant Shrub C/C

Costus speciosus(JKoenig.)SmithRRIUM-CH:11224

Insulinkerrai(T)Anakkuva(M)

Leaf SwellingIrregular

menstruation

Herb C

Crotalaria retusa L. RRIUM-CH:9486

Kilukillupai(T)Gijat(K)

Leaf Scabies Herb C

Croton bonplandianus BaillonRRIUM-CH:8984,9174

Amanakupoondu(T)Somari(K)

Latex Wounds Herb C

Cryptolepis buchanani Roem.&Schult.RRIUM-CH:9313

Keeripalai(T)Karanda(K)

StemRootbark

Malarialfever

Rheumatism

Climber C



Curative diseases

Habit Status

Curculigo orchioides GaertnerRRIUM-CH:9253

NelatatygaddaNelalengu(K)

Rhizome AsthmaSexualdisorders

Herb S

Cuscuta reflexa Roxb.RRIUM-CH:8973,9177,9790

OotuchediAmaraballi(K)Akasavalli(M)

Wholeplant

BoilsConstipationJaundice

Herb C

Cymbopogon citrates (DC.)StapfRRIUM-CH:9890

Thailapull(T)Chaahullu(M)

Leaf BodypainHeadache

Herb C

Derris canarensis(Dalz)BakerRRIUM-CH:8956

Vangaivalli(T) Leaf jointpain W.Climber

R

Dioscorea bulbifera L. RRIUM-CH:9816

Kattukaccil(M) Tuber EnergyfoodUlcers

Climber C

Eclipta prostrata(L.)L.RRIUM-CH:8722,9394

Karisalangani(T)Ajaagara(K)

Leafwholeplant

Dandruff,hairfallingCutsinjuries

ulcers

Herb C

Elaeocarpus tuberculatus Roxb.RRIUM-CH:9458

Malampinnai(M)Ruthraksham(T)

Seeds Rheumaticpain

Tree C

Erythrina varigata L RRIUM-CH:9575

Kalyanamurungai(T),Bilivaarjipae(K)

BarkSeed

LeprosyJaundice

Tree C

Eucalyptus globulesLabill.RRIUM-CH:9419

Thailamaram(T)Karpurathailaviricha

(K)

LeafLeaf BodypainHeadache

Tree C

Euphorbia cyathophora Murray.RRIUM-CH:8889

Palperukki LatexLeaf

HeadacheWounds

Herb C

Euphoribia hirta L. RRIUM-CH:8947,9387,9900

Ammanpacharasi(T),

Acchacchegida(K),Nilappal(M)

wholeplantleaf

WorminfestationAsthmaDiarrhoea

Herb C

Ficus benghalensis L. RRIUM-CH:9531

Aaladamara(K) LatexBark

Bleedinggum

Dysentery

Tree C

Ficus hispidaL.fRRIUMCH:8961

Peiathi(T) FruitLeaf GonorrhoeaStomachpain

Tree C

Ficus racemosa L. RRIUM-CH:9573

Atthi(T) LeafBark DysenteryLeucorrhoea

Tree C

Ficus religiosa L.RRIUM-CH:8718

Acakam(K) BarkLeaf ScabiesDiabetic

Tree C



Curative diseases

Habit Status

Garcinia gummi-gutta(L)Robs.RRIUM-CH:8872

Kodukaipalli SeedsFruit

Eczema,Bonefracture

Tree S

Gloriosa superba L RRIUM-CH:8622,9001

Senkandal(T)KalapaiKizhangu(T)

Seedwholeplant

Leprosy(expecttuber)Uterinefibbers

Herb R

Gmelina arboreaRoxb.RRIUM-CH:9346

Kumiltekku(T)Kumula(M)

Baachanikemara(K)

StemBarkLeaf

Laxative,Ulcer

Tree C

Gossypium hirsutum L.RRIUM-CH:9439

Paruthi(T)Americanehatthi(K)

Seed HealthtonicExpectorant

Herb C

Gynandropsis pentaphylla DC.RRIUM-CH:9310

Naivelai(T) Shrikala(K)

Leaf ScabiesJointpain

Herb C

Helianthus annus L.RRIUM-CH:9397

Suriyakanthi(T)Adityabhakti(K)

SeedLeaf

Coldandcough,Scabies

Herb C

Helicteres isora L RRIUM-CH:8749,8884

EdampuriValampuri(T)

FruitLeafBark

DandruffRingwormDrycough

Tree C

Hemidesmus indicus(L)R.Br.RRIUM-CH:9033

Nannari(T) Root Fever Herb C

Hibicus rosa-sinensis L.RRIUM-CH:8917

Sembarathi(T) LeafFlower

Boils,ExpulsionofplacentaMenstrualdisorders

Herb C

Hybanthus enneaspermus (L)FMuell.RRIUM-CH:8968

Orilaithamari(T) Leafwholeplant

DysenteryJaundice

Herb S

Hygrophila auriculata (Schum.)Heine.RRIUM-CH:8991,9220,9797

Neerumulli(T)Kolavalike(K)Vayalculli(M)

LeafRoot JaundiceUterinetonic

Herb S

Ichnocarpus frutescens(L)R.Br.RRIUM-CH:8716

Udharkodi(T) LatexRoot

HeadacheFever

Herb S

Indigofera tinctoria LRRIUM-CH:8825

Averi(T) RootLeaf Abdominalpain,Hairtonic

Herb C



Curative diseases

Habit Status

Ipomoea nil (L)Roth.RRIUM-CH:8828

Kakatan(T) RootSeed

PurgativeRingworm

Climber C

Jasminum malabaricum Wight.RRIUM-CH:8788,8911

Kuruvilangkodi(M) LeafFlower

Scabies,HeadacheBrestpain

Climber C

Justicia adhatoda L. RRIUM-CH:9703

Aduthoda(T)Adalodagam(K)

LeafLeaf Coughandcold,Joint

pain

Herb C/C

Lantana camara L. RRIUM-CH:8449,8831

Unnichedi(T) LeafFruit AntisepticWoundhealing

Herb C

Leucas aspera(Willd.)Link.RRIUM-CH:8992,9293

KasiThumbai(T) Leaf JaundicePsoriasis

Herb C

Leucas indica(L.)R.Br.exVatkeRRIUM-CH:9828

Mosappullu(T) Leaf WoundsJaundice

Herb C

Leucas martinicensis(Jacq.)R.Br.RRIUM-CH:8637

Thumbai(T) RootLeaf Psoriasis,Skinrashes

Herb C

Limonia acidissima L. RRIUM-CH:8564

Vilam(T) GumsLeaf

DysenteryGastrictroubles

Tree S

Lobelia nicotianefoliaRoth.exScheltes RRIUM-CH:8851,9464

Kattuphuyulai(T)Doddakaadu(K)

Leaf Asthma,Scabies

Herb C

Mallotus philippensis(Lam.)MuellArg. RRIUM-CH:8441

Kamala(T)Kapli(K)

BarkSeed

Generaltonic,

Eczema

Tree C

Melia azedarach L. RRIUM-CH:9336

Arabaevu(K) SeedBarkHeartwood

MalarialfeverAsthma

Tree C

Mimosa pudica L. RRIUM-CH:9125,9673

Thotalvadi(T) RootLeaf Jaundice,Hydrocele

Herb C

Mirabilis jalapa L.RRIUM-CH:9281

Anthimalligai(T)Chandramallige(K)

LeafLeaf JaundiceItching

Herb C

Morinda tinctoriaRoxb.RRIUM-CH:9130

Nuna(T)Maddiainshi(K)

Leaf WoundsStomach

ulcerAsthma

Tree C

Mucuna pruriens(L)DC.RRIUM-CH:9462,9773

Punaikkali(T)Chinakeebeeja(K)

sexualdisorders

Climber R



Curative diseases

Habit Status

Nerium oleander L.RRIUM-CH:9504

Arali(T)Ashvamaaraka(K)

RootLeaf ScabiesSwelling

Tree C

Ocimum basilicum L. RRIUM-CH:8715,8903,8975

Jangalitulsi(T)Aamalaka(K)

Leaf Stomachpain,

ringworm

Herb C

Ocimum gratissimum L. RRIUM-CH:8634,8932

GayaTulsi(T) LeafSeedLeaf

Asthma,coldringwormJointpain

Herb C

Pedalium murex L. RRIUM-CH:10700

YanaiNerungi(T) LeafFlower

Stomachpain

HeadacheMenstrualdisorders

Herb C

Phyllanthus amarusSchum.&Thonn.

Keelanelli(T) Plant BodyheatUrinaryinfectionJaundice

Herb C

Phyllanthus emblica L. RRIUM-CH:9268

Nelli(T) Aamalakee(K)

Leaf WoundsJaundice

Cough,cold

Tree C

Phyllanthus reticulatusPoir.RRIUM-CH:8963

KattuKeelanelli(T) Leaf ToothacheBleedinggums

Herb C

Physalis minima L.RRIUM-CH:8514,8976

Siruthakali(T)Makabari(K)

LeafFruit Cold,CoughAbdominal

pain

Herb C

Pergularia daemia(Forsk.)Chiov.RRIUM-CH:8671

Seenthilkodi(T) RootLeaf HeadacheFoetidaldischarge

Climber C

Phoenix sylvestris(L)Roxb.RRIUM-CH:9331

Eacham(T)Andaeechalu(K)

Fruit Gastrictroubles

Shrub C

Piper longum L. RRIUM-CH:8966,9742

Kattuthipili(T)Capala(M)

Fruit Cough Herb C

Piper nigrum L. RRIUM-CH:8876

Kurumilagu(T) Seed FeverBodypain

Climber C

Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.)Spreng.RRIUM-CH:8635

Karpuravalli(T) Leaf Cold Herb C



Curative diseases

Habit Status

Plumbago zeylanica L. RRIUM-CH:8977,9239,8801

Chitarimoolam(T)Agnipaavaka(K)

LeafRoot MenstrualdisordersItching,

Headache

Herb C

Polygonum chinense L. RRIUM-CH:8747

Nelakumbala(T) Leaf Skindiseases

Herb C

Polygonum glabrum Willd.RRIUM-CH:8944

SivappuKumbakodaali(T)

Leaf Stomachpain

Herb C

Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.RRIUM-CH:8755,9078

Vengai(T) Latex HeadacheToothache

Tree C

Rauvolfia serpentina(L)Benth.exKurz.RRIUM-CH:8756,8959

Sarpgandh(T)Swetbarua(K)

LeafRoot PoisonousbiteChest

pain

Herb R

Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. RRIUM-CH:9535,9644

Serpagantha(M)Doddachandrike(K)

Root Bloodpressure

Shrub C

Ricinus communis L. RRIUM-CH:9018,9341,9696

Amanaku(T)Aalambuda(K)Amandam(M)

Leaf LaxativeStomachpainBoils

Tree C

Rubia cordifolia L. RRIUM-CH:8447,8751

Manjiti(T)Kavilaikodi(M)

RootFlower

Headache Climber C

Ruta chalepensis L. RRIUM-CH:9538,9747

Aruvada(T) Sadabu(K) Aruta(M)

Leaf RheumaticHeadache

Herb C

Semecarpus anacardium L. f.RRIUM-CH:9559

Serangottai(T)Gheru,Agnimukhi

(K)

Gum Nervinetonic Tree S

Sida acuta Burm.f. RRIUM-CH:9832

Bajramuli(K)Cerparuva(M)

LeafTwigsRoot

BoilstoothacheBonefracture

Herb C

Solanum anguiviLam.RRIUM-CH:8950

MuluSundai(T) Fruit Toothache Herb C

Solanum nigrum L. RRIUM-CH:No:8632

Giwain(K) Leaf Ulcer Herb C/C

Solanum pubescens L. RRIUM-CH:8647

Akranti(T) Root stomachpain

Herb C

Solanum surattense L. RRIUM-CH:8326,8731,8805,8790

Kandamkathiri(T) Fruit ToothachedentalcareAsthma

Herb C



Curative diseases

Habit Status

Solanum torvum Sw.RRIUM-CH:9996

Sundai(T) SeedFruit

ToothacheStomachpain

Herb C

Stachytarpheta indica(L)Vahl.RRIUM-CH:8962

Semainayuruvi(T) Leaf Fever Herb C

Strychnos nux-vomica L.RRIUM-CH:8354

Eatti(T) Leaf Rheumaticpain

Tree S

Syzygium cumini(L)Skeels.RRIUM-CH:8336,8566

Naval(T) FruitLeaf DiarrhoeaMuscularpain

Tree C

Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.)R.Br.exRoem. RRIUM-CH:8873,9242

Nanthiyavatai(T)Kokkekaayigida(K)

Latex Wounds Herb C

Tephrosia purpurea(L)Pers.RRIUM-CH:8920

Venipali(K) Seed Scabies,Itching

Herb C

Terminalia arjuna(Roxb.exDC.)RRIUM-CH:9599,9834

Maruthu(K)Arjunamara(M)

Bark chestpain,Skindiseases

Tree C

Terminalia bellerica (Gaertn.)Roxb.RRIUM-CH:8349,9498

Thani(T),Bedaro(K)

Seed DiarrhoeaAsthma

Tree C

Terminalia catappa L. RRIUM-CH:8924

Badam(T) Latex Swellings Tree C

Terminalia chebulaRetz.RRIUM-CH:7715,7334

Kadukai(T) Fruit ToothacheGeneralhealth

Tree S

Terminalia paniculataRoth.RRIUM-CH:9135

Karumaruthu(T)Karimati(K)

FlowerBark

Fever,Carminative

Tree C

Thottea siliqusa(Lam.)Ding.RRIUM-CH:9602

Alpam(M) LeafRoot Injury,Fever Herb C

Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.)Miers.exHook.f.&Thoms.RRIUM-CH:8602,9426

Seenthil(T)Aganiballi(K)

Leaf FeverDysentery

Climber C

Trichopus zeylanicusGaertn.RRIUM-CH:8954

Arokiyapachi(T) Fruit Generalhealth

Herb S

Tridax procumbens L. RRIUM-CH:8972

Aruvamookupoondu(T)

Leaf Injuries Herb C

Vitex negundo L. RRIUM-CH:9091

Notchi(T) Leaf MigraineAsthma

Headache

Tree C



Curative diseases

Habit Status

Wedelia chinensis (Osbeck.)Merr.RRIUM-CH:8937

Manjalkarisalankani(T)

Leaf Cough,Asthma

Herb C

Wrightia tinctoriaRoxb.)R.Br.RRIUM-CH:8576,8761,8880

Veppalai(T) LeafLatexFruit

ToothacheHeadacheGeneralhealth

Tree C

Ziziphus rugosa Lam.RRIUM-CH:8908

Kattuillanthai(T) Fruit Indigestion Tree C

C-Common,C/C-Common&Cultivation,S-Sporadic,R-Rare,V-VulnerableT-Tamil,M-Malayalam,K-Kanada

Discussion

The present study revealed the floristic diversity of the folkmedicinal plantsand records some148 potentialmedicinal plant species (Table-1) belongingto 120number of genuswhich includes53 families.The life formanalysis ofthepresentstudyare58speciesofherbs,23speciesofshrubs,21speciesofclimbers,twinersand46speciesoftreesarecollectedanddocumented.Duringthestudyabout237usefulfolkmedicinalpreparationswerecollectedwhichareusedinthetreatmentof86differentailmentsbythetraditionalhealersofvarioustribalcommunitiesinthestudyarea.Theusualmethodsofapplicationsareasdecoction, paste, powder, juice pill etc.These are administered internally orappliedexternally.Mostoftherecipesincludeonlyoneplantspecieshowever,insomepreparationscombinationofseveralherbsarealsoincluded.Moreover,someplant species are used formore than onediseaseand in someof thetreatmentsinglediseasesmaybetreatedbymanyplantspecies.Itis,therefore,difficulttosaywhichplantisactuallyeffectiveincuringdiseaseandthelaboratoryinvestigationsandclinicaltrialsaresuggestedtoestablishtherapeuticpropertiesoftheseherbalpreparationsfortheireffectiveandsafeuse.

Theliteraturesurvey(Anonymous,1948-1976;Husainet al.,1992;Anonymous,1976,1987;Jainet al.,1991;RastogiandMehrotra,1990-1998;Kapoor,1990;Chatterjee andPakrashi, 1991-1994 indicates that chemical constituents andpharmacologicalactionofmostofthespeciesarealreadyknowntosomeextent.However,onlymeager information isavailableonAbutilon indicumL.Sweet.,Acacia sinuata(Lour.)Merr.,Alangium salvifolium(L.f.)Wangerin.,Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br.ex. DC.Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.)Wall.ex.Nees.,Asclepias curassavica L.,Boerhavia diffusa L.,Bixa orellana L.,Calophyllum inophyllumL.,Cinnamomum wightiiMeisner.,Citrullus colocynthis(L.)Schrader.,Costus speciosus (J.Koenig)Smith.,Erythrina varigata L.,Limonia acidissima


L.,Cymbopogon citrates (DC.)Stapf.,Garcinia cambogiaDesr.,Hemidesmus indicus(L.)R.Br.,Ipomoea pupurea (L.)Roth.,Leucas martinicensis(Jacq.)R.Br.,Morinda tinctoriaRoxb.,Ocimum gratissimumL.,Physalis minimaL.,Plumbago zeylanica L.,Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng.,Rauwolfia tetraphylla L.,Ruta graveolens L.,Semecarpus anacardiumL.f.,Solanum pubescens L.,Solanum virginianumL.,Terminalia bellerica(Gaertn.)Roxb.,Trichopus zeylanicus Gaertn.,Vitex negundoL.,Wedelia chinensis(Osbeck.)Merr.,Zizyphus rugosa Lamk.,Wrightia tinctoria(Roxb.)R.Br.etc.Therefore,re-investigationofallsuchspeciesissuggestedfortheirchemicalconstituentsandpharmacologicaleffects.

Thestudyalsorevealedthatoutofthe148speciesrecordedfromthestudyarea about 123 species fall in common category, 17 species are uncommonandabout8speciessuchasAndrographis paniculata(Burm.f.)Wall.exNees.,Aristolochia indica L.,Asparagus racemosusWilld.,Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume.,Derris canarensisBaker.,Mucunapruriens(L.)DC.,Rauvolfia serpentina (L.)Benth.ex.Kurz.andSemecarpus anacardium L.f.areverymuchrestrictedintheirdistributiontoparticularlocalities/forestareas/regiononly.

Inconclusion,wemaysaythatthroughsuchinvestigationsmanymorenewplant drugs can be discovered from the unique folklores lying hidden amongthetraditionalcommunitiesofotherethnopharmacologicallyunexploredareasofIndiaandelsewhere,whichmaybeutilizedtothewellbeingofhumanhealth.However, experimental and clinical evidencesareneeded to demonstrate theeffectivenessandsafetyofthesefolkdrugsbeforetheycanbeacceptedbythemodern health care systems.Therefore, studies on toxicity, pharmacologicalactions,andchemicalconstituentsaresuggestedforallthesefolkdrugsinthecontextofreportedclaims.

Acknowledgements

Weare verygrateful to theDirectorGeneral,CentralCouncil forResearch inUnaniMedicine(CCRUM),NewDelhiandDeputyDirector,RegionalResearchInstituteofUnaniMedicine,Chennai,forprovidingnecessaryfacilitiestoconductthestudy.Wealsoexpressoursincerethankstoconcerneddistrictforestofficersandfieldofficialsofdepartmentof forests,TamilNadu,KeralaandKarnatakafor necessary permissionandproviding necessary field assistanceduring thefieldstudy.

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AEthnomedicinal Study of Some Medicinal Plants of Boudh District, Odisha

*Usha Devi, Himanshu Dwivedi

and Hkimudin Khan

RegionalResearchInstituteofUnaniMedicine,Bhadrak-756100,Odisha



Abstract

n ethnobotanical survey was undertaken to collectinformation on the use of ethnomedicinal plants inBoudh district ofOdishastateinMarch,2017.Theexplorationrevealedfolkuseof65speciesofplantsdistributedin64generabelongingto35familiestotreatvariousailments.Theindigenousknowledgeoflocaltraditionalhealersandthenativeplantsusedformedicinalpurposeswerecollectedthroughquestionnaireandpersonalinterviewsduringthefieldtrip.InthisstudythemostdominantfamilywasEuphorbiaceaeandleavesweremostfrequentlyusedforthetreatmentofdiseases.Maximumspecieswereused to cure dermatological conditions.The studyenrichesourexistingknowledgeonethnopharmacopoeaofthisregionofOdishastatewhichlikelywillcontributesignificantly todevelopanddiscovernewdrugsofnaturalorigin.

Key Words:Folkmedicines,Medicinalplants,Survey,Boudh,Odisha.

Introduction

Theuseofplantsasmedicineisslowlyincreasinginthedevelopedworldbecausetheyhaveminorornosideeffects(Bernalet al.,2011;Ekor,2013;George,2011;Jordanet al., 2010). It is estimated that 80%of thepopulation of developingcountries relies on traditionalmedicines,mostly plant drugs, for their primaryhealth care needs as they are easily available and cheaper (Mahmoud andGairola,2013;ShresthaandDhillion,2003;WHO.,2013).Modernpharmacopoeiastillcontainsatleast25%drugsderivedfromplants(Raoet al.,2004).

EthnobotanyisnotnewtoIndiabecauseofitsrichethnicdiversity.Jain(1991)pointedout that thereareover 400different tribal andother ethnic groups inIndiaandtraditionalherbalmedicinesformanimportantpartoftheirhealthcaresystem. It is reported that in India traditional healers use2500plant speciesamongthemaround100speciesofplantsserveasregularsourcesofmedicine(Pei, 2001).Documentation ofMedicinal plants and their use by indigenousculturesisnotonlyhelpfulforconservationofculturaltraditionsandbiodiversitybut also for community healthcare and drug development in the present andfuture(Ayyanar,2012;Pei,2001).

Odishaisendowedwithquiterichplantresourcesingeneralandmedicinalplantsinparticular.Nearly62differentethnicgroups,inhabitinginthedenseandthicktropicalforestareasofOdishastate(Pattanayaket al.,2016).Theyhavefaithintheirtraditionalsystemofhealthcareandhavetheirowntraditionalphysicianswho have rich and outstanding traditional knowledge andwisdom regardingplantsuseastheirmateriamedica.Boudhdistrictisoneofthecentrallylocated


districtsofOrissa. It liesbetween20º22’Nand20º50’N latitudesandbetween83º34’Eand84º49’E longitudes. It is boundedon thenorthby thedistrictsofSambalpurandAnugul,ontheeastbyAnugulandNayagarh,onthesouthbyNayagarh andKandhamal andon thewest byBalangir andSonapur.Out oftheSixty-two tribalcommunities for thestate,asmanyas25 tribesare foundin thedistrict (Sahuet al.,2013a),where tribessuchasKondh,Gond,Saora,Kol,Binjha,Munda,etc.arepredominantly inhabitedinthestudyarea.Duetoless communicationmeans, poverty, ignorance and unavailability ofmodernhealth facilities,mostpeopleespecially tribalpeoplearestill forcedtopracticetraditionalmedicines for their commonailments.Theyhave their owndiversereligiouscultureandsocialtraditionswhereeldersstillpossessgoodknowledgeofthehealingpropertiesoflocalflora,acquiredinthecourseoflongexperienceandassociationwiththeforests.

Previously floristic and ethnobotanical study of area has been done by fewworkers(BeheraandNayak,2012;Sahu,2016;Sahuet al.,2013a,b&c),however,areaisdominantlyinhabitedbyvarioustribalandindigenouscastesgroupwhichgivemorescopetorecordmoreandmoreinformationontraditionalmedicinaluseofplantsprevalentamongthenativepeople.ThustheaimofpresentexplorationistoreportwidelyusedmedicinalspecieswithethnomedicinalinformationwithaviewtocontributematerialtotherichherbalheritageofOdishainanattempttodevelopanddiscovernovelplant-basedpharmaceuticals.

Methodology

Anethnobotanicalsurveywascarriedout in themonthofMarch,2017withaviewtoinvestigatethemedicinalplantsdiversityandtorecordthefolkwisdomof tribalandother ruralpeopleof thestudyarea.TheexplorationwascarriedoutinPuranakatak(Charichhak)ForestRangeandMadhapurForestRangeofHarabhangaBlockofBoudhForestDivision.Plant specimenswerecollected,pressed dried andmounted on herbarium sheets and identified on the basisof fieldnotes,with thehelpof floraofOdisha (SaxenaandBrahmam,1996),Botany ofBihar&Orissa (Haines, 1921-25), other regional floras and onlineliteratureaswellasthroughcomparisonwithpreviousauthenticatedherbariumspecimensofSurveyofMedicinalPlantUnit(SMPU)ofBhadrakanddepositedintheHerbariumoftheSMPUofRegionalResearchInstituteofUnaniMedicine(RRIUM),Bhadrak,Odisha, for future reference.Data on folkmedicinalweregatheredthroughquestionnaireandpersonalinterviewsofreliablemedicinemen(Vaidhya)andotherknowledgeabletribalandruralpeopleofthestudyarea.

FolkMedicinalPlants

Theplantsusedbytheinhabitantsinthestudyareaarearrangedinalphabeticorder by their scientific names. Each entry provides information on correct


botanical name, family, local name, unani name (if any), locality, voucherspecimen number, part used, ailment treated and folkmedicinal use(s)withmodeofadministrationandsourcearegiveninsequence(nameoftribe&othernative caste group).As far as possible, the probable dosageandduration ofthesecrudedrugsarealsogiven.

Acalypha indicaL.(Euphorbiaceae);Indramarish;Kuppi;BurbiRF-10898;Leaves;Cut/woundsandscabies;Leavespasteisappliedoncut,woundsandscabies(Kondh/ST).

Achyranthes aspera L. (Amaranthaceae);Apamarango;Ankumah, KhareVazanun,Chirchita;Toothcavity, tooth infection,fever,cuts,wound&eczema;Digsira-10949;Inflorescenceandfruit;Powderofinflorescencemixedwithfruitpowder ofGokharu (Tribulus terrestris L.) in equal quantity and use as toothpowdertopreventtoothcavityandtoothinfection.About10-15mlwholeplantextractionmixedwith one teaspoon honey and the remedy is taken to curefever.Extractionofwholeplantisappliedoncuts,woundandeczema(Kondh/ST&Tonla/SC).

Acorus calamus L. (Acoraceae); Jaisanda,Devosando;WajTurki; BurbiRF-10905;Rhizome;Diarrhea,dysenteryand indigestion;Decoctionof rhizome isusedfordiarrhea,dysenteryandindigestioninchildren(Kondh/ST).

Aegle marmelosCorr.(Rutaceae);Bel;Belgiri,Safarjal-e-Hindi;PudohRF-10925;Leaves;Gastric problem, diarrhea, dysentery; Leaves decoction is used forgastricproblem.Fruitpulpistakentocurediarrheaanddysentery(Kondh/ST).

Aerva lanata(L.)Juss.exSchults.(Amaranthaceae);PichhudiSago;Biseributi;KupmundiaForest-10945;Cough;Wholeplant;Aboutoneteaspoonpowderofwholeplantisusedtocurecough(Kondh/ST&Paradhan/Othervillagers).

Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.)Nees (Acanthaceae);Bhuineem;Kalmegh;ArakhapadarRF-10847; Leaves, whole plant; Vermifuge, cough, diarrhea,malarial fever, itching,bloodpurification,diabetes;Leavespaste is takenwithwaterasvermifugeinemptystomach.Decoctionofwholeplantisusedtocurecough,diarrheaandmalarial fever.Leavespaste isapplied for itching.Wholeplantextractionorpowder isused forbloodpurification,diabetesandmalaria(Kondh/ST).

Argemone mexicana L. (Asteraceae);Nirpania;Satyanasi; Jhadarajing-10870;Seed;Iitching,wound,scabies,eczema;Seedpastewithmusteredoilappliedforitchingandwound.Rootpasteisappliedtocurescabiesandeczema(Kondh/ST).

Asparagus racemosusWilld.(Liliaceae);Gaichira,Satabari;Shaqaqul,Satawar;Kutnijharo-10856; Root; Stomachache, dyspepsia, acidity, spermatorrhea,leucorrhoea,menstruationproblem,diabetes;Rootpastewithmishri(rocksugar)


is takenforstomachacheanddyspepsia.Oneteaspoonrootpowderwithcowmilkistakenfordyspepsiaandacidity.Rootbarkimmersedinwaterforwholenight and nextmorning paste of barkwithmishri (rock sugar) taken emptystomach for spermatorrhea.Root powder of plantmixedwith root powder of‘Aswaganha’ (Withania somnifera (L.)dunal ) inequalquantityandaboutoneteaspoonistakentocureleucorrhoea,menstruationproblemandspermatorrheaproblem.RootspowderofAsparagus racemosusWilld.,Ashwagandha(Withania somnifera(L.)dunal),Gokharu(Tribulus terrestris L.),Bidonko(Mucuna prurita Hook.),Talmuli(Curculigo orchioidesGaertn.),Ambla(Phyllanthus emblicaL.),Koilikhia (Hygrophilla auriculata (Schum.)Heine)mixall inequalquantityandaddedsomemishri(rocksugar).Oneteaspoonofthisherbalpreparationtakenforspermatorrheaandwithoutmishritakenfordiabetes(Tonla/SC,Kondh/ST).

Atylosia scarabaeoides (L.) Benth. (Fabaceae); Bankulthi;ArakhapadarRF-10843;Root;Diarrhea;About one table spoonof root paste is taken to curediarrhea(Kondh/ST).

Azadirachta indicaA. Juss. (Meliaceae); Nimbo;Neem; Badalasahi-10887;Leaves;Skininfection&eczema;Leavespasteisappliedforskininfectionandeczema(Kondh/ST).

Bixa orellana L. (Bixaceae); Kamlagundi; BiranarsinghpurNursery -10961;Leaves;Blister,boils,eczema;Leavespaste isappliedonskinproblemssuchasblister,boils&eczema(Kondh&Tonla).

Buchanania lanzan Spreng. (Anacardiaceae) syn.Buchanania latifoliaRoxb.;Charogachha; Chironji; PudohRF-10921; Seed andGum; Cut, wounds &toothache;Seedspasteusedoncutandwounds.Gumisappliedfortoothache(Jena/SC&Kondh/ST).

Butea monosperma(Lam.)Taub.syn.Butea frondosaKoen.exRoxb.(Fabaceae);Marda,Bhuikakheru;Dhak,Tesu;KupmundiaForest-10942;Flowerandseed;Scabies,eczema,diarrhea,dysentery&bloodpressure;Pasteofflowerisappliedonscabiesandeczemaproblem.Aboutonesmallteaspoonseedpowderistakentocurediarrheaanddysentery.Decoctionoffloweristakenforbloodpressure(Paradhan/Othervillagers).

Butea superbRoxb.(Fabaceae);Buduli,Phalsa;BurbiRF-10906;Flower;gastricproblem;FlowerpowdermixedwithleavespowderofBelpatra(Aegle marmelos Corr.)andleavespowderofNeemo(Azadirachta indicaA.Juss.)inequalquantity.Oneteaspoonpowderistakenforgastricproblem(Kondh/ST).

Capparis zeylanicaL. (Capparaceae);Asadhua;ArakhapadarRF-10831;Fruit;Diabetes;Fruitpowderisusedfordiabetes(Kondh/ST).


Careya arborea Roxb. (Lecythidaceae); Kumbhi; Kumbhi, Baukhamba;Madhapur-10888;Bark;Dysentery and skin infection;Bark decoction used tocuredysentery.Pasteofbarkpasteisappliedforskininfection(Kondh/ST).

Caryota urens L. (Arecaceae); Salpo; PudohRF-10929; Plant sap;Generalweaknessandconstipation;Plantsap(Toddy)isconsumedtocureconstipationandasatonicforgeneralweakness(Kondh/ST).

Centella asiatica (L.)Urban (Apiaceae);Thalkundi;Brahmi;PudohRF-10912;Leavesandroot;Bloodpressureandtoincreasememory;Oneteaspoonleavespastewithhoneytakenemptystomachtoboostmemory.Leavespowderofplantwith root ofPatalgarud (Rauvolfia tetraphylla L.) and5-6Blackpepper (Piper nigumL.)powdermade tabletwithhoneyandone tablet taken forhighbloodpressuredaily(Kondh/ST).

Chromolaena odorata (L.) King & H. Robins (Asteraceae); Poksunga;Tikirasahi-10849;Leaves;Cuts,wounds;Pasteof leaves isusedoncutsandwoundsforhealing(Sahu/Othervillagers)

Chrozophora rottleri (Geiseler)A. Juss. exSpreng. (Euphorbiaceae); Bono-chaturi;Bandigado-10852;Fruit;skinitching,rashes,swellingandjointpain;Pasteofdriedfruitmadewithwater,&warmsitslightly,thanapplieditforskinitchingand rashesproblem.Pastealsoappliedonswelling& jointpainandcovers itwithbandage.Theprocessisrepeatedtillcure(Jhankar/Othervillagers).

Cleistanthus collinus(Roxb.)Benth.exHook.f.(Euphorbiaceae);Korda;Stomachinflammation in cattle;ArakhapadarRF-10846; Leaves;Dried leaves smokeinhaledforstomachinflammationincattle(Kondh/ST).

Clerodendrum viscosumVent.(Verbenaceae);Bhat;PudohRF-10914;Leaves;Diabetes, rheumaticarthritis,bloodpressure, toothache,pyorrhea;Takeabout15-20ml leaves extraction of plant andadded5-6Black pepper seed (Piper nigrumL.)powderandthepreparationistakentocurediabetes.Rootpowderisalsotakentocurerheumaticarthritis.Flowerdecoctionisusedfortoothacheandpyorrhea.Hatwoven leaves of ‘Bhat’ dowear during summer to controlbloodpressure(Kondh/ST).

Coccinia grandis(L.)Voigt.(Cucurbitaceae);Kanduri;Adenigarh-10932;Leaves;Jaundice;About one table spoon leaves extraction is taken to cure jaundice(Kondh/ST).

Cocculus hirsutus (L.)Diels (Menispermaceae);Dahidahia/Budhbudhia;Tan,Jaljamni;ArakhapadarReservedForest (RF)-10829;Whole plant;Headache;Pasteofwholeplantisappliedforheadacheproblem(Kondh/ST).


Cryptolepis buchanani Roem & Schult. (Apocynaceae); Khirkanchan;Bandigado-10853;Root;Lactation;About5-10gmrootpasteistakenforlactationtwotimesinaday(Jhankar/Othervillagers).

Cycas circinalisL.(Cycadaceae);Arguno;ArakhapadarRF-10835;Seed;Increasespermcount;Seedareroastedincowgheeandmadeintopowder.Oneteaspoonpowderistakentoincreasespermcount(Kondh/ST).

Elephantopus scaberL.(Asteraceae);Tirisira;Kathokuria-10848;Root;Headache,throatcleansesand throat infection;Rootpaste isapplied forheadache.Rootextractionwithhoneyusedasthroatcleansesandforthroatinfectiontwotimesinaday(Kondh/ST).

Eryngium foetidumL.(Apiaceae);Bandhania;Digsira-10947;Leaves;Constipationandappetizer;About20-25mlleavesextractionistakenforconstipation.Leaveschutneyistakenasanappetizer(Kondh/ST&Tonla/SC).

Euphorbia hirtaL.(Euphorbiaceae);Chittakuti/Dudhi;Dudhi;Kuchupaju-10908;Whole plant; Lactation; Powder ofwhole plant is used to increase lactation(Kondh/ST).

Feronia elephantumCorr.(Rutaceae);Kaitho;Kaith;KupmundiaForest-10944;Bark;Fever andhealth tonic;Bark is boiled in a glassofwater on lowflamewhenlefthalf,decoctionistakentocurefever.Fruitsjuiceistakenasahealthtonic(Paradhan/Othervillagers).

Gardenia gummiferaL.f.(Rubiaceae);Khurdau,Khurdu,Ladur;BurbiRF-10900;Leaves;Woundhealingincattle;Leavespowderisusedwoundhealingincattle(Kondh/ST).

Glinus oppositifolius(L.)Aug.DC.syn.Mollugo oppositifoliaL.(Molluginaceae);Pitagama;Kupmundiaforest-10936;Wholeplant;Blister,itching&scabies;Pasteofwholeplant isapplied for skinproblemsuchasblister, itchingandscabies(Kondh/ST&Paradhan/Othervillagers).

Gmelina arboreaRoxb.(Verbenaceae);Gambhari;Kutigarh-10826;Root;Cough,rheumatoidarthritis andacidity;Rootpowderof plantmixedwith rootpowderof Bel (Aegle marmelosCorr.), root powder of Phanfana (Oroxylum indicum (L.)Vent.) inequalquantityandoneteaspoonpowder is takentocurecough,rheumatoidarthritisandacidity(Gond,Kondh/ST).

Hedyotis diffusaWilld(Rubiaceae);Surphulo;Jhadarajing-10868;Wholeplant;vitiligoand jaundice;Pasteofwholeplantwithmusteredoilapplied forvitiligoproblem.Extractionofwholeplantisusedtocurejaundiceproblem(Kondh/ST&Bahera/Othervillagers).


Helicteres isoraL.(Sterculiaceae);Murmuri;Marorphali;PudohRF-10911;Fruit;Bodyandjointpain;Fruitpowderwithwarmmusteredoilmassageforbodyandjointpain(Kondh/ST).

Hemidesmus indicus (L.)R.Br.exSchult (Periplocaceae);Anatmuli;Ushba-e-Hindi;ArakhapadarRF-10844;Root;Spermatorrheaandurinaryinfection;Rootpasteordecoctionistakenforspermatorrheaandurinaryinfection(Kondh/ST).

Holarrhena pubescens (Buch. -Ham.)Wall. ex.G.Don. syn.Holarrhenaan tidysentericaWall. (Apocynaceae);Kurai;Kurchi, InderjoTalkh,Tewaj;Kutigarh-10825;Seedandroot;Indigestion,rheumatoidarthritis;About10-15gmseedsaremixedwith 5-7 seedsofBlack pepper (Piper nigrum L.) andground intopowder.Oneteaspoonpowderistakenfor indigestion.Decoctionofseedwithblackpepperisalsousedforindigestion.Rootdecoctionisusedforrheumatoidarthritis(Gond/ST).

Ixora pavetta Andr.(Rubiaceae);Telkurma;Adipadar-10828;Bark;Jaundice;Barkboiledinonelitterwatertill¼left.Aftercoolingdecoctionistakenforjaundice(Kondh/ST).

Jatropha gossypiifoliaL.(Euphorbiaceae);Lankajada;PudohRF-10919;Mouthulcer,dysentery,burn,cuts,wound;Latex,seed,fruit;Latexisappliedformouthulcer,burn,cutsandwound;Seedpowderisusedfordysentery.Fruitextractionorjuiceisappliedonburn(Jena/SC&Kondh/ST).

Justicia adhatoda L. (Acanthaceae); Basongo;Suaal,Hasheeshatul, Bansa,Arusa;Kuchupaju-10909; Leaves;Cold/cough;Half cup leaves decoction ofplantwith5-6Blackpepper(Pipper nigrumL.)powderistakentocurecoldandcough(Kondh/ST).

Lannea coromandelica(Hautt.)Merr.(Anacardiacea);Moia,Dhoka;PudohRF-10928;Leaves;Bodypain,skinrashesbruises&cut;Leavespaste isuse forbodypainandskinproblemsuchasskinrashes,bruisesandcuts(Kondh/ST).

Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw. (Lygodiaceae); Latabari; Kutnijharo-10855;Rhizome;Dysentery anddiarrhea;Rhizomepastewith powder of threeblackpepper(Piper nigrumL.)istakentocurediarrheaanddysentery(Tonla/SC)

Madhuca indica J. F.Gmel syn.Bassia latifolia Roxb. (Sapotaceae);Mahul;Gul-e-Chakan,Mahua;ArakhapadarRF-10834;Bark;Dysenteryanddiarrhea,eczema,scabies,woundhealing;About30-40mlbarkdecoctionofplantwithone teaspoonhoney is takenorally two times inaday tocuredysenteryanddiarrhea.Pasteofbarkisappliedforskinproblemsuchaseczema,scabies&woundhealing(Kondh/ST).


Mallotus philippensis(Lam.)Müll.Arg.(Euphorbiaceae);Phongu,Gundi,Sinduri;Kambil,Kamel;BurbiRF-10892;Fruitredpowder;Woundhealing;Pasteofredpowderobtainedfromfruitisappliedonwoundforhealinginchildren(Kondh/ST).

Melia azedarachL.(Meliaceae);Common;Mahaneem;Bakain;Bhimkhul-10861;Leaves; to kill lice and vermifuge;Extraction of leaves used to kill head lice.Leaves and fruit decoction is used as vermifuge (Tonla/SC&Nayak/Othervillagers).

Mitragyna parvifolia (Roxb.) Korth. (Rubiaceae); Mundi, Jangli kadam;Gadimunda-10955;Root;Pimples,sore,boils;Rootpasteisappliedtocureskinproblemsuchaspimples,soreandboils(Kondh/ST&Tonla/SC).

Naringi crenulata(Roxb.)Nicolson(Rutaceae);Bhanta,Bamber;BurbiRF-10907;Root;Jointpain;Rootdecoctionisusedforjointpain(Kondh/ST).

Ocimum canumSims.syn.Ocimum americanumL.(Lamiaceae);Nandabagudi;Bahali-10850;Seed,leaves;Eyecomplaintandtokilllice;Seedsareplacedineyetoremoveimpuritiessuchasforeignparticles,totreatrednessetc.Leavespasteisappliedonscalptokilllice(Jhankar/Othervillagers).

Phyllanthus reticulatusPoir.syn.Kirginelia reticulata(Poir.)Baill.(Euphorbiaceae);Jojang;Gadimunda-10956;Leaves;Headache,cuts,wounds&sores;Leavespaste isapplied forheadache.Pasteof leaves isapplied locally to curecuts,woundsandsores(Kondh/ST).

Plumeria rubra L. syn.Plumeria acutifoliaPoir. (Apocynaceae);Kath champa;PudohRF-10924Leaves;Vermifuge&jointpain;Leavesextractionisusedasvermifuge.Leavespasteappliedforjointpain(Kondh/ST).

Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.(Fabaceae);Piasar;Bajasar,Piasal;PudohRF-10913;Root;jointpain;Rootpowderisusedforjointpain(Kondh/ST).

Punica granatum L.(Punicaceae);Dalimbo;Anar;Indigestion&bloatingstomach;PudohRF-10916;Fruit;UnrippenfruitpowderwithBlackpepper(Piper nigrum) istakenforindigestionandbloatingstomach(Kondh/ST).

Santalum albumL.(Santalaceae);Safedchandan;SandalSufaid;BiranarsinghpurNursery-10962;Wood;Headache,wounds,sores,boils,pimples&burn;Pasteofwoodisappliedonwounds,sores,boils,pimplesburntoprotectfrominfectionandforheadache(Kondh/ST)

Schleichera oleosa(Lour.)Oken.(Sapindaceae);Kusum;Kusum;ArakhapadarRF-10836;Seed;Itching;Seedoilmassageforitchingproblem(Kondh/ST).

Shorea robusta Gaertn. (Verbenaceae); Salo; Sal;ArakhapadarRF-10841;Flower;Leucorrhoea,burn,cuts&wounds;Flower.Ahandfuldriedflowerground


intopowderwith5-7seedofBlackpepper(Piper nigrumL.).Oneteaspoonofherbalpreparationistakendailytocureleucorrhoea.Resinobtainedfromplantusedonburn,cutsandwounds(Kondh/ST).

Solanum surattense Burm.f. (Solanaceae); Bejibangan; Bahali-10851; Fruit;Cough,coldandasthma;Driedfruitpasteorpowderofplantisusedfortreatmentofcough,coldandasthma(Jhankar/Othervillagers).

Soymida febrifuga(Roxb.)A.Juss.(Meliaceae);Rohini;ArakhapadarRF-10830;Bark;Rheumatoidarthritisandacidity;Barkboilinabout100mlwater,whenleftonequarter,addoneteaspoonhoney.Thedecoctionisgiventocurerheumatoidarthritisandacidity(Kondh/ST).

Sphaeranthus indicusL.(Asteraceae);Indrobhita/Bonokadam/Bhuikadam/Mundi;Mundi;ArakhapadarRF-10845;Flower,Root;Boil,urinaryinfection,dyspepsia;Pasteofflowerheadisappliedtotreatboil.Rootdecoctionisusedforurinaryinfectionanddyspepsia(Kondh/ST).

Syzygium cumini(L.)Skeels(Myrtaceae);Jamukoli;Jamun;Digsira-10953;Barkandseed;Diarrhea,dysenteryanddiabetes;Aboutoneteaspoonbarkpowderistakentwiceinadaytocurediarrheaanddysentery.Aboutoneteaspoonseedpowder is takenwithwater inemptystomach tocurediabetes twice inaday(Kondh/ST).

Tephrosia purpurea(L.)Pers.(Fabaceae);Kulthia;Sarphoka;Root;Stomachache;Baring-10880;About5-6gmrootpowderwith3-5blackpepper (Piper nigrum L.)powderisusedforalltypeofstomachache(Kondh/ST).

Terminalia catappa L. (Combretaceae); Pestabadam; Janglibadam;Rangamatia-10933;Leaves;Skinallergy;Leavesextraction isapplied forskinallergy(Kondh/ST).

Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.)Hook.f. &Thoms. (Menispermaceae);Gumbchi;Gilo;PudohRF-10917;Anemia,diabetes,gastricproblem,jointpain,headache;Stem;Stemimmersedinwaterforwholenightinhalfglassofwaterandequalquantityofyoungwheatleavesextractionmixedinit.Thisherbalremedyistakenforanemia,diabetes,gastricandjointpain.Wholeplantimmersedorboiledinwateronlowflame.Thedecoctionistakenforheadache(Jena/SC&Kondh/ST).

Tridax procumbensL.(Asteraceae);Vishkarni;Zakhm-e-Hayat;Gadimunda-10954;Leaves;Cuts,wounds,burn, fever,coughandvermifuge;Leavesextraction isused on cuts,wounds and on burn for healing purpose.About 20ml leavesextractionwith half teaspoon honey is taken for 2-3 times in a day to curefever,coughandasavermifuge.About20mlleavesextractionmixedwithhalfteaspoongingerjuiceandhalfteaspoonhoneyandthepreparationistakentocurefevertwiceinaday(Kondh/ST).


Vanda tessellata (Roxb.) Hook. exG. Don. syn.Vanda roxburghii R. Br.(Orchidaceae);Rasna;Bhimkhul-10860;Wholeplantandleaves;jointpain,fever,bone fracture;Pasteofwholeplant isapplied for jointpainand fever.Leavespasteisappliedforbonefractures(Tonla/SC,&Nayak/Othervillagers).

Woodfordia fruticosa (L.)Kurz. (Lythraceae);ArakhapadarRF-10837; Jhatki/Dhatuki;Gul-e-Dhawa;Root, flower;Cuts,wounds, piles, joint pain, gastricproblem,diabetes;Rootpasteofplantisusedforhealingpurposeoncutsandwounds.Aboutoneteaspoonrootpowderistakenforpiles.Rootpowderofplantmixedwithrootpowderof‘Hadkankdia’(Ardisia solanaceaRoxb.)in2:1ratioandwithcowghee(clarifiedbutter)powdermassage for jointpain.FlowerpowderofplantmixedwithpowderofTriphala(FruitpowderofPhyllanthus emblicaL.,Terminalia chebulaRetz. andTerminalia bellirica (Gaertn.)Roxb.), powder ofSonth(driedrhizomeofZingiber officinaleRoscoe)in2:1:1rationandadded5-7seedpowderofBlackpepper(Piper nigrumL.)andoneteaspoonofthisherbalremedyisgivenforgastricanddiabeticproblem(Kondh/ST).

Figure 1(i-xii):SomeEthnomedicinalPlantsofBoudhDistrict

i ii iii

iv v vi

vii viii ix


x xi xii

i)Bixa orellana L.;ii)Butea superbRoxb.;iii)Cycas circinalisL.;iv)Eryngium foetidum L.;v)Haldina cordifolia(Roxb.)Ridsd;vi)Ixora pavettaAndr.;vii)Lannea coromandelica (Hautt.)Merr.;viii)Madhuca indicaJ.F.Gmel;ix)Santalum album L.;x)Shorea robusta Gaertn.;xi)Soymida febrifuga(Roxb.)A.Juss.;xii);Tinospora cordifolia(Willd.)Hook.f.&Thoms

Shrub, 15%

Herb, 31% Tree, 46%

Epiphyte, 2% Climber, 6%

Figure 2: Showinghabitpatternofdifferentplantspecies

19

14

9 8

7 6

5

2 1 1 1 1 1 1

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

No.

of S

peci

es

Figure 3:Differentpartsofmedicinalplantswereusedforherbalpreparation


Figure 4: Methodofpreparation

Table 1: Ethno-medicinal plant species used to treat ailmentwithin different ailmentcategories

S.No. Ailment category

Ailment Number of plant species to cure ailment

1. Dermatologicalconditions

Eczema,scabies,wound,cut,itchingburn,boil,rashes,vitiligo,skininfection,bruises,skinallergy,blister,pimples,sore,bloodpurification

Acalypha indica L.,Achyranthes aspera L.,Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.)Nees,Argemone mexicana L.,Azadirachta indicaA.Juss.,Bixa orellana L., Butea monosperma ( L am . ) Ta u b . , B u c h a n a n i a lanzan Spreng. , Chromolaena odorata (L.) King & H. Robins,Chrozophora rottleri(Geiseler)A.Juss.exSpreng.,Careya arboreaRoxb.,Gardenia gummifera L.f.,Glinus oppositifolius(L.)Aug.DC.,Hedyotis diffusaWilld, Jatropha gossypiifolia L., Lannea coromandelica (Hautt.)Merr.,Madhuca indica J. F.Gmel,Mallotus philippensis (Lam.)Müll.Arg.,Mitragyna parvifolia (Roxb.)Korth.,Phyllanthus reticulatusPoir.,Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken.,Shorea robusta Gaertn,Sphaeranthus indicus L.,Terminalia catappa L.,Tridax procumbens L.,Santalum album L.,Woodfordia fruticosa (L.)Kurz.,(27sps.).




2. Gastro-intestinaldiseases

Indigestion.Dysentery,diarrhea,piles,gastric/acidityproblem,dyspepsia,vermifuge,stomachache,bloatingstomach,constipation,appetizer

Acorus calamusL.;Aegle marmelos Corr.;Asparagus racemosusWilld.,Atylosia scarabaeoides (L.)Benth.., Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub.,Butea superbRoxb.,Careya arborea Roxb.,Caryota urens L.,Eryngium foetidum L.,Gmelina arboreaRoxb.,Holarrhena pubescens(Buch.-Ham.)Wall.ex.G.Don.,Jatropha gossypiifolia L., Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw.,Madhuca indica J. F. Gmel,Melia azedarach L.,Plumeria rubra L.,Punica granatum L . , Soymida f e b r i f u g a ( R o x b . ) A . J u s s . ,Sphaeranthus indicus L.,Syzygium cumini(L.)SkeelsTephrosia purpurea (L.)Pers.,Tinospora cordifolia(Willd.)Hook.f.&Thoms.,Tridax procumbens L.,Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz.,Cleistanthus collinus (Roxb.)Benth.exHook.f.(26sps.)

3. Muscular/skeletal

Rheumatoidarthritis,headache,jointpain,swelling,bonefracture,bodypain

Holarrhena pubescens (Buch. -Ham.)Wall. ex. G. Don.,Gmelina arborea Roxb.,Cocculus hirsutus (L.)Diels,Soymida febrifuga(Roxb.)A. Juss.,Woodfordia fruticosa (L.)Kurz.,Chrozophora rottleri(Geiseler)A. Juss. ex Spreng,Elephantopus s c a b e r L . , Va n d a t e s s e l l a t a (Roxb.) Hook. exG. Don.,Naringi crenulata(Roxb.)Nicolson,Helicteres isora L.,Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb., Clerodendrum viscosum Vent.,Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.)Hook.f. & Thoms.,Plumeria rubra L., Lannea coromandelica (Hautt.)Merr.,Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir.,Santalum album L.(17sps.)




4. Endocrine Diabetes Capparis zeylanica L.,Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz.,Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.)Nees,Asparagus racemosusWilld.,Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.)Hook.f.&Thoms.,Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels,,Clerodendrum viscosumVent.(7sps.)

5. Respiratory Cough,coldandasthma

Gmelina arboreaRoxb.,Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.)Nees,Solanum surattenseBurm.f.,Justicia adhatoda L.,Aerva lanata(L.)Juss.exSchults.,Tridax procumbensL.(6sps.)

6. Reproductivedisorders

Spermatorrhea,increasespermcount,lactation,leucorrhoea,menstruationproblem

Cycas circinalis L.,Shorea robusta Gaertn,Hemidesmus indicus (L.)R.Br.exSchult,Cryptolepis buchanani Roem & Schu l t . , A s p a r a g u s racemosusWilld.,Euphorbia hirta L.(6sps.)

7. Circulatorysystem

Bloodpressure,anemia

Cente l la as ia t i ca (L . ) Urban ,Clerodendrum viscosum Vent.,Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.)Hook.f.&Thoms.,Butea monosperma(Lam.)Taub.(4sps.)

8. Fever Malarialfever,commonfever

Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.)Nees,Vanda tessellata(Roxb.)Hook.ex G. Don., Feronia elephantum Corr.,Achyranthes asperaL.(4sps.)

9. Livercomplaint Jaundice Ixora pavettaAndr.,Hedyotis diffusa Willd,Coccinia grandis(L.)Voigt.(3sps.)

10. Dentalcare Toothache,pyorrhea,toothcavity,toothinfection

Clerodendrum viscosum Vent.,Buchanan ia l anzan Sp reng . ,Achyranthes asperaL.(3sps.)

11. Renalcomplaint

Urinaryinfection Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. exSchult,Sphaeranthus indicus L. (2sps.)

12. Haircare Tokilllice Ocimum canum S ims . , Mel ia azedarachL.(2sps.)

13. ENT Throatcleansesandthroatinfection

Elephantopus scaberL.(1sps.)

14. Eyecomplaint Eyeproblem Ocimum canumSims.(1sps.)




15. Otheruse Mouthulcer,increasememory,Generalweakness,Healthtonic

Jatropha gossypiifolia L.,Centella asiatica (L.) Urban,Caryota urens L.,Feronia elephantumCorr.(4sps.)

Discussion

ThepresentstudymakesanattempttofocusontheageoldtherapeuticmethodscurrentlyemployedbythetribalandruralpeopleofBoudhforestdivision.Itwasfoundthatatotal65plantspecies(64speciesofangiospermandonespeciesofpteridophyte)belongingto35familiesand64generaarecommonlyusedtocurevariousailments(Figure1).Basedonlifeformsthereare46%tree,31%herbs,15%shrub,6%climberand2%epiphyte(Figure2).MostdominantfamilywasEuphorbiaceae(7sps.each) followedbyFabaceae&Asteraceae(5sps.each),Rubiaceae (4 sps.),Apocynaceae,Meliaceae,Rutaceae,Verbenaceae(3spseach).Restsoffamilieswererepresentedbytwooronespecies.Theseplantswere used to cure 58 different ailments viz.wound healing (13 sps.),dysentery,diarrhea,cuts(9sps.each),gastric/acidityproblem(8sps.),cough,eczema (6 sps each), rheumatoid arthritis, headache, joint pain, scabies,itching (5 sps. each), indigestion, burn (4 sps.), blood pressure, boil, sore,fever , jaundice (3 each), dyspepsia, vermifuge, stomachache, constipation,appetizer, cold, leucorrhoea, spermatorrhea, lactation,bodypain, rashes, skininfection, blister, pimples, urinary infection, toothache, to kill lice veterinary (2each), piles, bloating stomach, anemia , throat cleansesand throat infection,asthma, increasespermcount,menstruationproblem,swelling,bone fracture,bloodpurification, vitiligo, bruises, skin allergy,malarial fever, pyorrhea, toothcavity, tooth infection , eye complaint, increasememory,mouthulcer, generalweakness,health tonic (1sps.each).Theseailmentsweregroupedunder15ailmentcategorieswheremaximumspecieswereused tocuredermatologicalconditionsfollowedbygastro-intestinaldiseases.muscular/skeletal,endocrineetc.(Table1).Twospeciesviz.Cleistanthus collinus(Roxb.)Benth.exHook.f.andGardenia gummiferaL.f.wereusedforveterinaryuse.Differentplantpartswereusedforherbalpreparation.Leaves(19sps.)weremostfrequentlyusedforthetreatmentofdiseasesfollowedbyroot(14sps.)seed(9sps.),fruit(8sps)etc.(Figure3).Useofleavesandrootsformanagementandtreatmentofdiseaseshasbeenanage longpractice (Sofowara,1982).Themethodsofpreparationof herbal remedy fall into eight categories viz. plant parts appliedas a paste(28sps.),driedplantpartpowder(24sps.),decoction(13sps.),extraction(14sps.)&juice(2sps.)fromthefreshplantparts,massage(3sps.),onespeciesconsumedrawaschutneyandsmokeofonespeciesusedinveterinary(Figure4).Hatwoven leaves ofClerodendrum viscosum Vent.wear during summer


to control blood pressure. External applications (mostly for dermatologicalconditionsandmuscular/skeletalproblem)andinternalconsumption(mostlyforgastrointestinal,diabetes,circulatory,livercomplaintetc.)ofthepreparationswereinvolved in the treatmentofvariousdiseases.Herbalmedicinesprescribedbylocalhealersareeitherthepreparationsbasedonsingleplantpartorsometimesacombinationof severalplantpartswereused tocuresdiseases rapidlye.g.Holarrhena pubescens(Buch.-Ham.)Wall.ex.G.Don.,Gmelina arboreaRoxb.,Shorea robustaGaertn.,Lygodium flexuosum(L.)Sw.,Tephrosia purpurea(L.)Pers.,Clerodendrum viscosumVent.,Woodfordia fruticosa(L.)Kurz.,Asparagus racemosusWilld.Butea superbRoxb.Centella asiatica(L.)Urban,Achyranthes asperaL.,Punica granatumL.wereincludedotherspeciesplantparttomadeherbalremedy.Theseremedieswerealsopreparedusingdifferent ingredientsofnon-plantoriginsuchaswater,honey,clarifiedbutter,cowmilketc.

Comparingthepresentstudywithavailableliteratureofthestateandotherpartofcountry(Ambasta,1986;Aminuddinet al.,2013;AminuddinandGirach,1991,1993,1996;AminuddinandAhmad,2008,Anonymous,2001&2006;AyyanaraandIgnacimuthu,2005&2011;Beheraet al.,2006,2008;DasandChoudhury,2012;Dhalet al.,2014;Girach,1992;Girachet al.,2008;Jain,1991;Kandariet al., 2012;Khongsaiet al., 2011;Kirtikar andBasu, 1935;Majumdaret al.,2006;Malliket al., 2012;Mukeshet al., 2011, 2012, 2014a&b.;Muthuet al.,2006;Nadkarni,1954;Panda,andDas,1999;Pandaet al.,2013;Panghalet al.,2010;PandeyandRout,2006;Patraet al.,2014;Prusti.andBehera,2007;Rautet al.,2013;Routet al,2009a&b;Sahuet al.,2010,2013a,b&c;Sarkaret al.,1999;Satapathy,2010,2015;SatapathyandBrahmam,1999;Satapathy&Chand, 2003;Satapathy, 2010&2015;Satapathy,et al., 2012;SinhababuandBanerjee,2013;Ushaet al.,2014,2015a&b,2016a,b&c) ithasbeenfound thatmostof the folk-medicinal claims reported in thepresent studyarealreadyknown,however, theirmodeofapplication, ingredientsandpartsusedaredifferent.Therefore,presentworkrepresentscontemporaryusesofmedicinalplantsbythetribalsofthestudyarea.Someinformationrecordedinthestudyparticularly forClerodendrum viscosum Vent.,Cryptolepis buchananiRoem&Schult.,Elephantopus scaber L.,Hedyotis diffusaWilld., Ixora pavettaAndr.,Naringi crenulata (Roxb.)Nicolson,Tridax procumbens L.were found to beeithernotknownor littleknown,whereasuseofspeciessuchasAchyranthes asperaL.,Acorus calamusL.,Aegle marmelosCorr.,Aerva lanata(L.)Juss.exSchults.,ArgemonemexicanaL.,AzadirachtaindicaA.Juss.,Centellaasiatica(L.)Urban,Chromolaena odorata(L.)King&H.Robins,Holarrhena pubescens (Buch.-Ham.)Wall.ex.G.Don.,Jatropha gossypiifoliaL.,Justicia adhatodaL.,Madhuca indicaJ.F.Gmel,Melia azedarachL.,Tephrosia purpurea (L.)Pers.werefoundtobeusedverycommonbyothertribesindicatingtheauthenticityoftheirusefulness.Itwouldbeworthwhiletosubjectallthesefolk-medicinalclaims


toscientificinvestigationsthroughpharmacologicalandclinicalstudies.Itislikelythatthroughsuchinvestigationsnewdrugsofnaturaloriginmaybediscoveredfortreatmentofmanyofthediseasesforwhichtherearenosatisfactorycuresinmodernsystemofmedicine.

It hasalsobeenobserved that a largepopulationof thedistrict is still largelydependsonmedicinal plants for primary health care system.Tribal and ruralpeoplehavevastknowledgeoftraditionalremedyandusedplentyofmedicinalplantstotreatawidespectrumofhumanailments.Duringinterviewsconductedindifferentvillages,ithasbeenobservedthatknowledgeofmedicinalplantsislimitedtotraditionalhealers,herbalistsandelderlypersonswhoarelivinginruralareas.Thisknowledgeisrapidlydwindlinginnumberandthereisagravedangeroftraditionalknowledgedisappearingduetolackofinterestamongtheyoungergenerationaswellastheirtendencytomigratetocitiesforlucrativejobs,thereisapossibilityoflosingthiswealthofknowledgeinthenearfuture.Therefore,itisnecessarytoacquireandpreservethistraditionalsystemofmedicinebyproperdocumentationandidentificationofspecimenswhichcanalsohelptoboostnewinnovationsinthepharmaceuticalindustryandhavemanybeneficialapplicationssuchasnewmedicinaltrailsforsomediseaseslikemalaria,diabetes,whichwilldevelopthehealthcaresectorinIndia.

Acknowledgements

WearehighlygratefultotheDirector-General,CentralCouncilforResearchinUnaniMedicine,NewDelhiand,ResearchofficerIn-Charge,RegionalResearchInstituteofUnaniMedicine,Bhadrak,fortheircooperationandprovidingallthenecessary facilities tocarryout thiswork.Theauthorsarealsothankful to thetribalsandotherruralpeopleofthestudyareatosharetheirwealthofknowledgeontraditionalplantswillingly.

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PPharmacognostic Studies on Leaf Drugs - Bibliographic Review#

Nitin Rai and

*Rajeev Kr. Sharma

PharmacopoeiaCommissionforIndianMedicine&Homoeopathy,

PLIMCampus,KamlaNehruNagar,Ghaziabad-201002(U.P)


# InvitedPaper*Author for correspondence

Abstract

harmacognostic studies on herbal drugs contributediagnosticcharacteristicsfortheidentificationandauthenticationofdrugs.Thisreview communicate the bibliographyon Indianpublications (pharmacopoeia,monographs,booksetc.) pertaining topharmacognosticprofilesof leafdrugs.This review is presented in bibliographic format to cite the references onpharmacognosy of leaf drugs.These bibliographic references are importantfor developing quality standards, drug standardization, monographs etc.Bibliographiesare important tool of published literatureonanyaspectof pastandpresentstatusofknowledgeonaspecifiedsubject.Theseareconsideredthekey to initiate research inanyfieldandprovide lead towards furtherworkinadefinedfield.

Key words:Bibliography,Pharmacopoeia,Pharmacognosyofleafdrugs,Herbaldrugs.

Introduction

Indianhealthcaresystem(Ayurvedic,Siddha,UnaniandHomoeopathicsystemsofmedicine)hasmajorsourceofmedicineshavingingredientsfromherbaldrugs.The herbal drugs are variousmorphological parts ofmedicinal plant speciesviz. leaves, stem, root, barks, heartwood, flowers, fruits, seeds and variousexudates.Thesearecollectedandresourcedbythemanufacturestoformulatethemedicines for thesesystems. It isestimated thatmore than960medicinalplantspeciesarethesourceof1289botanicalrawdrugsintradeinthiscountry(VedandGoraya,2008).Inpharmaceuticalpracticestheterm‘leafdrugs’refertodriedleavesaswholeortheirparts,i.e.,laminaeorseparatelobesofcompoundleaves.Generally leaf drugsmorphologically resemble eachotherwhich leadtoconfusion leading to fairchances foradulteration.Pharmacognosticprofilesexplaindiagnosticcharacteristicsofdrugsoastoauthenticateanddifferentiatefromadulterants or substitutes.Organoleptic characteristics canbeobservedin leaves, their kind, petiole, lamina, venation, incision, apex,margin, shapeand surface characters for identification purposes.The important anatomicalparameters to evaluate leaf drugs are epidermis, its cells number of layers,stringationsor thickening, presenceor absenceof stomata, its type, stomatalindex, vein islet number, vein termination number, types of trichomes, thethicknessof theirwalls,charactersofcuticlecoveringthem,epidermalglands,theirstructureandcontentsdistributionandlocation,conceptacleswithessentialoil or resinous contents, secretary ducks, latex vessels in the leafmesophyllor along the veins, palisade ratio, non-protoplasmic contents (calciumoxalate


crystals) in the formofsinglecrystal,druses, rawhides,crystallinesand ,andgeneraltissuesystemleaves.

Bibliographiesprovidetheaccountofliteraturepublishedinrespectiveareassofar.MajorexistingbibliographiesonthePharmacognosticaspects(Iyengar,1976andMitra,1985)andrelevantavailablesourceswereconsulted(Raiet al,2012andTiwariet al,2013).DifferentIndianpharmacopoeiasvizAyurvedic,Siddha,Unani andHomoeopathic (regulatory standards)andvariousmonographsarelistedasthesecontributionsarepertinenttopharmacognosticalprofilesonherbaldrugswhichcanbereferredtoevaluateleafdrugstoensuretheidentificationandquality.Researchpublicationsonthisaspectarenotincludedinpresentreview.

Bibliographic Review -

The tables1and2enumerate the leafdrugsandcitations (acronym) for theirreferencesin literature.Acronymsareexplainedatthelastofthebibliographicreferencesgivenafterthetables.

1. Pharmacopoeial Review – Indian Pharmacopoeial publications areregulatorybooksunderDrug&CosmeticAct1940andRulesthereunder.InIndia,Ayurvedic,Siddha,UnaniandHomoeopathicPharmacopoeiasareinpurviewofdrugregulationofthecountry.Qualitystandardsonherbaldrugscomprise standardson identity, purity and strength.Standardson identityof herbal drugs in a pharmacopoeia is prescribed by pharmacognosticalprofiles viz.macroscopic andmicroscopic characteristics of herbal drugsand their powders.Pharmacopoeialmonographs published on leaf drugsareenumeratedinTable-1

Table 1:PharmacognosticworkonleafdrugsinIndianPharmacopoeialreferences

Botanical Name (as specified in Pharmacopoeial Monograph)

Pharmacopoeial Title Morphological Part specified as drug

Reference

Abies webbianaLindl. Talisa DriedLeaf API-IV

Abroma augustaLinn.f. Abromaaugusta Leaf HPII&IX

Acacia pennata(L.)Willd. Adari Leaf API-VI

Acalypha indica L. Haritamanjari Wholeplant API-VI

Kuppaimenicamulam Wholeplant SPI-II

Acalyphaindica Wholeplant HPI-I&VIII

Acer negundoLinn. Negundiumamericana Wholeplant HPI-VII

Achillea millefoliumLinn. Millefolium Wholeplant HPI-IV




Reference

Achyranthes aspera L. Apamarga Wholeplant API-II

Nayuruviccamulam Wholeplant SPI-I

Achyranthesaspera Wholeplantexcludingroot

HPI-IV

Aconitum lycoctonumLinn. Aconitumlycoctonum Wholeplant HPI-VI

Acontium napellusLinn. Acontiumnapellus Wholeplant HPI-I

Adhatoda vasicaNees Vasa Leaf API-I

Arusa Leaf UPI-VI

Vasaka Driedmatureleaves

IP-2010

VasakaAdulasa;Adhatodavasica,VasakaExtract

Extractingofdriedmatureleaveswithsuitablesolvent

IP-2014

Justiciaadhatoda Leaf HPI-I

Adiantum capillus- veneris L Bijapatra Wholeplant API-VI

Adiantum lunulatumBurm. Hamsapadi Wholeplant API-III

Adlumia fungosa(Ait.)Greene

Adlumiafungosa Shoot HPI-VIII

Adonis vernalisLinn. Adonisvernalis Wholeplant HPI-II

Aegle marmelos(Linn.)Cor. Aeglefolia Leaf HPI-IV

Aerva lanata(L.)Juss.exSchult.

Cirupilaiccamulam Wholeplant SPI-I

Pattura Wholeplant API-V

Aethusa cynapiumLinn. Aethusacynapium Wholeplant HPI-I&VIII

Agave americanaLinn. Agaveamericana Leaf HPI-VI

Agraphis nutansLinn. Agrarphisnutans Wholeplant HPI-VI

Alangium salviifolium(L.f.)Wang.Syn.A. Lamarckii Thw.

Ankol Leaf UPI-V

Ankolah Leaf API-V

Alchemilla vulgarisLinn. Alchemillavulgaris Shoot HPI-VIII

Alhagi pseudalhagi(Bieb)Desv.

Jawansa Wholeplant UPI-VI

Yavasaka Wholeplant API-II




Reference

Allium ursinum Linn. Alliumursinum Wholeplant HPI-VIII

Aloe BarbadensisMill. Sibr Driedleaves UPI-I

Kanyasara Leaf API-I

Aloe,Aloes Driedjuiceofleaves

IP-96

Alternanthera sessilis(L.)R.Br.,exDC.

Ponnankani Wholeplant SPI-I

Matsyaksi Wholeplant API-II

Amaranthus tricolor L. Ramasitalika Wholeplant API-III

Ammi majusLinn. Ammimajus Wholeplant HPI-IX

Anagallis arvensis Linn. Anagalllisarvensis Wholeplant HPI-IV

Andrographis paniculata Nees

Andrographispaniculata Wholeplant HPI-I

Kalmegh Driedaerialparts,stemandleaves

IP-2014

Anemone hepaticaLinn. Hepaticatriloba Wholeplant HPI-IX

Anisomeles malabarica(L.)R.Br.ex.Sims.

Sprkka Wholeplant API-VI

Anthamanta oreoselinum Linn.

Anthamanthaoreoselinum Wholeplant HPI-VI

Anthoxanthum odoratum Linn.

Anthoxanthumodoratum Wholeplant HPI-IV&VIII

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Spreng.

Uvaursi Leaf HPI-III

Argemone mexicanaLinn. Argemonemexicana Wholeplant HPI-IX

Aristolochia bracteolataLam. Atutintappalaiilai Leaf SPI-II

Kitamari Leaf API-VI

Arnica montana Linn. Arnicamontana Wholeplant HPI-I

Artemesia absinthiumLinn. Absinthium Leafandflowers

HPI-II

Dvipantaradamanaka Wholeplant API-VI

Artemisia abrotanumLinn. Abrotanum Leafandyoungshoot

HPI-I&IX




Reference

Artemisia annua L. Artemisia Driedleavesandfloweringtops

IP-2010

Artemisia,Artemisiaannua

Driedleavesandfloweringtops

IP-2014

Artemisia brevifoliaWall.(A. maritima L.forma rubricaule Badhwar)

Artemisia Driedimmatureleaves,flowerheads

IP-55

Arundo donaxLinn. Arundodonax Wholeplant HPI-IX

Asarum europaeumLinn. Asarumeuropaeum Wholeplant HPI-IV

Asclepias curassavicaLinn. Asclepiascurassavica Wholeplant HPI-IX

Asparagus officinalisLinn. Asparagusofficinalis Youngshoots HPI-V&VII

Asphodelus tenuifoliusCav. Gandana Driedleaves UPI-III

Asteracantha longifoliaNees Kokilaksa Wholeplant API-II

Hygrophillasfinosa Wholeplant HPI-IX

Atropa belladonnaL.orA. acuminataRoyleexLindley.

Belladonnaeherba,Belladonnaherb

Leavesandothersub-aerialparts

IP-55

Belladonnadryextract Extractobtainedfromthedriedleafandflowering

IP-2014

BelladonnaHerb,BelladonnaLeaf

Leafandfloweringtop

IP-2014

Belladonnatincture Tinctureobtainedfrombelladonnaleaforroots

IP-2014

BelladonnaSoftExtract Driedleafandroot

IP-2014

Belladonna Wholeplant HPI-I




Reference

Azadirachta indicaA.Juss.Syn.Melia azadirachta L.

Veppilai Leaf SPI-II

Neem,Azadirachtaindica

Driedleaves IP-2014

Neem Leaves UPI-IV

Neem Leaf UPI-II

Nimba Leaf API-II

Bacopa monnieri(L.)Penn.(Wettst)

Brahmi Wholeplant API-II

Pirammivalukkai Wholeplant SPI-I

BrahmiExtract Driedleavesandstems

IP-2014

Bacopamonnieri Wholeplant HPI-IX

JalBrahmi Wholeplant UPI-IV

Balsamodendron caudata Mauch

Amragandhi-gugglu Leaf API-VI

Cenkiluvaiilai Leaf SPI-II

Baptisia australis(Linn.)R.Br.

Baptisiaconfusa Wholeplant HPI-VII

Barleria prionitisLees. Sahacara Wholeplant API-III

Barosma crenulataLinn. Barosmacrenata Leaf HPI-V&VII

Barosma serratifolia(Curtie)Wild.

Barosmaserratifolia Leaf HPI-VII

Bellis perennisLinn. Bellisperennis Wholeplant HPI-I&IX

Betula albaLinn. Betulapendulafolia Leaf HPI-VIII

Blumea obavataDC. Blumeaodorata Wholeplantexcludingroots

HPI-IV

Boerhaavia diffusa L. Punarnava(Rakta) Wholeplant API-I

Mukkirattaiccamulam Wholeplant SPI-I

Boerhaaviadiffusa Wholeplant HPI-I

Pinarnava,pinarnaba Freshordriedplant

IP-66

Borago officinalis L. Gaozaban Leaf UPI-II

Boragoofficinalis Leaf HPI-VIII




Reference

Brachyglottis repensForest. Brachylottisrepens Leafwithflower

HPI-V

Brassica oleraceaLinn.var.capitataLinn.

Brassicaoleracea Leafybud HPI-VIII

Caladium segulnumVent Caladiumseguinum Wholeplant HPI-IV

Calendula officinalisLinn. Calendulaofficinalis FreshfloweringtopsandLeaf

HPI-I

Calluna vulgaris(Linn.)Hull Callunavulgaris Shoot HPI-VIII

Calotropis procera(Ait.)R.Br.

Aak Driedleaves UPI-I

Arka Leaf API-I

Caltha palustrisLinn. Calthapalustris Wholeplant HPI-V&VIII

Calycopteris floribundaLam. Pullani Leaf API-V

Camellia sinensisLinn.Kuntze.

Tea,Thea,Cha,The,Tee Driedleaves IP-55

Caffeina;Caffeine

Driedleaves IP-55

Theachinesis Leaf HPI-V

Canna flaccidaSalisb. Canna Leaf HPI-VI&IX

Cannabis sativa L. Qinnab Driedleaves UPI-I

Vijaya Leaf API-I

Kanca Leaf SPI-I

Cannabisindica Leaf HPI-I

Capsella bursa pastoris Moench.

Thlapsibursapastoris Wholeplant HPI-V

Cardiospermum helicacabum Linn.

Cardiospermumhelcacbum Aerialpart HPI-VIII

Carthamus tinctorius L. Kusumbha Leaf API-VI




Reference

Cassia angustifolia (Tinnevelly Senna) orCassia sennaL.;C. acutifoliaDelite;C. angustifoliaVahl.

Sennacfolium,Sennaleaf Driedleaflets IP-66

Senna Leaf HPI-III

Sana Driedleaves UPI-I

SennaDryExtract Leavesorpods

IP-2014

Svarnapatri Leaf API-I

Nilavakaiilai Leaf SPI-II

Sennaleaf,Cassialeaf;Cassiaangustifolia

Driedleaflets IP-2014

Castanea sativaMill. Castaneavesca Leaf HPI-III

Catharanthus roseus Linn. Catharanthusroseus Wholeplant HPI-IX

Ceanothus americanusLinn. Ceanothusamericanus Leaf HPI-I

Centaurium chielense(Pers.)Druce.

Canchalagua Wholeplantwithflower

HPI-VIII

Centella asiatica (L.)Urban Mandukaparni Wholeplant API-IV

Hydrocotyleasiatica Wholeplant HPI-I

MandukaparniGotuKola;Centellaasiatica

Driedaerialparts

IP-2014

MandukaparniDryExtractGotukola;Centellaasiatica

Extractingaerialpartswithsuitablesolventandevaporationofsolvent

IP-2014

Centipeda minima L.Syn.C. orbicularisLour.

Kundush Driedwholeplant

UPI-III

Cephalandra indicaNand. Cephalandraindica Leaf HPI-IV

Chamomilla recutita(L.)Rauschert.

Chamomilla Wholeplant HPI-I&V

Cheiranthus cheiriLinn. Cheiranthuscheri Wholeplant HPI-VIII

Chelidonium majusLinn. Chelidoniummajus Wholeplant HPI-I&VIII

Chelone glabraLinn. Cheloneglabra Wholeplant HPI-IV&VIII

Chimaphila maculataPursh. Chimaphilamaculata Wholeplant HPI-VII




Reference

Chimaphila umbellate(Linn.)Barton.

Chimaphilaumbellata Wholeplant HPI-II&VIII

Chrysanthemum indicum L. Guladaudi Leaf API-VI

Cicer arietinum L. Canaka Wholeplant API-VI

Cinnamomum camphora(L.)Nees&Ebern;Ocimum kilimandoscharicumGurke(Labiatae)

Camphor Leaves IP-66

Cinnamomum cassia Blume.Syn.Cinnamomum aromaticumNees&Eberm.L.

Cassiaoil Volatiledistilledwithsteamfromtheleavesandtwigs

IP-66

Qirfa Driedleaves UPI-III

Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.Ham.)Ness.&Eberm.

SazajHindi Driedmatureleaves

UPI-I

Ilavankappattiri Leaf SPI-I

Tvakapatra Leaf API-I

Cissus quadrangularis L. Asthisrnkhala Aerialpart API-VI

Pirantai Aerialparts SPI-II

Citrullus colocynthisSchrad. Indravaruni Leaf API-II

Clematis erectaLinn. Clematiseracta Leafandstem

HPI-IV

Clerodendron infortunatum Gaertn

Clerodendorninfortunatum Leaf HPI-VI

Clitoria ternatea L. Aparajita Leaf API-IV

Coccinia grandis (L.)Voigt Bimbi Leaf API-VI

Kovaiilai Leaf SPI-II

Coccinia indicaW.&A. Bimbi Wholeplant API-III

Coldenia procumbens L. Tripaksi Wholeplant API-VI

Ceruppataiccamulam Wholeplant SPI-II

Coleus amboinicusLour. Parnayavani Leaf API-VI

Coleusaromaticus Leaf HPI-VI

Comocladia dentataJacq. Comocladiadentata Leafandbark HPI-V




Reference

Conium maculatumLinn. Conicummaculatum Wholeplant HPI-I

Convallaria majalisLinn. Convallariamajalis Wholeplant HPI-II

Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy

Sankhapuspi Wholeplant API-II

Copernicia cerifera Mart. CarnaubaWax Leaves IP-96

Cotyledon umbilicusLinn. Cotyledonumbilicus Leaf HPI-VIII

Cuphea viscosissima Jacq. Cupheaviscosissima Wholeplant HPI-IX

Cupressus sempervirens Linn.

Cupressusaustralis Leafytwigsandunripecone

HPI-IX

Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Aftimoon Wholeplant UPI-III

Cymbopogon citratus(DC)Stapf.

Kattrna Wholeplant API-V

Cymbopogon flexuosus Stapf.

LemonGrassoil,Gandhatrina,Nimbughastail

Steamdistillationoftheleaves

IP-2014

Cymbopogon martinii(Roxb.)Wats

Rohisa Wholeplant API-V

Izkhar Wholeplant UPI-V

Cynara scolymusLinn. Cynarascolymus Wholeplant HPI-IX

Cynodon dactylon(L.)Pers. Durva Wholeplant API-IV

Cynodondactylon Wholeplant HPI-II

Cytisus laburnumLinn. Cytisuslaburnum Flowerandyoungleaf

HPI-IX

Datisca cannabinaLinn. Datiscacannabina Aerialpartswhileflowering

HPI-VIII

Datura metelL.;D. metel var. fastuosa Safford

Dhattura Wholeplant API-IV

Daturaherba,Daturaherb Driedleavesandfloweringparts.

IP-66

Datura stramonium L. Stramonium Driedleavesandfloweringtops.

IP-66

Stramonium Wholeplant HPI-II




Reference

Dendrophthoe falcata(L.f.)Ettingshsyn.Loranthus longiflorus Desr.

Vanda Leaf API-V

Desmodium gangeticumDC. Salaparni Wholeplant API-VI

Digitalis purpureaLinn. Digitalispurpurea LeafoftheSecondYear’sgrowth

HPI-I&VII

Draba vernaLinn. Drabaverna Wholeplant HPI-IX

Drosera rotundifoliaLinn. Droserarotundifolia Wholeplant HPI-I&IX

Duboisia myoporoidesR.Br. Duboisismyoporoides Leaf HPI-V

Echinacea purpurea (Linn.)Moench.

Echinaceapurpurea Wholeplant HPI-IX

Echinocactus williamsiiLem. Anahaloniumlewini Wholeplant HPI-VI

Eclipta alba(L.)Hassk. Bhrngaraja Wholeplant API-II

Bhringraj,Ecliptaalba

Driedwholeplant

IP-2014

Ecliptaalba Wholeplant HPI-IX

Bhangra Wholeplant UPI-IV

Eclipta prostrate L. Karicalankanniccamulam Wholeplant SPI-II

Eichhornia crassipes(Mart.)Solms.

Eichhorniacrassipes Wholeplant HPI-VIII

Enchinacea angustifoliaDC. Enchinaceaangustifolia Wholeplant HPI-I

Enicostemma axillare(Lam.)A.Raynal

Nahi Wholeplant API-VI

Vellarukuccamulam Wholeplant SPI-II

Epiphagus virginiana (Linn.)Bart.

Epiphagusvirginiana Wholeplant HPI-V

Equisetum hyemaleLinn. Equisetumhvemale Wholeplant HPI-II

Erechthites hieracifoliaLinn. Erechthites Wholeplant HPI-VI

Eridictyon glutinosumBenth. Eriodictyonglutinosum Leaf HPI-III

Erigeron canadensis Linn. Erigeroncanadense Wholeplant HPI-IV

Erodium cicutarium (L.)L’Her.

Erodiumcicuarium Wholeplant HPI-VIII

Erythroxylum cocaLamarck. Coca Leaf HPI-II




Reference

Eschscholtzia californica Charm.

Eschscholtziacalifornica Wholeplant HPI-VIII

Eucalyptus globulousLobill.,E. fruticetorum, F. vonMill.,E. Smithii(R.T.Baker)Muell.

Eucalyptusoil,Nilgirioil Freshleaves,freshterminalbranches

IP2014

Eucalyptus globulusLab. Eucalyptusglobulus Leaf HPI-II

Tailaparna Leaf API-V

Eupatorium ayapanaVent;E. triplinerveVahl

Ayapana,Ayapan Driedleaves IP-66

Eupatorium perfoliatumLinn. Eupatoriumperfoliatum Leaf HPI-I

Euphorbia cyparissiasLinn. Euphorbiacyparissias Wholeplant HPI-VIII

Euphorbia dracunculoides(Lam)

Saptala Wholeplant API-II

Euphorbia hirta L. Brhatdugdhika Wholeplant API-VI

Euphorbia prostrataW.Ait. Doodhikhurd Wholeplant UPI-V

Euphorbia royleanaBioss. Zaqoom Leaves UPI-III

Euphorbia thymifolia L. Dugdhika Wholeplant API-V

Euphrasia officinalisLinn. Euphrasiaofficinalis Wholeplant HPI-I

Fabiana imbricataRuiz.&Pav.

Fabianaimbricata Leafytwig HPI-IX

Fagonia cretica L. Dhanvayasah Wholeplant API-V

Shukai Wholeplant UPI-V

Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.

Fagopyrumesculentum Wholeplant HPI-IV,VII

Ferula jaeschkeana Vatke Hingupatri Leaf API-V

Filipendula ulmaria (L.)Maxim.

Filipendulaulmaria Shootwithflower

HPI-VIII

Flacourtia indicaMerr. Sruvavrksa Leaf API-IV

Fucus vesiculosusLinn. Fucusvesiculosus Wholeplant HPI-III,IX

Fumaria parvifloraLam. Parpata Wholeplant API-IV

Shahtara Wholeplant UPI-VI

Galega officinalisLinn. Galegaofficinalis Wholeplant HPI-VIII

Galphimia glaucaCav. Galphimiaglauca DriedLeafandblossoms

HPI-IX




Reference

Gaultheria procumbensLinn. Gaultheriaprocumbans Leaf HPI-V

Genista tinctoria Linn. Gentianacruciata Wholeplant HPI-V

Ginkgo bilobaLinn. Gingkobiloba Freshleaf HPI-VII

Gisekia pharnaceoides L. Valukasaka Leaf API-VI

Glinus lotoides L. Usandi Wholeplant API-VI

Ciruceruppataiccamulam Wholeplant SPI-II

Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.)Corroa.

Atistaindica Leaf HPI-VII

Gnaphalium polycephalum Michx.

Gnaphaliumpolycephalum Wholeplant HPI-IV

Gratiola officinalisLinn. Gratiolaofficinalis Wholeplant HPI-V

Grindelia comporumGreen Grindeliarobusta Leafandfloweringtop

HPI-III,IX

Gymnema sylvestreR.Br.Syn.Asclepias geminata Roxb.,Periploca sylvestre Retz

Gudmar,Gymnemasylvestre

Driedmatureleaves

IP-2014

Mesasrngi Leaf API-V

Gymnemasylvestris Leaf HPI-I

GurmarButi Leaf UPI-II

Haplopappus baylahuen Remy.

Haplopappusbaylahven Leaf HPI-VIII

Haronga madagascariensis Choisy

Harunganamadagascariensis

Leafandstembark

HPI-VIII

Helianthemum canadense Mich.

Cistuscanadensis Wholeplant HPI-IV

Heliotropium indicum L. Hastisundi Driedarealpart

API-VI

Heracleum sphondylimLinn. Brancaursina Wholeplant HPI-V

Herniaria glabraLinn. Hernlniriaglabra Wholeplant HPI-VIII

Hippomane mancinellaLinn. Mancinella Leaf,barkandfruit

HPI-V

Hordeum vulgare L. Yava Wholeplant API-IV

Hyoscyamus muticusL.;H. niger L.

Hyoscyamus Driedleavesandflowingtops

IP-66




Reference

Hyoscyamus nigerLinn. Hyoscyamusniger Wholeplant(2ndyeargrowth)

HPI-I

Hypericum perforatumLinn. Hypericumperforatum Wholeplant HPI-I,VIII

Ilex aquifoliumLinn. Ilexaquifolium Leafandfruit HPI-VIII

Ilex paraguayensis St.Hilaire.

Ilexparaguayensis Leaf HPI-VII

Indigofera tinctoria L. Nili Leaf API-II

Nili Wholeplant API-III

Avuri Wholeplant SPI-I

Jasminum officinale L. Jati Leaf API-III

Chanbeli Leaf UPI-IV

Juglans regiaLinn. Juglansregia Leafandgreenunripefruit

HPI-IV

Juniperus sabinaLinn. Sabina StemandLeaf

HPI-I

Justicia adhatoda L. Atatotaiilai Leaf SPI-I

Kalmia latifoliaLinn. Kalmialatifolia Leaf HPI-IV

Lachnanthes tinctoria Ell. Lachinanthestinctoria Wholeplant HPI-IV

Lactuca virosaLinn. Lactuca Wholeplant HPI-VII

Lamium album Linn. Lamiumalbum Leafandflower

HPI-VII

Larrea mexicanaMoric. Larreamexicana Leafandyoungbranch

HPI-VIII

Lawsonia inermisL.Syn.Lawsonia albaLam.

Madayanti Leaf API-IV

Hina Leaf UPI-II

Ledum palustreLinn. Ledumpalustre Wholeplant HPI-I

Lemna minorLinn. Lemnaminor Wholeplant HPI-IV

Leonuorus cardiacaLinn. Leonoruscardiaca Wholeplant HPI-VIII

Lespedeza capitata Michx. Lespedezacafitata Wholeplant HPI-IX

Lespedeza sieboldiiMiq. Lespedezasieboldii Aerialpart HPI-IX

Leucas aspera Sprang. Leucasaspera Wholeplant HPI-VI,VIII




Reference

Leucas cephalotesSpreng. Dronapuspi Wholeplant API-II

Lillium tigrinumKer-Gawl. Liliumtigrinum Wholeplant HPI-V,IX

Linaria vulgarisMill. Linariavulgaris Wholeplant HPI-VI

Lobaria pulmonaria (Linn.)Haffm.

Stictapulmonaria Wholeplant HPI-IV

Lobelia cardinalisLinn. Lobeliacardinalis Wholeplant HPI-V

Lobelia inflataLinn. Lobeliainflata Wholeplantexcludingroot

HPI-II

Lobelia nicotianaefolia Heyne.

Lobelia Driedaerialparts

IP-66

Lobelia syphiliticaLinn. Lobeliasyphilitica Wholeplant HPI-VI

Loeselia coccineaG.Don Hoitziacoccinea Wholeplant HPI-VIII

Luffa acutangula (L.)Roxb. Kosataki Wholeplant API-III

Luffa echinataRoxb. Luffabindal Wholeplantwithfruit

HPI-VI

Lycium barbarum L. Kantakigulma Aerialpart API-VI

Lycopersicum esculentum Milli.

Lycopersicumesculentum Wholeplant HPI-V

Lycopus virginicusLinn. Lycopusvirgnicus Wholeplant HPI-IV

Medicago sativaLinn. Alfalfa Wholeplantexcludingroots

HPI-II

Melia azedarach L. Bakayin Driedleaves UPI-III

Mentha arvensisLinn. Menthaarvensis Leaf HPI-IX

Mentha piperitaLinn. Menthapiperita Wholeplant,excludingroot

HPI-II

Mentha spicataLinn. Menthaviridis Wholeplant HPI-IX

Mentha spp. Menthaoil Steamdistillationofmentha

IP-2014

Mentha viridis L. Pudinah Aerialpart API-V

Nanapudina) Aerialpart UPI-V

Menyanthes trifoliateLinn. Menvanthestrifoliata Wholeplant HPI-II,VIII

Mercurialis perennisLinn. Mercurialisperennis Wholeplant HPI-IV,VII




Reference

Merremia tridentata (L.)Hall.f. Matsyapatrika Wholeplant API-VI

Mikania amara Willd. Guaco Leaf HPI-VII

Mimosa pudica L. Lajjalu Wholeplant API-II

Mitchella repensLinn. Mitchellarepens Wholeplant HPI-VI

Mollugo cervianaSeringe Parpatakam Wholeplant SPI-II

Grismachatraka Wholeplant API-VI

Moringa oleiferaLam. Sehjana Leaf UPI-V

Sigru Leaf API-II

Moringaoleifera Wholeplant HPI-IX

Murraya koenigii(L.)Spreng Saurabhanimba Leaf API-VI

Myrrhis odorata(L.)Scop. Myrrhisodorata Wholeplantexcludingroot

HPI-VIII

Myrtilocactus geometrizans Console

Myrtillocactusgeometrizans Shoot HPI-VIII

Myrtus communisLinn. Myrtuscommunis Wholeplantexcludingroot

HPI-IV,VII

Narcissus pseudo narcissus Linn.

Narcissuspseudonarcissus Wholeplant HPI-VI

Nasturtium officinaleR.Br. Nasturtiumofficinale Aerialpart HPI-VIII

Nepeta hindostanaRoth.)HainesSyn.N. ruderalis Hook.f.

Badranjboya Leaf UPI-II

Nerium indicumMill. Karavira Leaf API-I

Kaner Driedleaves UPI-I

Nerium oleander Linn. Oleander Leaf HPI-III,VII

Nicotiana tabacum Linn. Tabacum Leaf HPI-I

Nyctanthes arbortristisLinn. Nyctanthesarbortristis Leaf HPI-III,VII

Ocimum basilicum L. Basiloil(MethylChavicolType),Tulsikatail

Steamdistillationofpartofplant(leaves&floweringtops)

IP-2014

Ocimumbasilicum Aerialpart HPI-IX




Reference

Ocimum canum Sins. Ocimumcanum Leaf HPI-XI

Ocimum gratissimumLinn. Ocimumgratissimum Wholeplant HPI-VI

Ocimum sanctum L. Tulasi Leaf API-II

Rehan Leaf UPI-V

Tulasi Wholeplant API-II

Rehan Wholeplant UPI-V

TulasiBasil;Ocimumsanctum

Leaves IP-2014

Ocimumsanctum Wholeplantexcludingroot

HPI-I

Ocimum tenuiflorum L. Tulaciilai Leaf SPI-II

Oldenlandia corymbusaLinn. Oldenlandiaherbacea Wholeplant HPI-VII

Onosma bracteatumWall. Gojihva Aerialpart API-III

Goazaban DriedLeaf UPI-V

Opuntia vulgarisMill. Opunita Wholeplantexcludingroot

HPI-VI

Origanum vulgare Linn. Origanumvulgare Wholeplantwithflower

HPI-VII

Ornithogalum umbellatum Linn.

Ornithogalumumbellatum Wholeplant HPI-IX

Oxalis acetosellaLinn. Oxalisacetosella Aerialparts HPI-VIII

Oxalis corniculata L. Cangeri Wholeplant API-III

Puliyarai Wholeplant SPI-II

Oxytropis lambertiPursh. Oxytropis Wholeplantexcludingroot

HPI-VI

Paederia foetida L. Prasarini Wholeplant API-II

Paris quadrifoliaLinn. Parisquadrifolia Wholeplant HPI-IV

Paronychia illecebroides Webb.

Paronichiaillecebrum Wholeplant HPI-VIII

Parthenium hysterophorous Linn.

Parthenium Wholeplant HPI-VII

Passiflora incarnata Linn. Passifloraincanata Leaf HPI-II

Pavonia odorata Willd. Gandhasipha Wholeplant API-VI




Reference

Pennisetum typhoides (Burm)Stapf&C.E.Hubb.

Vajranna Leafbase API-VI

Penthorum sedoidesLinn. Penthorumsedoides Wholeplant HPI-VII

Pergularia daemia(Forsk)Chiov.

Visanika Wholeplant API-VI

Petasites fragransPresl. Tussilagofragrans Wholeplant HPI-VI

Petasites japonicusF.Schm. Tussiilagopetasites Wholeplant HPI-V

Petasites officinalisMoench. Petasiteshybridus Aerialpart HPI-VIII

Peteroselinum cripsum(Mill)Mym.

Petroselinumsativum Wholeplant HPI-IV

Peumus boldusMolin. Boldo Leaf HPI-VI

Phyla nodiflora(L.)Greene Jalapippali Wholeplant API-V

Potutalai Wholeplant SPI-I

Phyllanthus amarusSchum.&Thom.

Bhuiamla,Phyllanthusamarus

Driedaerialparts

IP-2014

Kilkkainelliccamulam Wholeplant SPI-I

Phyllanthus fraternusWebst. Tamalaki RootStem&Leaf

API-I

Pilocaprus jaborandiHolmes. Jaborandi Leaf HPI-II

Pilocarpus microphyllus StapfandotherspeciesofPilocarpus

Pilocarpininitras,pilocarpinenitrate

Leaves IP-55

Pinus sylvestrisLinn. Pinussylvestris Youngshoot HPI-V

Piper betle L. Nagavalli Leaf API-III

Verrilai Leaf SPI-II

Tambol Leaf UPI-VI

Pistacia chinensis Burgo. Karkatasrngi Leaf API-I

Pistia stratiotes L. Jalakumbhi Wholeplant API-VI

Plantago lanceolata L. Vanya-asvagola Leaf API-VI

Plantago major Linn. Plantagomajor Wholeplant HPI-II

Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.)spreng

Karpuravalliilai Leaf SPI-II

Pluchea lanceolata(DC.)Oliv.&Hiern

Rasna Leaf API-III




Reference

Polygonum punctatum Ell. Polygonumpunetatum Wholeplant HPI-IV

Pongamia pinnataL.Pierre. Karanj Leaf UPI-IV

Karanja Leaf API-II

Portulaca oleracea L. Kozuppa Wholeplant API-II

Khurfa Wholeplant UPI-IV

Potentilla anserineLinn. Potentillaanserine Aerialpart HPI-VIII

Prenanthes serpentaria Pursh.

Nabalusserpentaria Wholeplant HPI-VII

Prosopis cinerariaDruce Sami Leaf API-VI

Vanniilai Leaf SPI-II

Prunus laurocerasus Linn. Laurocerasus Leaf HPI-IV,VIII

Prunus padusLinn. Prunuspadus Leafandbark HPI-V

Pulsatilla nigricansLinn. Pulsatillanigricans Wholeplant HPI-I

Punica granatum L. Dadima Leaf API-IV

Anar Leaf UPI-II

Ramunculus repensLinn. Ranunculusrepens Wholeplant HPI-VIII

Ranunculos bulbosusLinn. Ranunculusbulbosus Wholeplant HPI-IV,VIII

Ranunculus acrisLinn. Ranunculusacris Wholeplant HPI-V

Ranunculus sceleratusLinn. Ranunculusscleratus Wholeplantexcludingroot

HPI-IV

Raphanus sativus L. Mulaka Wholeplant API-II

Rhododendron chrysanthum Pall.

Rhododendronchrysanthum Leafandflowerbud

HPI-II

Rhus parvifloraRoxb. Tintidika Aerialpart API-V

Rhus toxicodendron Mich. Rhustoxicodendron Leaf HPI-I,IX

Rhus venenataDC. Rhusvenenata Stemandleaf HPI-II

Ricinus communis L. Eranda Freshleaf API-III

Rumex acetosaLinn. Rumexacetosa Leaf HPI-VIII

Ruta graveolens L. Barg-e-Sudab Leaf UPI-VI

Rutagraveolens Wholeplant HPI-I

Salix alba L. SvetaVetasa Leaf API-VI




Reference

Salvadora persica L. Pilu Leaf API-V

Pilu Leaf UPI-V

Salvia officinalisLinn. Salviaofficinalis Leafandflower

HPI-VI

Sambucus nigraLinn. Sambucusnigra Leafandflower

HPI-II

Santolina chamaecyparissus Linn.

Santolinachamaecyparissus Wholeplant HPI-IX

Sarracenia purpurea Linn. Sarraceniapurpurea Wholeplant HPI-IV

Scrophularia nodosaLinn. Scrophularianodosa Wholeplant HPI-VI

Scutellaraia laterifloraLinn. Scutellaria Wholeplantexcludingroot

HPI-III

Sedum acreLinn. Sedumacre Wholeplant HPI-VI

Sempervivum tectorumLinn. Sempervivumtectorum Leaf HPI-VI

Senecio aureusLinn. Senecioaureus Wholeplant HPI-II

Senecio cinerariaDC. Cinerariamaritima Wholeplant HPI-V

Sesbania sesban(L.)Merr. Jayanti Leaf API-II

Karuncempaiilai Leaf SPI-I

Siegesbeckia orientalisLinn. Siegesbeckiaorientalis Wholeplant HPI-IX

Silphium laciniatumLinn. Silphinumlaciniatum Wholeplant HPI-VI

Solanum anguiviLam. Brhati Wholeplant API-VI

Solanum carolinenseLinn. Solanumcarolinense Wholeplant HPI-V

Solanum dulcamaraLinn. Dulcamara Wholeplant HPI-I

Solanum nigrum L. Kakamaci Wholeplant API-II

Mako Wholeplant UPI-IV

Solanumnigrum Wholeplantwithfruitincludingroot

HPI-II

Solanum surattenseBurm.f.Syn.Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad.&Wendl.

Kantakari Wholeplant API-I

Kantankattiriccamulam Wholeplant SPI-I

Katai Shoot UPI-II

Solanumxanthocarpum Wholeplant HPI-VI




Reference

Sphaeranthus indicus L. Munditika Leaf API-III

Munditika Wholeplant API-IV

Spigelia marllandicaLinn. Sparteinumsulphuricum Wholeplant HPI-VI

Stachys officinalisFranch. Stachysofficinalis Wholeplantexcludingroot

HPI-VIII

Stellaria media (Linn.)Vill. Stellariamedia Wholeplant HPI-IX

Swertia chirata Buch.Ham. Chiraita Driedwholeplant

UPI-I

Kiratatikta Wholeplant API-I

Swertiachirata Wholeplantexcludingroot

HPI-VI,VIII

Tancetum vulgareLinn. Tanacetumvulgare Leafandfloweringtwig

HPI-V

Taraxacum officinaleWeber Taraxacum Wholeplant HPI-III

Taxus baccata L. Sthauneya Leaf API-III

Taxus wallichianaZucc. Talicappattiri Leaf SPI-II

Teramnus labialisSpreng. Masaparni Wholeplant API-III

Teucrium marum Linn. Teucrummarumverum Wholeplant HPI-IV

Teucrium scorodoniaLinn. Teucriumscorodonia Aerialpart HPI-VIII

Thuja occidentalisLinn. Thujaoccidentalis Leafandtwig HPI-I

Thymus serphyllumLinn. Thymusserpyllum Wholeplant HPI-VII

Thymus vulgarisLinn. Thymusvulgaris Wholeplant HPI-VIII

Toddalia asiatica(L.)Lam. Katugulma Wholeplant API-VI

Tragia involucrata L. Vrscikalli Wholeplant API-IV

Trianthema decandra L. Laghupatra-Varsabhu Wholeplant API-VI

Trianthema portulacastrum L. Penarnava,Penarnaba Leaves,freshdriedplant

IPL

Tribulus terrertris L. Neruncilcamulam Wholeplant SPI-II

Goksura Wholeplant API-VI

Tribulusterrestris Wholeplant HPI-I




Reference

Turnera diffusaWilldvar.aphrodisiacaVrb.

Damiana Wholeplant HPI-V&VII

Tussilago farfaraLinn. Tussilagofarfara Wholeplant HPI-IV

Tylophora indicaBurn.(Merill)

Tylophoraindica Leaf HPI-VI

Uraria pictaDesv. Prsniparni Wholeplant API-IV

UrticaurensLinn. Urticaurens Wholeplant HPI-IV

Usnea barbataHeffm. Usneabarbata Wholeplant HPI-V

Verbascum thapsusLinn. Verbascumthaspus Wholeplant HPI-II

Verbena officinalisLinn. Verbenaofficinalis Wholeplant HPI-VI

Vernonia cinereaLees. Sahadevi Wholeplant API-III

Vigna trilobata(L.)Verdc. Mudgaparni Wholeplant API-IV

Vinca minorLinn. Vincaminor Wholeplant HPI-IV

Vincetoxicum hirudinaria Medic.

Vincetoxicumhirudinaria Leaf HPI-VIII

Viola odorata Linn. Violaodroata Wholeplant HPI-IV

Viola pilosaBlume. Banafsha Driedleaves UPI-III

Banafsha Driedwholeplant

UPI-III

Viola tricolorLinn. Violatricolor Wholeplant HPI-IV

Viscum albumLinn. Viscusalbum Leafandfruit HPI-II

Vitex negundo L. Sambhalu Driedleaf UPI-V

Nirgundi Leaf API-III

Nocciilai Leaf SPI-II

Wedelia calendulaceaLees. Kesaraja Wholeplant API-VI

Wedelia chinensisMerril Porralaikaiyantakarai Aerialparts SPI-II

Xanthium spinosum Linn. Xanthiumsfinosum Wholeplant HPI-IX

Yucca filamentosaLinn. Yuceafilamentosa Root,leafandflower

HPI-V


2. Monographic Review –The Indianwork pertinent to pharmacognosticalcharacteristics of leaf drugs published in the formof books,monographsetc.areenumeratedinTable-2.

Table 2:PharmacognosticworkonleafdrugsinIndianmonographicandbookreferences

Botanical Name (as specified in references/literature)

Name of the drug Morphological Part specified as drug

Reference

Abelmoschus moschatus Medic.

Mushkdana Leaf SSDUM-V

Abies spectabilis(D.Don)Mirb.syn.A. webbianaLindl.

Talisapatra Leaf MPLD-IITalisa Leaf QSIMP-VIII

Abrus precatoriusLinn. Gunja Leaf MPLD-IIAcacia nilotica(Linn.)Del. Babool Leaf SSDUM-IVAcacia pennata(Linn.)Willd.syn.Mimosa pennataLinn.

Adari Leaf QSIMP-XI

Acalypha indicaLinn. Dadaro Leaf PILDHaritamanjari Wholeplant QSIMP-XII

Acanthus ilicifoliusLinn. Attumulli(Tamil) Leaf QSIMP-VIAchillea millefoliumLinn. Biranjasifa Leaf MPLD-II

Biravijasipha Aerialparts QSIMP-VAchyranthes asperaLinn.syn.A. canescensR.Br.; A. argenteaDecne;A. grandifoliaMoq.;A. obovataPeter.;A. repensLinn.

Khar-e-vasgona Stem,Leaf SSDUM-IVApamarga WholePlant PAD-VIApamarga Wholeplant QSIMP-IXApang WholePlant IHP

Achyranthes bidentataBlume CeauradanadaApamarga Wholeplant QSIMP-XIAcronychia pedunculata (Linn.)Miq.

Ankenda Leaf MPLD-II

Adhatoda beddomei C.B.Clarke

Vasa Stem,Leaf PID-IIVasa Leaf QSIMP-III

Adhatoda vasicaNees Aroosa Leaf SSDUM-IVVasaka Leaf PILD

Adhatoda zeylanicaMedik.syn.A. vasicaNees;Justicia adhatodaLinn.

Vasa Stem,Leaf PID-IIArusa Leaves IHPVasa Leaf MPLD-IIVasa Leaf QSIMP-XI

Adiantum capillus-veneris Linn.

Parsiaoshan Leaf SSDUM-II

Adiantum lunulatumBurm.f.syn.A. philippenseLinn.

Hamsapadi Wholeplant QSIMP-XIV

Adiantumcapillus-venerisLinn. Bijapatra Wholeplant QSIMP-XIIAegle marmelos(L.)Corr. Bel Root,Stem,

Leaf,Fruit,Seed

MPWG

Barg-e-Bel Leaf SSDUM-IIAerrva lanataLinn. Goraksaganja Leaf MPLD-II

Bhadra WholePlant PAD-VIPasanabheda Wholeplant QSIMP-III

Agave americanaLinn. Banskeora(Hin) Leaf QSIMP-V




Reference

Ailanthus excelsaRoxb. Araluka Bark,Leaf PID-IAralu Leaf MPLD-II

Alangium salvifolium(Linn.f.)Wang.var. salvifoliumsyn.A. lamarckiiThw.

Ankot Stembark&Leaf

PAD-XI

Vanirota Leaf QSIMP-V

Alhagi pseudalhagi(M.Bieb.)Desv.syn. A. camelorumFisch.exDC.;A. maurorum sensuBaker,nonDesv.

Jawansa Stem,Leaf SSDUM-VYavasa Wholeplant QSIMP-VII

Allium cepaLinn. Onion Leaf PILDAllium sativum Linn. Lahsan/Garlic Leaf PILDAloe vera(Linn.)Burm.f.syn.A. barbadensisMill.; A. perfoliataLinn.

Ghikanwar JuiceofLeaves

IHP

Sibr Driedleaves SSDUM-IIBarg-e-Gheekwar Leaf SSDUM-IIKumara Leaf,Fresh

gel,Driedjuice

QSIMP-IX

Alternanthera sessilis(Linn.)R.Br.exDC.syn. A. nodifloraR.Br.

Matsyaksi Wholeplant QSIMP-V

AmaranthustricolorLinn.syn.A. gangeticusLinn.;A. mangostanusLinn.;A. polygamoussensuHook.f.p.p.,nonLinn.;A. tristisLinn.

Ramsitalika Wholeplant QSIMP-XII

Ammannia bacciferaLinn.syn.A. salicifoliasensuClarke

Dadmari Leaf QSIMP-VIII

Andrographis paniculata(Burm.f.)Wall.exNeessyn.A. subspathulataC.B.Clarke;Justicia paniculataBurm.f.

Mahatita ArialPart IHPKalmegh ArialParts,

LeafQASIMP

Kalmegh ArialParts,Leaf

QASIMP

Kalmegh Leaf PILDCoraka Aerialparts QSIMP-VIII

Anisomeles malabarica(Linn.)R.Br.exSims

Sprkka Aerialparts QSIMP-VI

Anogeissus latifoliaWall. Dhava Stem,Leaf PID-IApium graveolensLinn. Kharaphsa Wholeplant QSIMP-XIIIArgemonemexicanaLinn. Swarnashiri Root,Stem&

LeafPAD-XI

Svarnaksiri Wholeplant QSIMP-XII




Reference

Argyreia nervosa(Burm.f.)Bojersyn.A. speciosa(Linn.f.)Sweet

Vriddhadaruka Root,Stem,Leaf

PID-II

Vrddhadaruka Leaf QSIMP-VVrddhadaru Leaf MPLD-II

Aristolochia bracteolataLamk.syn.A. bracteataRetz.

Kitamari Leaf QSIMP-V

Aristolochia indicaLinn. Isvari Leaf QSIMP-XIV

Artemisia absinthiumLinn. Barg-e-Afsanteen Leaf SSDUM-IIArtemisia annuaLinn. Quinghaq(Chinese) Wholeplant QSIMP-IArtemisia vulgarisLinn. Biranjasif Stem,Leaf,

FlowerSSDUM-II

Asclepias curassavicaLinn. Kakatundi Leaf PID-IKakanasa Wholeplant QSIMP-VII

Atropa acuminataRoyleexLindl.

Suci Leaf MPLD-IIIndianBelladonna Leaf PILD

Atropa belladonnaLinn. Suci Leaf QSIMP-XIIIAzadirachta indicaA.Juss.syn.Melia azadirachtaLinn.

Barg-e-Neem Leaf SSDUM-IINimba Leaf MPLD-IINeem Leaf PILD

Leaf QSIMP-XIBacopa monnieri(Linn.)Pennellsyn.Herpestis monnieria(Linn.)H.B.&K.;Lysimachia monnieriLinn.

Herpestis Leaf PILDBrahmi Stem,Root,

LeafMPWG

Brahmi WholePlant QASIMPBrahmi Stem,Root,

LeafPAD-XII

Brahmi WholePlant IHPBrahmi Leaf MPLD-IIPriyala Wholeplant QSIMP-VIII

Baliospermum montanum(Willd.)Muell.-Arg.syn.Jatropha montanaWilld.;Baliospermum axillareBlume

Danti Stem,Root,Leaf

MPWG

Danti Stem,Leaf,Root-Stock

PID-I

Danti Leaf QSIMP-XIIIBambusa bambos(Linn.)Vosssyn.B. arundinacea(Retz.)Willd.;B. orientalisNees

Vamsa Tendershoot QSIMP-XIII

Barleria prionitisLinn. Sairayak Wholeplant QSIMP-IVBarringtonia acutangula Gaertn.

Nicula Leaf,Bark,Fruit,Root

PID-III

Barringtonia recemosa (Linn.)Roxb.

Samudraphala Leaf,Bark,Friut

PID-III

Basella albaLinn.var.albasyn.B. rubrasensuHook.f.,p.p.

Upodika Leaf QSIMP-V




Reference

Bauhinia vahliiWight&Arn.syn.Phanera vahlii (Wight&Arn.)Benth.

- Fresh&DriedLeaf

QSIMP-XIII

Beta vulgarisLinn.var.ciclaMoq.

Palankya Leaf PID-II

Biophytum reinwardtiiEdgw.&Hk.f.

Lajjalu WholePlant PAD-VI

Biophytum sensitivum DC. Lajjalu WholePlant PAD-VIBlumea lacera(Burm.f.)DC.syn.B. subcapitataDC.

Kukundara Root,Stem,Leaf,Flower

PID-III

Kumundara Wholeplant QSIMP-VIBoerhavia diffusaLinn.syn.B. repensLinn.var.procumbensHook.f.;B. procumbensBanksexRoxb.

Punarnava Leaf PILDGadapurna WholePlant IHPPunarnava Wholeplant QSIMP-IX

Borago officinalisLinn. Gaozaban Leaf SSDUM-IBorrerio hispida (Linn.)K.Schum

Vasuka Root,StemLeaf

PAD-XII

Calotropis gigantea(Linn.)R.Br.

Arka Root,Leaf PID-I

Alarka Leaf MPLD-IICalotropis procera(Ait.)Ait.f.ssp.hamiltonii(Wight)Alisyn.C. proceraauct.non(Ait.)Ait.f.

Barg-e-Madar Leaf SSDUM-IIArka Leaf MPLD-IIArka Root,Leaf PID-IArka Leaf,Flower QSIMP-V

Camellia sinensis(Linn.)Kuntze

Tea Leaf PILDTheaChinensis Leaf SHD-IChaha Leaf MPLD-II

Cannabis sativaLinn. Qinnab Leaf SSDUM-IVBhang Leaf PILDBhanga Leaf MPLD-IIBhanga Leaf QSIMP-IV

Capparis sepiariaLinn. Himsra Leaf,Stem,Root

PID-III

Capparis zeylanicaLinn. Vyagranakhee Root,Stem PID-IICardiospermum halicacabum L.

CardiospermumHalicacabum

Leaf,Stem SHD-IV

Indravalli WholePlant PAD-VIKakadani Wholeplant QSIMP-VIKarnasphota Leaf MPLD-II

Carthamus tinctoriusLinn. Kusumbha Leaf QSIMP-XICassia angustifoliaVahl. Swarnapatr1 Leaf MPLD-II

Sana Leaf SSDUM-VSenna Leaf PILD

Cassia fistulaLinn. Barg-e-Amaltas Leaf SSDUM-IIAragvadha Root,Stem,

Leaf,FruitPID-I




Reference

Cassia obtusifoliaLinn. Chakramarda Root,Stem,Leaf

PID-I

Cassia occidentalisLinn. Kasamarda Leaf MPLD-IIKasamarda Root,Stem

LeafPID-I

Kasamarda Leaflet,Seed QSIMP-ICassia sennaLinn.var.sennasyn.C. angustifoliaVahl

Swarna-Patri Leaf PID-IIISvarnpatri Leaflet,Pod QSIMP-I

Cassia sopheraLinn. Kasamardabhed Leaf MPLD-IICassia toraLinn. Chakramarda Leaf MPLD-IICatharanthus roseus(Linn.)G.Donsyn.Vinca roseaLinn.;Lochnera rosea(Linn.)Reichb.

Sadapuspa Leaf MPLD-IISadapuspi Leaf QSIMP-II

Celastrus paniculatusWilld. Malkangani Stem,Root,Leaf,Seed

MPWG

Centella asiatica(Linn.)Urbansyn.C. coriaceaNannf.;Hydrocotyle asiaticaLinn.;H. lanataLinn.; H. wightianaWilld.

Brahmi Leaf PILDMandukaparni Leaf MPLD-IIAranyayiraka Wholeplant QSIMP-VIIIBrahma-Manduki ArialPart IHP

Cephalandra indicaCong. CephalandraIndica Leaf SHD-IVChenopodium ambrosioidesLinn.

Sugandhavastuka Wholeplant QSIMP-X

Chrysanthemum indicumLinn. Guladaudi Leaf QSIMP-XICicer arietinum Linn. Chanaka Leaf,Fruit,

SeedPID-I

Cichorium intybus Linn. Barg-e-Kasni Leaf SSDUM-IIKasani Leaf QSIMP-XIII

Cinnamomum camphora (Linn.)Sieb.

Karpura Leaf MPLD-IIKarpura Leaf,Stem

barkQSIMP-III

Cinnamomum malabatrum Reinw.

Tamalpatrabhed(III) Leaf MPLD-II

Cinnamomum sulphuratum Necs.

Tamalpatrabhed(II) Leaf MPLD-II

Cinnamomum tamala(Buch.-Ham.)Nees&Eberm.

Tamalpatra Leaf MPLD-IITejpat Leaf PILDTamalapatra Leaf QSIMP-III

Cinnamomum zeylanicum Breyn.

Tamalpatrabhed(I) Leaf MPLD-II

Citrullus colocynthis(Linn.)Schrad.syn.Cucumis colocynthisLinn.

Indravaruni Leaf QSIMP-XI

Clerodendron infortunatum Linn.

Bhant Leaf PILDLanghuAgnimantha Leaf QSIMP-XII

Clitoria ternateaLinn. Aparajta Leaf QSIMP-IVAparajita Leaf MPLD-II




Reference

Coccinia grandis(Linn.)Voigt.syn.Cephalandra indicaNaud;Coccinia indica Wight&Arn.;C. cordifolia(Linn.)Cogn.

Bimbi Aerialparts QSIMP-VBimbi Root&Leaf PAD-XI

Coldenia procumbensLinn. Tripakshi Leaf MPLD-IIColebrookea oppositifoliaSmith

Pansra(Hin,Beg.) Leaf QSIMP-V

Commiphora wightii(Arnott)Bhand.

Guggulu Stem,Leaf PID-I

Convolvulus microphyllusSieb.exSpreng.syn.C. pluricaulisChoisy

Sankhapuspi Leaf MPLD-IISankhapuspi Wholeplant QSIMP-II

Cordia dichotama Forst.f. Sapistan Leaf SSDUM-IICoriandrum sativumLinn. KishneezSabz Leaf SSDUM-IIICoscinium fenestratum (Gaertn.)Colebr.

Jhar-I-Haldi Root,Leaf MPWG

Costus pictusD.Don. insulinplant Leaf MPLD-IICrateva magna (Lour.)DC. Barun Root,Leaf MPWGCrateva nurvalaBuch.Ham. Varun Root,Stem,

LeafPID-II

Cuscuta reflexaRoxb. Akasarvalli Wholeplant QSIMP-VCymbopogon citratus(DC.)Stapf.syn.Andropogon citratusDC.

Lemongrass Leaf PILDBhustrina Leaf MPLD-IIKattrna Leaf QSIMP-X

Cymbopogon Jwarancusa JonesSchultz

Izkhar Root,Stemandleaf

SSDUM-III

Cymbopogon martini(Roxb.)W.Wats.

Rohisa Wholeplant QSIMP-XIII

Cymbopogon nardusRendle. Citranellh Leaf PILDCynodon dactylon(Linn.)Pers.

Durva WholePlant PAD-VIAmalaki Wholeplant QSIMP-VIII

Datura fastuosaLinn. BlackDatura Leaf PILDKrishnadatura Leaf MPLD-IIDhattorah Root,Leaf PAD-X

Datura innoxiaLinn. Swetadatura Leaf MPLD-IIDatura metelLinn.syn.D. fastuosaLinn.

Datura Leaf PILDDustura Leaf MPLD-IIDhattura Seed,Leaf QSIMP-VI

Datura stramoniumLinn. ThornApple Leaf PILDKanaka Leaf MPLD-IIDhatura Leaves IHPDhatura Leaf,Seed QSIMP-X

Delonix elataGamble. Sandesaro Leaf MPLD-IIDerrisindica(Lamk.)Bennetsyn.Pongamia glabraVent.;P. pinnata(Linn.)Pierre

Karanja Leaflet QSIMP-XII




Reference

Desmodiumgangeticum(Linn.)DC.syn.D. gangeticum(Linn.)DC.var.maculatum(Linn.)Baker

Salaparni Aerialparts QSIMP-XII

Didymocarpus pedicellatusR.Br.(pedicellata)

Silapuspa Wholeplant QSIMP-V

Digitalis lanataEhrh. Hritpatri Leaf MPLD-IIHritpatri Leaf QSIMP-II

Digitalis purpureaLinn. Hritpatri Leaf PID-IIIFoxglove Leaf PILDFoxglove Leaf MPLD-IIHrtpatu Leaf QSIMP-VI

Eclipta alba(Linn.)Hassk Bhangra Stem&Leaf SSDUM-IIIBhringaraja Leaf MPLD-II

Eclipta prostrata(Linn.)Linn.syn.Verbesina prostrataLinn.;E. alba(Linn.)Hassk.;E. erectaLinn.

Bhangra WholePlant IHPBhrngaraja Wholeplant QSIMP-IX

Elephantopus scaber Linn. Gujihava Root,Leaf PAD-XIIEmbelia ribes Burm.f. Vaividang Stem,Root,

Leaf,FruitMPWG

Emblica officinalisGaertn. Aamla Leaf SSDUM-VEmilia sonchifolia DC. Sasasruti WholePlant PAD-VIEnicostemma hyssopifolium(Willd.)Verd.syn.E. littoraleBlume

Mamjjaka Wholeplant(Rootandvegetativepart)

QSIMP-III

Eupatorium triplinerveVahlsyn.E. ayapanaVent.

Varahikanda Wholeplant QSIMP-XI

Euphorbia hirtaLinn.syn.E. piluliferaauct.nonLinn.

Dudhi Wholeplant SSDUM-IBrhatDugdhika Wholeplant QSIMP-X

Euphorbia prostrataW.Ait. Dugdhikabheda Wholeplant QSIMP-IIEuphorbia thymifoliaLinn. Dudhikhurd Wholeplant SSDUM-I

Dugdhika Wholeplant QSIMP-IIIEvolvulus alsinoides(Linn.)Linn.

Visnukranta Aerialparts QSIMP-IV

Exacum tetragonumRoxb.syn.E. bicolorRoxb.

Avartani Wholeplant QSIMP-VIII

Fagonia indicaBurm.f.syn.F. creticaauct.nonLinn.;F. arabicaauct.nonLinn.

Duralabha Wholeplant QSIMP-IX

Ficus amplissimaSm. Plaksha Stem,Leaf PID-IIFicus benghalensisLinn. Nyagrodhajaya AerialRoot QSIMP-XIIIFrerea indicaDalzell Milkweed WholePlant PNLPFumaria indica(Haussk.)Pugsleysyn.F. parvifloraauct.non.Lam.;F. vaillantii (Loisel.)Hook.f.&Thoms.

Snuhi Wholeplant QSIMP-XI




Reference

GetoniafloribundaRoxb.syn.Calycopteris floribunda(Roxb.)Lamk.exPoir.

Pullani Leaf QSIMP-XII

Ginkgo bilobaLinn. Ginkgo Leaf MPLD-IIGinkgo bilobaLinn. Ginkgo Leaf QSIMP-

XIVGmelina asiatica Linn. Kasmari PAD-IIHeliotropiumindicumLinn. Hastisundi Wholeplant QSIMP-XIIHemidesmus indicus(Linn.)R.Br.

Anantamul Stem,Root,Leaf

MPWG

Anantamul Leaf PID-IHibiscus rosa-sinensisLinn. Japa Root,Stem,

LeafPID-I

Holarrhena pubescens (Buch.Ham.)Wall.exDon

Kurchi Stem,Bark,Root,Leaf

MPWG

Holostemma ada-kodien Schult.

Chirvel Stem,Root,Leaf

MPWG

Hygrophila auriculata(K.Schum.)Heinesyn.Asteracantha longifolia(Linn.)Nees;Hygrophila spinosaT.Anders.;Barleria auriculataK.Schum.

Kokilaksa Wholeplant QSIMP-IX

Hygrophila spinose(Schum.)Hiene

HygrophilaSpinose Leaf,Stem,Root

SHD-IV

Hyoscyamus muticusLinn. IndianHenabane Leaf PILDHyoscyamus niger Linn. Henbane Leaf PILD

Parsikayavani Leaf MPLD-IIHypericum perforatumLinn HypericumPerforatum Leaf,Stem SHD-III

Bassant Aerialparts QSIMP-IIIndigofera tinctoriaLinn. Neeli Leaf MPLD-II

Nili Leaf QSIMP-XIV

Ipomoea pescapraeLinn.Sw.

Vriddhadaruka Root,Stem,Leaf

PID-II

Ipomoea petaloideaChois. Vriddhadaruka Root,Stem,Leaf

PID-II

Jasmimum grandiflorum Linn. Chameli Leaf SSDUM-IVJasminum auriculatumVahl. Jutika Leaf MPLD-II

Yuthika Leaf,Flower QSIMP-VIJasminum grandiflorumLinn.syn.J. officinaleLinn.formagrandiflorum(Linn.)Kobuski

Jati Leaf MPLD-IIJati Leaf QSIMP-VII

Jatropha curcasLinn. Dravanti Root,Stem,Leaf

PID-I




Reference

Juglans regiaLinn. JuglansRegia Leaf,Fruit,Seed

SHD-IV

Juncus effusus Linn. JuncusEffusus Stem,Leaf,Root

SHD-I

Justicia gendarussaBurm. Nila-Nirgundi Stem,Leaf PID-IIKaempferia rotundaLinn. Bhuyichampa Rhizome,

Root,LeafMPWG

Kalanchoe pinnataPers. Parnabija Leaf MPLD-IILactuca sativaLinn. Kahu Leaf SSDUM-VLawsonia inermisLinn.syn.L. albaLamk.

LawsoniaInermis Leaf SHD-IIHina Leaves SSDUM-IMadyantika Leaf QSIMP-IMadayanti Leaf PID-IIMadayantika Leaf MPLD-IIHenna Leaf PILD

Leptadenia reticulata(Retz.)Wight&Am.

J1vanti Leaf MPLD-IIJivanti Leaf,Stem QSIMP-III

Leucas cephalotes(Roth)Spreng.

Dronapuspi Wholeplant QSIMP-II

Leucas plukenetii(Roth)Spreng.syn.L. aspera(Willd.)Link

ChhataHeekusa(Beng&hin)

Aerialparts QSIMP-V

Limonia acidissima Linn. Katbel Stem,Root,Fruit,Seed,Leaf

MPWG

Lippia nodifloraRich. BukunButi Wholeplant SSDUM-IVLobelia nicotianaefoliaLinn. Nala Leaf MPLD-IILochnera rosea(L.)ReichbLinn.

Sadompushpa Stem,Root,Leaf

PAD-XII

Luffa acutangula(Linn.)Roxb.syn.Cucumis acutangulusLinn.

Kosataki Wholeplant QSIMP-IX

Majorana hortensisMoench OriganumMajiorana Leaf,Stem SHD-IIIMarsilea minuta Linn. Sunisannaka Leaf,

SporocarpPID-III

Medicago sativa Linn Alfalfa Leaf,Stem,Flower

SHD-I

Melia azedarach Linn.(=M. sempervirensSw.)

Bakayin Leaf SSDUM-VMahanimba Leaf MPLD-IIMahanim Leaf PILD

Melissa officinalisLinn. Badaranjaboya Leaf MPLD-IIMentha arvensisLinn. Pudinah Leaf PILD

Podina Leaf,stem SSDUM-IIIMentha piperitaLinn.syn.M. nigricansMill.

Pippermint Leaf PILDPepermint Leaf MPLD-II

Leaf QSIMP-IX




Reference

Mentha spicataLinn.syn.M. viridisLinn.

Pudina Leaf MPLD-IIPutiha Leaf QSIMP-IX

Mentha x piperitaLinn. Pudina Leaves IHPMerremiatridentata(Linn.)Hall.f.syn.Ipomoea tridentata(Linn.)Roth

Matsyapatrika Wholeplant QSIMP-XII

Mimosa pudicaLinn. Lajjalu Stem,Root&Leaf

PAD-XI

Lajjalu WholePlant PAD-VISamanga Leaf QSIMP-IX

Mimusops elengiLinn. Bakula Stem,Leaf,Fruit,Seed

PID-I

Momordica charantiaLinn. Karela Leaf PILDMorinda tinctoriaRoxb. Achchhuka Leaf MPLD-IIMoringa concanensisNimoo. Madhushigru Leaf MPLD-IIMoringa oleiferaLamk.syn.M. pterygospermaGaertn.

Sigru Leaf MPLD-IISigru Leaf QSIMP-X

Murraya koenigii(Linn.)Spreng.

Kaidarya-nimba Leaf MPLD-IIKaidarya Root,Stem

Bark,Root,Leaf

PID-I

Kaidarya RootBark,StemBark,Leafrachis

PAD-III

Kaidaranimba Leaflet QSIMP-IMurraya paniculata(L.)Jack Kaidarya Root,Stem

Bark,Root,Leaf

PID-I

Myxopyrum-smilacifolium Blume.

Heimamalati Leaf MPLD-II

Nelumbo nuciferaGaertn. Pundarika Rhizome,Leaf PID-IINepeta hindostana(Roth.)Haines

Badranjboya Leaf SSDUM-V

Nerium indicumMill.syn.N. odorumSoland.

Karavira Root,Stem,Leaf

PID-I

Atnagupta Leaf QSIMP-XIKaravira Leaf MPLD-II

Nervilia aragoanaGaud. Sthalapadma Corm,Leaf MPWGNicotiana tabacumLinn. Tobacco Leaf PILDNyctanthus arbor-tritisLinn. Harsingar Leaf PILD

Parijata Leaf QSIMP-IIIParijata Leaf MPLD-II

Ocimum americanumLinn. OcimumCanum Leaf SHD-IIArjaka Leaf MPLD-II

Ocimum basilicumLinn. Barbari Leaf MPLD-IIBarbari Leaf QSIMP-II

Ocimum gratissimumLinn. Vrdhatulasi Leaf MPLD-IIVrdhatulau Leaf QSIMP-II




Reference

Ocimum kilimandscharicumGuerke

Karpurtihsi Wholeplant QSIMP-IXKarpuratulas1 Leaf MPLD-II

Ocimum sanctumLinn. Sacredbasil Leaf PILDTulasi Leaf MPLD-IITulasi Leaf QSIMP-V

Ocimum tenuiflorum L. Kalatulsi Leaves IHPTulsi Leaf QASIMP

Oenothera biennisLinn Oenothera Leaf,Stem,Root

SHD-IV

Oldenlandia corymbosa Linn. Parpata Root,Stem,Leaf

PAD-XII

Oroxylum indicum(L.)Vent. Sonapatha Stem,Root,Leaf

MPWG

Oxalis corniculata Linn. Cangeri Wholeplant QSIMP-VPaederia scandens(Lour.)Merr.syn.P. foetidaauct.nonLinn.;P. tomentosa Blume

Bacuchi Leaf PILDPrasarini Root,Stem,

LeafPID-II

Bhumyamlaku Wholeplant QSIMP-VIIIPavonia odorataWilld. Kasavisa Wholeplant QSIMP-XIPedalium murexLinn. BrihatGoksura Root,Stem,

Leaf,FruitPID-III

Pelargonium-graveolens Linn.Herit

Geranium Leaf MPLD-II

Pergularia daemia(Forsk.)Chiov.

Uttamarani Root,Stem,Leaf,Fruit,Seed

PID-II

Uthamakanya Root&Leaf PAD-XIPeristrophe paniculata(Forssk.)Brummittsyn.P. bicalyculata(Retz.)Nees

Kakajangha Wholeplant QSIMP-V

Phyla nodiflora(Linn.)Greenesyn.Verbena nodifloraLinn.;Lippia nodiflora(Linn.)A.Rich.

Jalapippali Wholeplant QSIMP-X

Phyllanthus amarusSchum.&Thonn.

Bhuiavla ArialTender IHPBhuiamla ArialPart QASIMPSarala Aerialparts QSIMP-VIII

Phyllanthus fraternusWebst.syn.P. niruriauct.pl.nonLinn.

Tamalaki Wholeplant QSIMP-XIV

Phyllanthus maderaspatensisLinn.

Bhudhairi Wholeplant QSIMP-II

Physalis minima Linn. Tankari Root,StemLeaf

PAD-XII

Piper betle Linn. Pan Leaf PILDTambula Leaf MPLD-IITambilba Leaf QSIMP-VII




Reference

Pluchea lanceolata C.B.Clarke

Rasna Leaf MPLD-IIRasna Leaf QSIMP-IVRasna Root,Root

Stock,Stem,Leaf

PID-II

Plumbago indica Linn. Lalchitra Stem,Root,Leaf

MPWG

Pogostemon patchouliHook.F.nonPelletier

Patchouli Leaf MPLD-II

Pongamia pinnata (L.)Pierre. Karanj Leaf SSDUM-VPortulaca oleraceaLinn. Khurfa Leaf&stem SSDUM-I

Brhatlonika Wholeplant QSIMP-XIIIPremna serratifoliaLinn. Arni Leaf QSIMP-

XIVProsopis cineraria(Linn.)Druce.syn.P. spicigeraLinn.

Sami Leaf QSIMP-XIV

Punica garnatum Linn. Dadima Leaf,Fruit,Bark(Rt.&St.)

PID-III

Dadima Leaf MPLD-IIRaphanussativusLinn. Mulaka Aerialparts QSIMP-XIIRicinus communisLinn. Arand Leaves&Root IHP

Eranda Leaf,Root,Seed

QSIMP-X

Rosmarinus officinalisLinn. Rosemary Leaf MPLD-IIRotula aquaticaLour. Pashanabheda Stem,Root,

LeafMPWG

Rubia cordifoliaLinn. Manjith Stem,Root,Leaf

MPWG

Ruta graveolans\J\nn. Suddaba Leaf MPLD-IISalvadora oleoidesDecne Vrudhpilu Leaf MPLD-IISalvadora persicaLinn.syn.S. wightianaBedd.;S. indicaWight;Galenia asiatica Burm.f.

Pilu Leaf MPLD-IIPilu Leaf QSIMP-VI

Salvia officinalisLinn. Sage Leaf MPLD-IISaraca asoca(Roxb.)deWilde

Asok Stem,Root,Leaf,Seed

MPWG

Sesbania bispinosaW.F.Weight.

Jayantibheda Leaf MPLD-II

Sesbania sesban(Linn.)Merr.syn.S. aegytiacaPers.

Jayanti Leaf,Pod QSIMP-VI

Siegesbeckia orientalisLinn. SiegesbeckiaOrientalis Leaf,Stem,Root

SHD-II

Solanum americanumLinn. Makoi WholePlant IHPSolanum anguiviLamk.syn.S. violaceumOrtega;S. sodomeumLinn.;S. indicum auct.nonLinn.

Brhati Wholeplant QSIMP-VII




Reference

Solanum indicum Linn. Brihati Stem,Root,Leaf

SPAD

Solanum nigrumLinn. Barg-e-Mako Leaf SSDUM-IISolanum surattenseBurm.f. Katai Leaf,Flower,

Fruit,SeedSSDUM-III

Kantakari Root,Stem,Leaf

PID-III

Solanum torvumSwartz SvetaBrhati Wholeplant QSIMP-VIISolanum villosumMill.ssp.villosumEdmondssyn.S. nigrumsensuClarke,p.p.,nonLinn.

Kakamaci Wholeplant QSIMP-VII

Solanum virginiatumLinn.syn.S. xanthocarpumSchrad.&Wendl.;S. surattense Burm.f.

Gulu Wholeplant QSIMP-VIII

Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad&Wendl.

Kantkari Stem,Root,Leaf

SPAD

Kateli WholePlant IHPSphaeranthus indicusLinn. Nunditika DriedLeaf QSIMP-XIIISpinacia oleraceaLinn. Palankya Leaf PID-IIStevia rebaudiana(Bertoni)Bertoni

Stevia Leaf MPLD-II- Leaf QSIMP-IX

Swertia angustifoliaBuch.-Ham.exD.Don

Lavanga Wholeplant QSIMP-VIII

Swertia chirayita(Roxb.exFleming)Karstensyn.S. chirataBuch.-Ham.exC.B.Clarke

Chiraita Leaf SSDUM-IIChirayata WholePlant IHPChiretta WholePlant PNLPKiratalikta Wholeplant QSIMP-IX

Syzygium cumini(Linn.)Skeels

Jamun Leaf SSDUM-V

Tamarindus indica L. Tintrini StembarkandPetiole

PAD-XI

Tamarindus indicaLinn. TamarHindi Leaf SSDUM-VTaxus wallichianaZucc.syn.T. baccataauct.nonLinn.

Sthaijneyaka Leaf MPLD-IIThuner Leaves PNLPSthauneyka Leaf QSIMP-II

Tephrosia purpurea(Linn.)Pers.

Sharpunkha Root,Stem,Leaf

PID-II

Sharpunkha Stem,Root,Leaf

SPAD

Sharapunkha Wholeplant QSIMP-ITerminalia alataHeyneexRothsyn.T. tomentosa (Roxb.)Wight&Arn.

Sain(Hindi,Pun.) Leaf QSIMP-VI

Terminalia arjuna(Roxb.)Wt.&Arn.

Arjuna Leaf,Fruit PID-I




Reference

Thymus serpyllumLinn. Wildthyme Leaf MPLD-IIThymus vulgarisLinn. Asvagola Aerialparts QSIMP-XITinospora cordifolia(Willd.)Miers

Guduchi Root,Stem,Leaf

PID-I

Trachyspermum ammi (L.)Sprague

Ajwain Leaf SSDUM-IV

Tragia involucrataLinn. Vrscikali Leaf MPLD-IITrianthema decandraLinn.syn.Zaleya decandra(Linn.)Burm.f.

- Wholeplant QSIMP-XI

Trianthema portulacastrum Linn.syn.T. monogynaLinn.

Svetapunarnava Wholeplant QSIMP-II

Trichosanthes cucumerina Linn

Patola Stem,LeafFruit,Seed

PID-II

Trichosanthes diociaRoxb. Patola Leaf MPLD-IIPalval Leaf PILD

Trichosanthes lobataRoxb. Jangalicicinda Stem,Root,Leaf

MPWG

Tridax procumbensLinn. Ghamsa Wholeplant QSIMP-XTylophora indica (Burm.f.)Merrillsyn.T. asthmatica (Linn.f.)Wight&Arn.

Arkaparni Leaf MPLD-IITylophoraIndica Leaf SHD-IIIArakaparani Leaf QSIMP-I

Urginea indicaKunth.(=Scilla indicaBaker)

Squill Leaf PILD

Vanda coeruleaGriff.exLindl Bluevanda Leaf&Flowers

PNLP

Vanda tessellate (Roxb.)Hook.exG.Don.

Rasna Root,RootStock,Stem,Leaf

PID-II

Vernonia cineria Less. Sahadevi Leaf,Heads,Flower

PAD-VI

Vernonia conyzoidesDC.syn.V. cinereaauct.nonLess.

Sohadevi Wholeplant QSIMP-VII

Viola odorata Linn. Banafsha Leaf SSDUM-VBanapsa Wholeplant QSIMP-XIII

Vitex agnus-castusLinn. ChasteTree Leaf QSIMP-XVitex negundoLinn. Nirgundi Leaf PID-II

Berg-e-Sambhalu Leaf SSDUM-IIINirgundi Leaf MPLD-IINirgundi Leaf QSIMP-III

Vitex peduncularis Wall. Nagbail Leaf PILDVitex trifoliaLinn. Surasa Leaf MPLD-IIWattakaka volubilis(Linn.)Stapf

Madumalathi Leaf PAD-XII

Wedelia chinensis(Osbeck)Merrillsyn.W. calendulaceaLess.

Pitabhringaraja Leaf MPLD-IIBhrngrajapita Leaf,Stem QSIMP-I

Wrightia tinctoriaR.Br. Swetakutaj Leaf MPLD-II




Reference

Zataria multiflora Boiss. SatarFarsi Leaf SSDUM-IVZizyphus jujuba (L.)Gaertn. Ber Leaf SSDUM-V

*Pharmacognosy ofWhole plant comprisePharmacognosy ofArial parts (leaf, stem,flower,fruit,seedetc.)andundergroundparts(Root,Rhizomeetc.)ofplants

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HIPPOCRATIC JOURNAL OF UNANI MEDICINE

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