highschool projects

8/13/2019 Highschool Projects

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RESEARCH PROJECTS INRENEWABLE ENERGYFOR

HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTSNational Renewable Ener! Laborator! E"#$ation Prora%&'(')Cole Bl*"+ Gol"en, CO -./.'Tel0 12.23 4)562.// Ho%e 7ae08tt7099www+nrel+o


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*ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

T8e E"#$ation O::i$e at NREL wo#l" li;e to t8an; Dr+ Ja%e& S$8re$;, Pro:e&&or o: C8e%i&tr! an"Bio$8e%i&tr!, Uni*er&it! o: Nort8ern Colora"o, :or 8i& $o%%it%ent an" 8ar" wor; in t8e"e*elo7%ent o: t8i& a$ti*it! boo;let+ Hi& e#e&tionin, an" e


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*

HOW TO USE THIS BOOKLET

T8e 7#r7o&e o: t8i& boo;let i& to 7ro*i"e 8i8 &$8ool &t#"ent& wit8 a *ariet! o: 7roe$t& to broa"ent8eir ;nowle"e o: &$ien$e, in 7arti$#lar renewable ener!, an" t8e &$ienti:i$ %et8o"+ Proe$t& area*ailable in t8e&e area& o: renewable ener!0 bio:#el&, win", an" &olar+

S$ien$e 7roe$t& "e&$ribe" 8ere a77l! t8e "i&$i7line& o: $8e%i&tr!, 78!&i$&, biolo!, an"%at8e%ati$&+ Below are &o%e e&tion& :or e::e$ti*e #&e o: t8i& boo;let0

'+ Fir&t, $8e$; !o#r E 1ener! >#otient3+ Let !o#r tea$8er& ra"e t8e te&t !o# ta;e an" t8en "e$i"ei: !o# nee" to i%7ro*e !o#r ener! ba$;ro#n"+ T8e E"#$ation O::i$e at t8e National RenewableEner! Laborator! 1NREL3 8a& a &%all librar! !o# $an #&e to i%7ro*e !o#r ba$;ro#n"+ It i& al&o#&e:#l :or obtainin ba$;ro#n" %aterial on an ener! 7roe$t "e&$ribe" in t8i& boo;let+ Conta$t t8eE"#$ation O::i$e at NREL in Gol"en, Colora"o at 2.264)562.-. to &et a ti%e to *i&it t8e :a$ilit!+ Iti& not a"*i&able to *i&it t8e :a$ilit! wit8o#t 7rior $onta$t &in$e NREL i& a o*ern%ent :a$ilit!, an"!o#r *i&it %#&t be a77ro*e"+ Dont let t8at ;ee7 !o# awa!, 8owe*er t8e E"#$ation O::i$e &ta:: i&8a77! to 8el7 !o# i: t8e! $an+

4+ Rea" t8e &e$tion on =How to "o a S$ien$e Proe$t+=

2+ De$i"e i: !o# want to "o a te$8ni$al re7ort or a 8an"&6on a$ti*it! re&ear$8 7roe$t in t8e area o:bio:#el&, win" ener!, or &olar ener!+

/+ C8oo&e a 7roe$t, an" "i&$#&& it wit8 !o#r tea$8er&+ Yo# will li;el! nee" an area in !o#rlaborator! :or a 7erio" o: ti%e+ Yo#r tea$8er will 8el7 !o# wit8 t8e a*ailabilit! o: e>#i7%ent an"%aterial&+

5+ U&e t8e I"ea :or St#"! to "e$i"e on a 7roe$t+ In %an! $a&e&, e&tion& are %a"e :or t8e &t#"!+

Dont atte%7t e*er! 7o&&ible anle 1*ariable3 "ont tr! to an&wer e*er! >#e&tion+ Di&$#&& !o#r7rore&& on a ro#tine ba&i& wit8 !o#r tea$8er&+ O:ten t8o&e not "ire$tl! in*ol*e" wit8 t8e 7roe$t8a*e in&i8t an" e&tion& t8at are wort8w8ile $on&i"erin+

(+ ee7 in %in" t8at t8e lent8 o: ti%e &7ent on t8e 7roe$t i& not in"i$ati*e o: t8e >#alit! o: t8ewor;+ A re&ear$8 7roe$t alwa!& 7ro*i"e& t8e an&wer to t8e oriinal >#e&tion an" rai&e& one or two%ore >#e&tion& :or :#t#re &t#"!+

)+ ee7 a re&ear$8 noteboo;, an" write in !o#r noteboo; on a ro#tine ba&i&+ W8en !o#$o%7lete !o#r 7roe$t, t8e noteboo; entrie& $an be #&e" to write t8e re7ort+

-+ Be re to $o%%#ni$ate !o#r relt& wit8 ot8er& t8ro#8 t8e re&ear$8 re7ort an"9or a 7o&ter

"i&7la!+GOOD LUC


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WHAT' S YOUR ENERGY QUOTIENT?Pretest on Energy Principles

I+ C8e$; t8o&e &tate%ent& t8at "e&$ribe ener!0

????? lea*e& %o*in int8e win" ????? a 7ot o:boilin water????? "ri*in a $ar to &$8ool ????? :in"in!o#r wa! in t8e "ar; wit8 a :la&8li8t ?????b#rnin a& in a :#rna$e ????? rillin a&tea;

4+ W8at "oe& t8e 78ra&e =I "ont 8a*e %#$8 ener! to"a!= %ean to !o#

2+ W8at "o !o# t8in; t8e 78ra&e =ener! &o#r$e= %ean&

/+ a;e a li&t o: a& %an! ener! &o#r$e& a& !o# $an t8in; o:+

5+ Ener! &o#r$e& $an be 7la$e" in two $ateorie&0 renewable an" nonrenewable+ How "o!o# t8in; t8e&e two ener! &o#r$e& "i::er :ro% ea$8 ot8er

(+ Loo; at !o#r li&t o: ener! &o#r$e& in >#e&tion /, an" label t8e% a& renewable ornonrenewable+

)+ In $ontra&t to nonrenewable, renewable ener! &o#r$e& 7ro"#$e little or no 7oll#tion or8aar"o#& wa&te&, 7o&e :ew ri&;& to 7#bli$ &a:et!, an" are entirel! "o%e&ti$ re&o#r$e&+ E#e&tion /, an" "e&$ribe 8ow t8i& i& a$$o%7li&8e"+

+ W8! i& it i%7ortant not to wa&te ener! A& a $itien, 8ow to !o# $on&er*e ener!'.+ A&%e all t8e re&er*e& o: nonrenewable ener! &o#r$e& 8a*e been "e7lete"+ How "o !o#t8in; 7eo7le will li8t an" 8eat b#il"in&, an" w8at will t8e! #&e :or tran&7ortation


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HOW TO DO A SCIENCE PROJECT

T8e &$ienti:i$ %et8o" i& a 7attern o: in>#ir!t8at :or%& a &tr#$t#re :or a"*an$in &$ienti:i$

#n"er&tan"in+ B! i"enti:!in a 7roble%,:or%in a 8!7ot8e&i&, "e&inin an"$on"#$tin an e


7/44

I: t8e 7roe$t #&e& %at8e%ati$al or$o%7#ter %o"elin in&tea" o:e#anti:ie"+ T8ere:ore,#&in &tati&ti$&+ ra78&,table&, an" $8art& area77ro7riate+ Re%e%ber,t8i& i& t8e 7ortion o: t8ere&ear$8 on w8i$8$on$l#&ion& are ba&e"+T8e better t8i& 7ortion i&7re&ente", t8e ea&ier it i&to :or%#late $on$l#&ion&+Data &8o#l" be 7re&ente"0

in written :or% wit8 ra78&,table&, an" $8art& wit8o#t$on$l#&ion& or *al#e #"%ent&


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o a& 7lanne" I: &o, were t8ereot8er intere&tin a&7e$t& t8at "e&er*e :ollow6

#


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7

re&ear$8 I: t8e e


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TECHNICAL REPORT

Pre7arin a &$ien$e re7ort t8at "oe& not in*ol*e 8an"&6on a$ti*itie& i& a *er! i%7ortant an"wort8w8ile en"ea*or+ So%e &t#"ent& eno! &$ien$e, b#t "ont :in" laborator! a$ti*itie& :#n

an" e#e&tion& inea$8 $ateor! below are "e&ine" to 8el7 !o# wit8 i"ea& t8at are i%7ortant in a "i&$#&&iono: t8e $ateor!, an" &8o#l" be in$or7orate" in !o#r re7ort+

WHAT IS ENERGY De:ine an" "e&$ribe ener!+ Di&tin#i&8 between 7otentialan" ;ineti$ ener! an" i*e e#antit! b#t not in >#alit! W8at i& t8e 7ri%ar! ener! tran&:or%ation :or %o&tener! re&o#r$e& W8at e::e$t "oe& #&in ener! 8a*e on $itien& li*e& W8at i&ener! $on&er*ation an" w8! &8o#l" $itien& $on&er*e ener! In w8at wa!1&3 "oe&

ener! #&e i%7a$t t8e en*iron%ent

ENERGY FLOW+ How "oe& t8e :low o: ener! :ro% t8e n a::e$t win" an" water$!$le& How "oe& nli8t 8el7 7lant& tra7 ener! How "oe& t8e ener! in 7lant& et7a&&e" alon t8ro#8 t8e :oo" $8ain How "o 8#%an& #tilie t8i& ener!

HISTORIC RESOURCES+ De&$ribe t8e %anner in w8i$8 t8e&e re&o#r$e& are #&e":or ener! De:ine renewable an" nonrenewable ener! re&o#r$e& an" $ateorie ea$8


12/44

o: t8e one& li&te" 8ere a& renewable an" nonrenewable+ How %#$8 i& #&e" ea$8 "a!an" :or w8at 7#r7o&e Are all t8e&e re&o#r$e& a*ailable in !o#r &tate How %#$8W8at are t8e 7ro& an" $on& o: ea$8 a& an ener! re&o#r$e

ENERGY ALTERNATIMES+ De&$ribe ea$8 o: t8e&e an" i*e 7ro& an" $on& abo#tea$8+ W8i$8 are renewable an" nonrenewable Are all alternati*e& a*ailable in !o#r&tate W8at en*iron%ental i%7a$t wo#l" t8e&e ener! re&o#r$e& 8a*e

Ide#& t% St7d" '+ Pre7are a 7o&ter "i&7la!+ Yo# will nee" to write a brie: o*er*iew1$alle" an ab&tra$t3 o: !o#r re7ort b! &e$tion+ Yo# %i8t wor; wit8 a ro#7 an" 8a*e&o%eone ta;e or obtain 26/ 78otora78& relatin to i"ea& o: ea$8 &e$tion 1:or e


13/44

+4+ Pre7are a &8orter *er&ion o: !o#r re7ort to be 7#bli&8e" in t8e &$8ool new&7a7er+ 2+Gi*e an oral 7re&entation 1wit8 &li"e& or o*er8ea" tran&7aren$ie&3 to a &$ien$e $la&&in !o#r&$8ool+ or to a %i""le &$8ool $la&&roo% t8at !o# 8a*e 7er%i&&ion to *i&it+Doin &$ien$e in t8i& %anner $an be &ati&:!in an" rewar"in+ Te$8ni$al re7ort& are

n#%ero#& on TM an" in t8e new&7rint+ a!be &o%e"a! !o# will 8a*e written t8e7arara78 rea" b! !o#r :a*orite TM new&7er&on or re7orte" in Ti%e an" New&wee;%aaine& on t8e !et to be "i&$o*ere" :o#rt8 &tate o: %atter


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BIO>UELS

Proe$t '0 W8at i& t8e e::i$ien$! o:et8anol 7ro"#$tion :ro% *ario#&&o#r$e&Proe$t 40 W8at ;in" o: bio%a&& i&be&t :or 7ro"#$in %et8ane a&Proe$t 20 W8at ;in"& o: 7lant& 8a*et8e %o&t 8eat ener! in a i*en

>#antit! o:bio%a&& Proe$t /0 How%#$8 ener! $an beobtaine" :ro%al$o8ol :#el& Proe$t 50 W8at:a$tor& a::e$t bio%a&&rowt8


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BIO>UELS

Bio:#el& are 7ro"#$e" :ro% bio%a&&+ Bio%a&& in$l#"e& li*in orani&%& $8 a& 7lant&,

tree& an" $ro7&, a& well a& 8al: o: all tra&8+ T8e %aor 7otential o: bio%a&& i& :or 7ro"#$tiono: li>#i" tran&7ortation :#el&+ T8e&e :#el& in$l#"e et8anol an" %et8anol, two al$o8ol :#el&%a"e :ro% $orn, w8eat an" ot8er $ro7&, an" %et8ane, a $olorle&&, o"orle&& an" :la%%ablea& %a"e :ro% wa&te+ Et8anol, %et8anol an" %et8ane o::er an attra$ti*e alternati*e to7etrole#%6ba&e" a&oline an" "ie&el :#el&+

T8ere are %ore t8an '-5 %illion *e8i$le& in t8e U+S+, an" t8e&e *e8i$le& are re&7on&ible :ortwot8ir"& o: t8e nation& total oil $on%7tion+ T8e >#antit! o: bio%a&& $#rrentl! a*ailable$o#l" 7ro"#$e eno#8 li>#i" tran&7ortation :#el to re7la$e all t8e a&oline we $#rrentl! #&ein t8e&e *e8i$le&+ B! t8e en" o: t8e "e$a"e, te$8noloi$al a"*an$e%ent& will %a;e t8e&e:#el& a& a::or"able an" ea&! to #&e a& to"a!& 7etrole#%6ba&e" a&oline an" "ie&el :#el&+

PROJECT @1WHAT IS THE E>>ICIENCY O> ETHANOL PRODUCTION>ROM ARIOUS SOURCES?

Re!e$en,eA 7ro$e"#re :or 7re7arin et8anol i& i*en in %an! orani$ $8e%i&tr! laborator!%an#al&+ For e


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+4+ De*elo7 a 7ro$e"#re :or "eter%inin t8e 7er$entae o: al$o8ol !o# $an 7re7are :ro% t8e*ario#& &o#r$e&+ One %et8o" %i8t be to #&e 7ota&&i#% "i$8ro%ate &tan"ar"&+ T8i&b&tan$e i& t8e ba&i& :or &o%e $o%%er$ial ;it& :or "eter%inin al$o8ol le*el& be:ore an"a:ter $on%in al$o8oli$ be*erae&+

2+ In*e&tiate o7ti%#% te%7erat#re :or :er%entation+ /+In*e&tiate aerobi$ an" anaerobi$ $on"ition& :or7ro"#$in et8anol+

5+ In*e&tiate %et8o"& o: >#anti:!in et8anol 7ro"#$tion :ro% one or %ore &o#r$e&+

PROJECT @ WHAT KIND O> BIOMASS IS BEST >OR PRODUCING

METHANE GAS?

C#7t%n et8ane a& i& e


18/44

4+ In*e&tiate t8e e::e$t& o: te%7erat#re on %et8ane eneration+ &A#I()* "o not #&e alaborator! b#rner o: an! t!7e to rai&e t8e te%7erat#re o: t8e $ontent& in t8e ar +To rai&eo: lower t8e te%7erat#re


19/44

,7la$e a 7an o: 8ot or i$e $ol" water beneat8 t8e a& enerator+ Yo# %a"e nee" to "e*i&e a&a:e wa! to ;ee7 t8e te%7erat#re war%er or $ol"er t8an t8e o7ti%#% te%7erat#re+

PROJECT @* WHAT KINDS O> PLANTS HAE THE MOST HEAT

ENERGY IN A GIEN QUANTITY O> BIOMASS?

E7-)entLaborator! balan$e an" a $alori%eter 1&ee "iara% below30

S#!et" Wor; in a well6*entilate" area+ Be e


20/44

+PROJECT @0 HOW MUCH ENERGY CAN BE OBTAINED >ROM ALCOHOL

>UELS? M#te$#+&U&e t8e &et #7 :or t8e $alori%eter a& "e&$ribe" in Proe$t 2, b#t #&e anal$o8ol b#rner a& t8e&o#r$e o: 8eat+ C#7t%nAl$o8ol& are *er! :la%%able+ Wor; in t8e&$ien$e laborator! #n"er er*i&ion o: !o#r tea$8eror anot8er a"#lt+ Ide#& !%$ St7d"'+

Co%7are t8e 8eat ener! :ro% b#rnin al$o8ol& 1e++, %et8anol, et8anol, 7ro7anol, r#bbinal$o8ol, et$3+ eare t8e wei8t o: al$o8ol be:ore an" a:ter t8e b#rnin al$o8ol rai&e& t8ete%7erat#re o: '.. %L 1e>#al& '.. 3 o: water at lea&t SOOC+ Cal$#late t8e $alorie& 7erra% :or ea$8 al$o8ol te&te"+

4+ De*i&e a %ore e::i$ient 7ro$e"#re t8at re"#$e& 8eat lo&&+ Deter%ination o: 8eat *al#e&an" e::i$ien$ie& a& relate" to $o&t wo#l" be i%7ortant to ;now+ How $o#l" t8e&e :#el& be#&e"

PROJECT @ WHAT >ACTORS A>>ECT BIOMASS GROWTH? C#7t%nHan"le:ertilier&, 7e&ti$i"e&, an" 7lant 8or%one& wit8 $are+ P$%,ed7$eGrow 7lant& :ro% &ee"&

in $#7& or 7ot&+ eare 8ei8t an" wi"t8 "ail! or %eare "r!wei8t a:ter &e*eral "a!&or wee;&+ U&e a *ariet! o: 7lant t!7e& 6:oo" an" non:oo", ra&&e&, an" wee"&+ Wei8 &oilto &ee 8ow %#$8 =eart8= i& #&e"+

Ide#& t% St7d" '+ In*e&tiate 7lant rowt8 #tiliin one o: t8e&e :a$tor&++eep inmind each factor can "e a study in itself*

a+T!7eo:li8t+b+A%o#nto:li8t+

$+ S7a$in o: &ee"lin&+

"+ Soil t!7e+e+Fre>#en$!o: waterin+

:+ Fertilier *&+ no :ertilier+ + Pe&ti$i"e *&+ no 7e&ti$i"e+ 8+ Salt $ontent o: water #&e*ar!in $on$entration& o: &alt water an" %eare "r! wei8t a:ter"a!& or wee;&Q+ i+ Plant8or%one *&+ no 7lant 8or%one+ A77l! 7lant 8or%one wit8 a&7irator or a 7er:#%ebottleor &%all 7aint br#&8, b#t a77l! e*enl!+ Bio%a&& $an be "eter%ine" a& :re&8 wei8tan" "r! wei8t 1"r! in o*en3 :or 4/ 8r& at .=C 6in$l#"e root&+


21/44

Q+ Orientation o: a &inle &ee" w8en 7lante"+ Re7li$ate t8e orientation o: &ee"& 7lante"&e*eral ti%e&+ Re%e%ber t8e reater t8e &a%7le &ie t8e %ore reliable t8e "ata+ Plantea$8 &ee" at t8e &a%e "e7t8 a& t8e ot8er&+ a;e re t8at t8e li8t &o#r$e i& e>#all!"i&trib#te" on ea$8 tra! $ontainin t8e &ee"&+Q

;+ De7t8 &ee" i& 7lante" in &oil+ l+ E::e$t o: in$rea&e" a%o#nt o: $arbon "io


22/44

+

WIND ENERGY

Proe$t '0 W8at te$8ni>#e& $an be#&e" to %eare an" $o%7are win""ire$tion an"&7ee" Proe$t 40 How"oe& a win" 7ro7ellera::e$t 8ow %#$8ele$tri$it! it 7ro"#$e& Proe$t 20

W8at i& t8e %o&t e::i$ient&7a$in o:win" t#rbine& :or :ar%in win" in ai*en #nit o: &7a$e


23/44

WIND ENERGY

T8e Eart8& win"& $ontain *a&t a%o#nt& o: ener!+ Peo7le 8a*e 8arne&&e" t8i& ener! :or

t8o#&an"& o: !ear& to &ail &8i7&, rin" rain an" 7#%7 water+ To"a!, a"*an$e" win"t#rbine& o::er an e::i$ient %ean& o: $a7t#rin win" ener! an" #&in it to 7ro"#$eele$tri$it!+ Win" t#rbine& are #&e" :or in"i*i"#al 8o%e& an" al&o ro#7e" toet8er in win":ar%& to enerate ele$tri$it! :or #tilit! ri"&+ Win" t#rbine& 8a*e two or t8ree lon, li8t6wei8t bla"e& t8at t#rn >#i$;l!+ T8e loner t8e bla"e an" t8e reater t8e win" &7ee", t8e%ore ele$tri$it! enerate"+ Stea"! win" &7ee"& o: no le&& t8an '4 %ile& 7er 8o#r !earro#n" are re>#ire" to e::e$ti*el! enerate ele$tri$it!+

CAUTION0 #ae precautions -hen -oring -ith fans and electricity. PROJECT @1WHAT TECHNIQUES CAN BE USED TO MEASURE AND COMPAREWIND

DIRECTION AND SPEED?

M#te$#+&Bea#:ort Win" S$ale 1&ee A77en"i< '3, win" *ane, an" ane%o%eter+ Calibrate*ane wit8 a $o%7a&& an" $alibrate t8e ane%o%eter t8ro#8 t8e win"ow o: a $ar+

Re&%7$,eBulletin of the American eteorological Society, a! '-+Mol+ )., No+5,7+/.65.-+ Ide#& t% St7d"'+ Co%7are t8e Bea#:ort Win" S$ale to t8e win" *ane an" ane%o%eter :or %earin win""ire$tion an" &7ee" at a &7e$i:i$ &ite :or a "eter%ine" ti%e 7erio" 1e++, %ornin, noon, an"a:ternoon or e*enin :or a &i< wee; 7erio" o: ti%e3+ At w8at ti%e o: "a! "o t8e :a&te&twin"& #all! o$$#r W8i$8 %et8o" i& %ore reliable an" w8!

4+ Co%7are t8e "e&in o: t8e win" *ane an"9or ane%o%eter :or e::i$ien$! at a &7e$i:i$

&ite o*er a 7erio" o: ti%e+

2+ Co%7are "i::erent &ite& :or $olle$tin win" ener! #&in t8e win" *ane an"9orane%o%eter :or a i*en 7erio" o: ti%e+

/+ Deter%ine 8ow t8e to7ora78! a::e$t& t8e relt& in one o: t8e &t#"ie& abo*e+ 5+Deter%ine 8ow t8e 8ei8t o: t8e "e*i$e 1win" *ane or ane%o%eter3 a::e$t& t8e relt& inone o:t8e &t#"ie&

(+ a;e a %a7 o: %eare" win" *er& lo$ation, ti%e o: !ear, an" ti%e o: "a!+PROJECT @ HOW DOES A WIND PROPELLER A>>ECT HOW MUCH

ELECTRICITYIT PRODUCES?

M#te$#+& Fan 1462 &7ee"&3 or 8air blower, a '+5 * "$ %otor, *olt%eter 1.65 *3, a '..6

o8% re&i&tor, an" inlate" wire t8at i& t!7i$all! a*ailable :ro% !o#r P8!&i$& in&tr#$tor+Pro7eller& 1%o"el air7lane :ro% a 8obb! &8o7 or &ee A77en"i< 4 :or b#il"in t8ree"i::erent win" 7ro7eller&3 +Yo# &8o#l" al&o "e&in an" b#il" !o#r own win" 7ro7eller+See &;et$8 :or e


24/44

+Ide#& t% St7d" '+ Co%7are t8e bla"e anle& an" 8ow t8e 7ro7eller &7in&+ Atta$8 o"el ' tot8e %otor &8a:t+ Tiltt8e bla"e& &o t8at t8e! are 7er7en"i$#lar to t8e en" o: t8e $or; 1Fi#reA3+ Pla$e t8e win" %a$8ine in :ront o: a wor;in :an 1or a 8air blower3+ I: t8e 7ro7eller"oe&nt &7in, &li8tl! rotate t8e bla"e& &o t8at t8e! are at a &%all &lant 1Fi#re B3+ Pla$e t8e

7ro7eller in :ront o: t8e :an or 8air blower+ ee7 tiltin t8e bla"e& in &%all in$re%ent& #ntilt8e 7ro7eller &tart& &7innin+ W8en t8i& 8a77en&, %eare t8e *oltae 7ro"#$e"+ ee7titlin t8e bla"e& o: t8e 7ro7eller to &ee w8i$8 anle 7ro"#$e& t8e reate&t *oltae+ De"#$ei: t8e &7ee" o: t8e bla"e& *arie& wit8 t8e anle between win" "ire$tion an" bla"e+ How%i8t t8e %aterial :ro% w8i$8 t8e bla"e i& %a"e 17a7er, &to$; 7a7er, 7la&ti$, et$+3 a::e$t t8e7ro7eller &7in How %i8t t8e n#%ber o: bla"e& 1',4,2,et$+3 a::e$t t8e &7in o: t8e 7ro7eller4+ Co%7are t8e &ie o: t8e win" bla"e& wit8 8ow :a&t a 7ro7eller $an t#rn+ ee7 t8e win"bla"e on o"el ' at t8e anle at w8i$8 t8e! 7ro"#$e" t8e reate&t *oltae+ eare t8e*oltae+ T8en, atta$8 o"el 4 win" 7ro7eller to t8e %otor &8a:t, wit8 t8e bla"e& at t8e&a%e anle+ P#t it in :ront o: t8e :an or 8air blower at t8e &a%e "i&tan$e a& !o# "i" wit8t8e :ir&t 7ro7eller 1W8!3+ eare t8e *oltae b! t8i& win" t#rbine+ Re7eat :or t8e ot8er

%o"el&+ Deter%ine i: t8e a%o#nt o: ener! "eri*e" :ro% t8e win" *arie& wit8 t8e area&we7t b! t8e bla"e& or t8e &ie o: t8e bla"e& 1"ia%eter o: t8e w8eel3


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+2+ Co%7are t8e &8a7e o: t8e 7ro7eller bla"e& an" 8ow :a&t t8e! $an &7in+ ee7 t8e win"bla"e& on o"el& ' an" 4 at t8e &a%e anle a& in t8e 7re*io#& &t#"!+ eare t8e *oltaeaain+ T8en atta$8 o"el 2 win" 7ro7eller to t8e %otor &8a:t, wit8 t8e bla"e& at t8e &a%eanle a& t8e o"el& ' an" 4 win" 7ro7eller& eare t8e *oltae+ Re7eat wit8 t8e win"

7ro7eller !o# "e&ine", an" %eare t8e *oltae+ De"#$e i: t8e &8a7e o: t8e bla"e& in awin" 7ro7eller "eter%ine t8e e::i$ien$! o: $on*er&ion+

/+ Co%7are 8ow win" &7ee" a::e$t& t8e ele$tri$it! o#t7#t o: win" %a$8ine&+ U&e an! o: t8e7ro7eller&, an" 7la$e t8e win" %a$8ine in :ront o: a two6&7ee" :an+ T#rn :an on low &7ee"+eare *oltae+ T8en t#rn :an o: 8i8 &7ee" an" re7eat %eare%ent+ Deter%ine i: t8erei& a %at8e%ati$al relation&8i7 between t8e ener! "eri*e" :ro% t8e win" an" t8e win"&7ee"+ De"#$e 8ow $on$entratin t8e win" &7ee" t8ro#8 a $one a::e$t& t8e ele$tri$it!o#t7#t+

5+ Alter an! o: t8e win" t#rbine& $8 t8at it i& &tron eno#8 to 7ower a :la&8li8t b#lb1a*erae *oltae 4+5 *olt&3+ Were an! o: t8e %o"el& !o# #&e" 8ere &tron eno#8

PROJECT @* WHAT IS THE MOST E>>ICIENT SPACING O> WIND TURBINES

>OR >ARMING WIND IN A GIEN UNIT O> SPACE?

P$%,ed7$eSet #7 ea$8 t#rbine a& ill#&trate" in Proe$t 4 an" below+ A &i%7le win"t#nnel $o#l" be $on&tr#$te" o: $ar"boar" to "e$rea&e *ariation& o: air:low enerate" b! a:an


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+Ide#& t% St7d" '+ Deter%ine total ele$tri$it! 7ro"#$e" :or a %o"el lan" area an" t8en$al$#late t8e total ele$tri$it! 7ro"#$e" :or a larer area b! e>ICIENT

THAN A HORIONTAL WIND TURBINE?

De!nt%nA *erti$al win" t#rbine i& one t8at loo;& li;e a iant ebeater a 8oriontalwin" t#rbine i& one wit8 bla"e& li;e air7lane 7ro7eller&+ Proe$t& '62 in*ol*e" 8oriontalwin" t#rbine&+

P$%,ed7$eCon&tr#$t a *erti$al win" t#rbine 1&ee A77en"i< 23 an" t8en t#rn !o#r %o"elinto a win" enerator, b! #&in a rin &tan" an" $la%7& to Mort t8e win" t#rbine 1&eebelow3+ Atta$8 t8e botto% en" o: t8e &8a:t 1$oat 8aner3 to t8e &8a:t on t8e &%all %otor+Conne$t wire& :ro% %otor to *olt%eter+Ide#& t% St7d" '+ Deter%ine e::i$ien$! o: t8e *erti$al win" t#rbine an" $o%7are it to t8e8oriontal win" t#rbine&:ro% Proe$t 4+ How "oe& t8e e::i$ien$! $o%7are in %o"eratewin"& 1low :an &7ee"&3 an" 8i8 win"& 18i8 :an &7ee"&3 Po&ition t8e :an in :ront an"t8en to t8e &i"e o: t8e t#rbine+ De"#$e i: t8ere i& a lo&&, ain or no $8ane in e::i$ien$!


27/44


28/44

e

WIND MACHINE INSTRUCTIONS

T8i& &8eet tell& !o# 8ow to b#il" !o#r own win" %a$8ine :or eneratin ele$tri$it!+ Fir&t,et a &%all %otor an" a r#ler or 7ie$e o: woo" :ro% !o#r tea$8er+ Atta$8 t8e %otor to t8e

en" o:t8e r#ler b! wra77in it wit8 a r#bber ban"+

Se$on", $#t two 2O6$% 7ie$e& o: ele$tri$al $onne$tinwire+ Wit8 a 7air o: &$i&&or&, ta;e o:: 4 $% o: r#bberinlation :ro% bot8 en"& o:t8e two wire&+ Do t8i& b!7in$8in &o:tl! wit8 t8e &$i&&or& on t8e r#bber $a&in,$#ttin it &li8tl! t8en 7#ll t8e &$i&&or& towar"& t8e wire&en", 7#llin o:: t8e $a&in+

Ne


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+

WIND MACHINE INSTRUCTIONS 8,%nt.9

ODEL '0 Ta;e &i< 7a7er $li7&+ Sni7 o:: 7art o: ea$8 $li7 wit8 7lier& or wire $#tter&+

Strai8ten o#t t8e botto% 7art o: ea$8 $li7+

T8en $#t o#t &i< 7ie$e& o: $ar"boar" ' $% < 2$%+ Gl#e 9 or ta7e $entral 7art o: ea$8 7a7er $li7to t8e botto% o: a $ar"boar" 7ie$e+ Lea*e ti%e:or l#e to "r! 14. %in+3+

Ta;e a $or; an" 7o;e t8e &i< win" bla"e& intoit+ In&ert t8e bla"e& at abo#t 5 %% :ro% t8een", &7a$e" e>#all!Karo#n" t8e $ir$#%:eren$eo: t8e $or;+ To loo&en #7 a 8ole, !o# %a! wantto &ti$; a 7in in be:ore8an"+

ODEL 40 Follow t8e &a%e "ire$tion& a& in o"el ', b#t t8i& ti%e $#t $ar"boar"re$tanle& t8at are '6'4 $% < / $%+

ODEL 20 Follow &a%e "ire$tion& a& o"el', b#t t8i& ti%e $#t $ar"boar" in t8e:ollowin &8a7e0 /)ote* T8i&0shape has the same surface area as ode012

To #&e a win" 7ro7eller, 7la$e t8e $or; en" :#rt8e&t awa! :ro% t8e win" bla"e& on t8e%otor& &8a:t+ a;e re t8e &8a:t oe& in t8e e


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+

CONSTRUCTION O> A ERTICAL WIND TURBINE

aterial&

4 $otton reel&

' 7ie$e'4+5 %% bal&a 15 $% < '. $%3 or &ti::$ar"boar" an" $#t o#t trianle &8a7ewit8 :ol"e" e"e& Stanle! 1#tilit!3 ;ni:e9&$i&&or& '6'94to (* DC %otor ele$tri$al ta7e 4ele$tri$al wire& w9 alliator $li7& '7air 7lier& retort &tan" w9 4 bo&&68ea"& an" 4 $la%7&NOTE Care:#ll! e


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+

SOLAR ENERGY

Proe$t '0 How "oe& a &olar bo#alit!,>#antit!, an" "i&trib#tion o: t8e n&ener!Proe$t 20 W8at are &olar$on$entrator& an" 8ow "o t8e! wor;Proe$t /0 P8oto*oltai$


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&SOLAR ENERGY

T8e n i& a tre%en"o#& e%itter o: ener!+ o&t o: t8e ener! i& in t8e :or% o: li8t

an" 8eat, w8i$8 $an be $olle$te" an" #&e" :or eneratin ele$tri$it!, a& well a& :or8eatin, $oolin an" li8tin b#il"in+

Photo3oltaic &on3ersion P8oto*oltai$ 1&olar3 $ell& are lare6area &e%i$on"#$tor& t8at$on*ert nli8t "ire$tl! into ele$tri$it!+ o&t o: #& 8a*e &een 78otora78& o:78oto*oltai$& on roo:& or on t8e ro#n" near 8o%e& an" b#il"in&+ P8oto*oltai$& $an %eet*irt#all! an! ele$tri$ 7ower nee" an" are #&e" :or n#%ero#& a77li$ation& in$l#"inwat$8e&, $al$#lator&, &atellite&, tele$o%%#ni$ation&, 8o%e&, &$8ool&, :a$torie& an"b#&ine&&e&+ Be$a#&e o: t8e $o&t, 78oto*oltai$ &!&te%& are not wi"el! #&e", b#ta"*an$e%ent& in e::i$ien$! an" $o&t re"#$tion &8o#l" %a;e 78oto*oltai$& e$ono%i$all!$o%7etiti*e wit8 tra"itional 7ower &o#r$e& b! t8e en" o: t8e "e$a"e+

Solar #hermal Systems Solar t8er%al &!&te%& $on*ert t8e ener! in nli8t to 8eat b!#&in $on$entration& $8 a& %irror& to :o$#& nli8t onto a re$ei*er+ T8e re$ei*er $ontain&a :l#i" t8at ab&orb& t8e 8eat+ T8e 8eat i& t8en #&e" to enerate ele$tri$it! or to war%b#il"in&, "r! ari$#lt#ral 7ro"#$t& or "e&tro! 8ar%:#l wa&te&+ Solar t8er%al &!&te%& #&et8ree "i::erent t!7e& o: $on$entrator& 6$entral re$ei*er&, 7araboli$ "i&8e&, an" 7araboli$tro#8&+ &entral recei3er systems #&e 8elio&tat& 18i8l! re:le$ti*e %irror&3 t8at tra$; t8e nan" re:le$t it to a $entral re$ei*er ato7 a tower+Para"olic dish systems #&e "i&86&8a7e"re:le$tor& to $on$entrate an" re:le$t nli8t onto a re$ei*er %o#nte" abo*e t8e "i&8 at it&:o$al 7oint+Para"olic trough systems #&e 7araboli$ re:le$tor& in a tro#8 $on:i#ration an"are t8e %o&t %at#re &olar t8er%al te$8nolo! +

Solar 4eating, &ooling and !ighting Ener! :ro% t8e n i& al&o #&e" to 8eat, $ool, an"li8t b#il"in&+ B#il"in& are 8eate" an" $oole" wit8 a$ti*e an" 7a&&i*e &!&te%&+ A$ti*e&!&te%& rel! on %e$8ani$al $o%7onent& to $olle$t an" "eli*er 8eat+ For e


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inlation in !o#r &olar $oo;er+

4+ In*e&tiate t8e $oo;er at "i::erent ti%e& "#rin t8e &$8ool !ear to "eter%ine w8en itta;e& t8e lone&t or &8orte&t ti%e to $oo;+2+ De&in, b#il" an" te&t !o#r &olar bo< $oo;er


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+PROJECT @ WHAT IS THE QUALITY QUANTITY AND DISTRIBUTIONO> THE SUN'S ENERGY?

A. H%/ )7,( &%+#$ $#d#t%n &

#2#+#+e? E7-)entLow6$o&t7!rano%eter an" re$or"er

Re&%7$,e&LI6COR, In$+ 1/.43 /()625)( 1o"el LI6'4..S ini%#% Data Set Re$or"inS!&te%3+Insolation 5ata anual and 5irect )onnal Solar Radiation 5ata anual '.,SER%=P624.62--., Gol"en, CO0 National Renewable Ener! Laborator!3 8a& "ata%%arie& :or n#%ero#& U+S+ $itie&+

Ide#& t% St7d" '+ U&in t8e 7!rano%eter &!&te% $o%7are %eare%ent& wit8 $lo#"ob&er*ation& 1$lear "a!, 7artl!$lo#"!, o*er$a&t, et$+3 Co%7are ob&er*ation& wit8 7rinte""ata %%arie& o: t8e 2o6!r %ean&+ T8ere are a n#%ber o: *ariable to $on&i"er in !o#r&t#"!0 "a!& o: !ear 18o#r& o: "a!li8t3, orientation o: ra"io%eter 18oriontal, tilt anle,ai%#t8 anle3, &;! $on"ition&+

4+ Deter%ine t8e $onne$tion between weat8er *ariable, $8 a& te%7erat#re, relati*e8#%i"it!, an" $lo#"ine&&, an" t8e $8ane& in a*ailable &olar ener! +

2+ Deter%ine i: !o#r 7attern o: &olar ra"iation t8ro#8 t8e "a! 1or !ear3 %at$8e& t8enee" :or air $on"itionin, 8eatin, $oo;in, an" 8ot water in !o#r 8o%e

B. D%e& #$ -%++7t%n #!!e,t t(e #)%7nt %! +3(t !$%) d!!e$ent -%$t%n& %! t(e &%+#$&-e,t$7) t(#t $e#,(e& E#$t('& &7$!#,e?

E7-)entSolar $ell&, li8t :ilter& 1re" an" bl#e elatin3, %illia%%eter 1.65.3, orre&i&tor& an" a *olt%eter 1.6'. *olt&3+

HntU&e t8e &olar $ell& o#t7#t a& %eare" wit8 t8e a%%eter or *olt%eter an" *ario#&re&i&tor&+ eare &olar ener! at t8e &a%e n ele*ation on "i::erent "a!&+ Air 7oll#tion"ata are a*ailable :ro% t8e EPA+

Ide#& t% St7d" '+ Co%7are "ire$t n wit8 :#ll &;!ra"iation 1&ee "iara%3+

4+ Sort o#t t8e *ariable& an" "eter%ine t8e e::e$t& o: "i::erent ;in"& o: air 7oll#tion on"i::erent li8t wa*elent8&+2+ In*e&ti ate i: t8e a%o#nt o: &olar ener! rea$8in Eart8 i& a::e$te" b! air 7oll#tion


35/44

+PROJECT @* WHAT ARE SOLAR CONCENTRATORS AND HOW DO THEY

WORK?

Re&o#r$e& Norton+ T+W+, D+C+ H#nter an" R+J+ C8en,'))+Solar Energy E%periments for 4ighS$8ool an" &ollege Students. E%%a#&,PA0 Ro"ale Pre&&+Solar Ener! In"#&trie& A&&o$iation+ ))) N+ Ca7itol Street NE,

Wa&8'nton, DC 4...4, 14.43 /.-6.((.+

Ide#& t% St7d" '+ De&in an" $on&tr#$t a 7araboli$ re:le$tor+ T8i& 7roe$t re>#ire& a;nowle"e o: alebra+ Draw 27araboli$ $#r*e& #&in e>#ation o: a 7arabola !n#ation& ! n


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+

2+ In*e&tiate t8e a"*antae o: a $olle$tor t8at tra$;& t8e n+ Yo# will nee" an! %o*able&olar $olle$tor or $on$entrator, t8er%o%eter or t8er%o$o#7le+ Deter%ine t8e te%7erat#rein t8e $enter o: a 7ie$e o: bla$; $on&tr#$tion 7a7er w8en it i& :lat 17er7en"i$#lar3 to t8en& ra!& an" w8en it i& ti77e" at an anle to t8e n+ Deter%ine t8e 7er:or%an$e o: a8i8er 7er:or%in $olle$tor w8en it i& oriente" towar" t8e n+ How %#$8 ener! i&

$olle$te" "#rin t8e "a! i: t8e $olle$tor i& lai" :lat on t8e ro#n", ti77e" #7 at *ario#&anle&, or $ontin#o#&l! 7ointe" at t8e n

/+ In*e&tiate w8at %aterial& are be&t :or ab&orbin nli8t an" $on*ertin it to 8eat Yo#will nee" %aterial& %a"e o: &teel, $o77er, 7la&ti$, $olor, an" t8er%o%eter+ Pla$e "i::erentt!7e& an" $olor& o: %aterial& on t8e ro#n" in nli8t+ Pla$e t8er%o%eter& on ea$8 one+Be $are:#l to $o*er t8e b#lb o: t8e t8er%o%eter wit8 t8e &a%e $olor or t!7e o: %aterial,$an $are:#ll! ta7e t8e t8er%o%eter to t8e &a%7le+ Re$or" te%7erat#re *er& ti%e+ W8ate::e$t "oe& inlation or lain or bot8 8a*e on relt& I& a &%oot8 r:a$e better t8an alo&&! r:a$e W8at abo#t "i::erent ;in"& o: 7aint Tr! 7#ttin :oo" $olorin into i$e$#be& an" ti%in t8e rate o: %eltin in nli8t+

S7e$i:i$ Re&o#r$e&0 Da*i&+ D++ ')+ SolarEnergy!a"oratory anual.A&7en+ CO0 Cr!&tal Pro"#$tion&Co%7an!+

5+ In*e&tiate t8e e::e$t o: &ie on t8e a%o#nt o: 8eat a :lat 7late $olle$tor $an ab&orb Paintal#%in#% 7ie 7an& o: "i::erent &ie& wit8 :lat bla$; 7aint+ A"" '.. %L o: water to ea$87an+ eare water te%7erat#re& at t8e &tart an" e*er! '5 %in#te&+ W8at e::e$t i& $a#&e" b!$o*erin t8e 7an& wit8 7la&ti$ wra7 Tr! 8eatin t8e water to t8e &a%e te%7erat#re #&in a$an"le an" $o%7are t8e ti%e an" $o&t+S7e$i:i$ Re&o#r$e&0 El!+ J+ an" + For"+ O$tober'-+ Siin U7 Solar Ener!+ S$ien$e an"

&hildren.77+ '/6'5+

(+ B#il" a :lat 7late &olar water 8eater+ Yo# will nee" ''4 in or 2'- in $o77er t#bin 15.$%3, 7la&ti$ t#bin or 8o&e t8at will :it o*er t8e en" o: t8e $o77er t#bin, $ar"boar" bo


37/44

+Co*er t8e bo< wit8 7la&ti$ an" &et it in t8e n+ eare t8e inlet an" o#tlet waterte%7erat#re&+ St#"! t8e n#%ber o: t#rn& o: $o77er t#bin+

)+ In*e&tiate w8at $olle$tor 1non6$on$entratin3 "e&in& wor; be&t :or 8eatin air +Yo# willnee" t8er%o%eter&, :an, e%7t! al#%in#% or &teel $an&, woo" or $ar"boar" bo


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+PROJECT @0 PHOTOOLTAICS


39/44

HOW TO BUILD A SOLAR BOF COOKER

'+ G+7e !%+ %n t(e ,#$d%#$d. Dil#te t8e water6ba&e" l#ein a bowl, &o t8at it will la&t a lon ti%e an" !o# $an br#&86a77l! it+ Gl#e :oil $o%7letel! o*er0 1a3 t8e in&i"e and o#t&i"e

o: t8e &%aller bo< 1$#t o:: t8e :la7&3, 1b3 t8e in&i"e o: t8elarer bo


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+

HOW TO BUILD A SOLAR BOF COOKER

*. Add nne$ %4 #nd &de n&7+#t%n.Pla$e &%aller bo< in&i"e t8e larer

bo


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S%+#$ B%4 C%%e$ G7de+ne& !%$ C%%n3 >%%d Te#,(e$

In!%$)#t%n

'+ P#t !o#r :oo" in $o*ere" bla$; 7ot& in t8e &olar bo< $oo;er wit8 t8e li" on+ 4 Ai% t8e

bo< &o t8e &8in! &i"e o: t8e li" re:le$tor :a$e& w8ere t8e n will be in late %ornin 1l#n$83orearl! a:ternoon 1Mer3+ Tie t8e 7ro7 to 8ol" t8e li" re:le$tor w8ere it &8ine& t8e %o&tnli8t into t8e bo


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&

RUBRIC >OR TASK ASSESSENTS


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R7$, !%$ T#&

A&&e&&)ent&Re&ear$8 Proe$t& inRenewable Ener! :or Hi8 S$8oolSt#"ent&

General S$ale :or S$orin St#"ent Per:or%an$eSCORE DESCRIPTION 5 Be!on" e#alit! o: wor; in#all! 8i8 an" be!on"e


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t

highschool projects

Documents