hinduism and the many ways to the divine in india
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Hinduism and the many ways to the divine in India. Bhagavad Gita. Within the Gita , there are three paths laid out to understand the Divine Karma Yoga Yoga of action Jnana Yoga Yoga of intellect Bhakti Yoga Yoga of devotion. Different views on religion*. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Hinduism and the many ways to the divine in India
Bhagavad GitaWithin the Gita, there are three paths laid out
to understand the DivineKarma Yoga
Yoga of actionJnana Yoga
Yoga of intellectBhakti Yoga
Yoga of devotion
Different views on religion* Hinduism and the “Three Ways” There are not only different paths to the divine,
but different ‘divine natures’ to which you should/could aim your practices
Also, in Hinduism, there is an interesting gender dynamic which you do not see in Western cultures Vishnu – definitely male Shiva – male/female Devi – definitely female
Approaching the DivineThere are three
main ‘God-heads’VishnuŚivaDevi
And three main pathsKarmaJñanaBhakti
There are also various methods for employing these devicesAsceticismYogaTantra
AsceticismAsceticism of some
form or other can be found in nearly every religion in IndiaIt can involve
fasting, holding the body in a particular posture, or otherwise challenging physical demands
AsceticismJainism makes a very
extensive use of asceticism, especially involving fasting and pulling out one’s hair Asceticism can also be
milder and more mental, such as spending a long time sitting in one place in meditation (such as on a corpse)
AsceticismWhen we talk about
ascetics we usually mean those persons who give up living at home to either become
wanders, or live in a religious
institution such as a Hindu or Jain ashram or a Buddhist monastery
AsceticismFormal vows of
asceticism include Sannyasin, becoming a
Hindu monk, becoming a Jain monk,becoming a Buddhist
monk (Bhikshu/bhikku) Jains have more women
monks than either Hinduism or Buddhism
AsceticismSome people don’t
take a formal vow and just become wanderers These people are
usually called Sadhus
AsceticismGoals
Generally, the development of spiritual energy, or tapas, is the goal of asceticism, as well as detachment from the world
Sacrificing the self to the Self
Defeating suffering by charging right into it
YOGAYoga involves
mastering the mind by quieting the thoughts
It takes its cosmology from Samkhya and believe in Purusha/Prakrit The goal of yoga is
union with Iswara, or the Lord.
YOGAThis means especially
to not let the mind, which is likened to wild horses, carry one away, but rather to learn how to concentrate the mind on a particular thought wave citta-vrtti-nirodhah
"Yoga is the inhibition (nirodhah) of the modifications (vrtti) of the mind (citta)"
YOGABy directing the mind
one is able to eventually attain enlightenment Yoga is a practice
which relates to all the different religions in Indian, including Buddhism, Jainism and Hinduism, as well as Sikhs
YOGAYoga is about
concentrating the mind and learning how to direct itThe ideas of Yoga are
used by all these traditions, however, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism don’t refer (or accredit) the text Patanjali wrote (Yoga Sutras) even if these religions use these ideas of Patanjali
HOW DOES YOGA RELATE TO ASCETICISM?The practice of yoga in
most cases involves asceticism, though asceticism in yoga is mostly directed inwardly and is not so often expressed outwardly The exception is Tantric
Yoga where the body becomes the vehicle instead of the object to transcend
YOGA – Texts UsedThe main text used is
Pantanjali’s Yoga Sutra
Some people also use the Bhagavad Gita to explain Yoga as well
Some people also use the Upanishads as a way of understanding the mental practice and goal of Yoga
BHAKTI/DEVOTIONBhakti begins to
become prominent very early The Bhagavad Gita
(2nd century) extols devotion to Krishna.
BHAKTI/DEVOTIONBhakti really starts to
become very popular by the 6the century with songs to Śiva by the Nayanar poets in South India and the Vishnu Namalvar poets a few centuries later, also in South India Telling the stories of the
young cowherd boy Krishna are a main form of bhakti practiced also, even today.
BHAKTI/DEVOTIONThis begins in South India
with Srimad Bhagavatam Puranam in approximately the 9th century This book has lots of
stories of the life of the young Krishna, how he steals butter, how he as an adolescent steals the clothes and hearts of the cowherd women (gopis) and how he meets with them and dances with them in the forest
BHAKTI/DEVOTIONThe pictures of Krishna
with his flute come from this cycle of stories
Later in the 16th century, Mirabai thinks of Krishna using these same stories featured in the Srimad Bhagavatam Puranam and has great devotion for Krishna and writes her own poems about and to Krishna
MirabaiMirabai (मीराबाई) 1498-
1547CE A Hindu mystical poetess
whose compositions are popular throughout India
Mirabai composed between 200 to 1300 prayerful songs called bhajans
These bhajans are some of the most passionately praised Lord Krishna.
KabīrKabīr कबीर (1398—
1518) was a mystic poet and saint of India, whose literature has also greatly influenced the Bhakti movement of India
KabīrA weaver by
profession, Kabir ranks among the world's greatest poets In India, he is perhaps
the most quoted author The Sikh community in
particular and others who follow the Holy Granth, hold Kabir, a Bhagat, in high reverence.
KabīrKabir openly
criticized all sects and gave a new direction to the Indian philosophy
This is due largely to his straight forward approach that has a universal appeal
Kabīr“You’re Mother is a
slut!”“There, now I have
your attention – work hard towards liberating your mind”
HOW DOES BHAKTI RELATE TO YOGABhakti and Yoga are said to lead to the same goal, but
these two methods are probably the most different from each other
This is because Yoga involves the mastery of the mind, while bhakti is about surrendering the emotional self to GodSo the mind becomes still when one uses yoga to control
it, actively inculcates an opposite thought, and the mind becomes still when it gets absorbed in love with the form of Krishna
These are two different methods, which both lead the mind to stillness ascetic arrest
HOW DOES BHAKTI RELATE TO ASCETICISMBhakti is a path of love, devotion, so it tends to
not involve conscious asceticism The only asceticism it employs is one is so much
in love with the deity that one doesn’t even realize that one hasn’t eaten, etc.
On the other hand, numerous ascetics really do have much ‘devotion’ to the divine and will adopt bhakti practices to help them in their ascetic quest, even though as a method for approaching the divine, bhakti does not at all require asceticism
HOW DOES BHAKTI RELATE TO ASCETICISMBhakti is probably the single most popular
way to approach the divine, today especially Even today in India, many people practice
devotion by singing songs to different gods, offering puja to them
Some people today even write their own songs as a practice of devotion to God, just as Mirabai and Kabir did in the past
People also don’t’ just have devotion bhakti for Gods; they have them for the saints as well.
Hinduism – Belief and PracticeThus, Hinduism offers us a case in which a
varied set of beliefs results in a shared body of beliefs and practices
There are other traditions, however, that are, by comparison, ‘belief-free’These traditions look at ‘religion’ the same way
we look at ‘craftsmanship’Belief is inconsequential, it is a result based
method