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Vascular

Plant

Diversity

[email protected] staff.unila.ac.id/priyambodo

Cladogram of Plant


Non-vascular plants


Vascular Seedless Plants


Vascular Seed Plants


Vascular Plant



Cormophyta

Fase sporofit lebih dominan, umumnya

menghasilkan 2 macam sporangia

Memiliki strobila (strobilus, jamak)

sebagai organ reproduksi

Daun dapat dibedakan menjadi sporofil

dan tropofil



1. Rhyniophytes (†)

2. Lycophytes

3. Equisetales

4. Marrattiales

5. Ophioglossales

6. Psilotales

7. Polypodiales


1. Rhyniophytes


2. Lycophytes

Memiliki struktur endarch protoxylem pada akar

Memiliki struktur exarch protoxylem pada batang

Memiliki daun sporofit yang disebut lycophyll


2. Lycophytes

Homospor dan sebagian heterospor

Terbagi atas:

Lycopodiacceae (±300 spesies)

Selaginellacceae (±700 spesies)

Isoetacceae (±150 spesies)


Lycopodiophyta homosporic taxa

A.

Huperzia lucidula, a species with unspecialized reproductive organs.

B.

Lycopodium clavatum, a species with strobili.

C.

Huperzia lucidula, showing sporangia in axils of leaves, with no specialized cones.

D.

Lycopodium annotinum, strobilus close-up, showing sporophylls.

E.

Lycopodium clavatum, sporophylls removed from strobilus, showing sporangia having lateral dehiscence, adaxial view (left) and abaxial view (right).

F–G.

Lycopodium squarrosum, a large epiphytic lycopod with pendant branches and specialized strobili (at G ).

H.

Phylloglossum drummondii, a small, cormose lycopod.


Lycopodiophyta heterosporic taxa

A.

Selaginella bigelovii, with isomorphic leaves. B.

Selaginella apoda, with dimorphic leaves.

C,D.

Selaginella sp.

C

Close-up of dimorphic leaves.

D.

Close-up of ligule, adaxial side of leaf base.

E–G.

Selaginella sp., reproductive.

E.

Strobilus longitudinal section, showing sporophylls,

megasporangia, and microsporangia.

F.

Close-up of microsporangium,

containing microspores.

G.

Close-up of megasporangium, containing megaspores.

H,I.

Isoetes howellii.

H.

Plants growing in vernal pool.

I.

Close-up of male and female sporangia, containing

microspores and megaspores, respectively.

J.

Isoetes orcutii, showing sporophylls with

basal microsporangia or megasporangia.


3. Equisetales

ribbed stems these often associated with internal

hollow canals

reduced, whorled leaves that are usually marginally

fused

sporangiophores, each of which consists of a peltate

axis bearing pendant longitudinally dehiscent

sporangia

photosynthetic spores with elaters


A,B.

Equisetum hyemale.

A.

Vegetative stem. Note ridged stem and whorled microphylls.

B.

Stem longitudinal section, showing central hollow pith and septum at nodes.

C.

Stem crosssection of Equisetum sp., showing central, hollow pith and peripheral, vallecular

canals.

D,E.

Equisetum laevigatum, a scouring rush, aving photosynthetic, generally unbranched aerial stems.

F.

Sporangiophore, with several pendant sporangia.

G,H.

Spores, each with four

elaters.

G.

Elaters coiled.

H.

Elaters uncoiled

I–L.

Equisetum arvense, a horsetail, with dimorphic aerial stems.

I,J.

Sterile, photosynthetic stems with whorls of lateral branches.

K.

Reproductive, nonphotosynthetic aerial stem, lacking whorls of branches and terminating

in a strobilus.

L.

Strobilus close-up, showing

sporangiophore


4. Marrattiales

Mirip dengan Polypodiales

Terdiri atas 6 genus

Mempunyai daun pinnate yang lebar atau memiliki

daun bipinnate

Sporangia terletak di permukaan abaxial

Tipe sporangia: eusporangiate, yang berfusi menjadi

struktur yang disebut synangium


5. Ophioglossales

Also known as Ophioglossidae, or ophioglossoid ferns,

consist of a few genera of fernlike plants.

Unique in that each leaf (or frond ) consists of a

sterile segment, which contains the photosynthetic

blade or lamina, and a fertile segment.

Unbranched roots that lack root hairs

The most common genera of the Ophioglossales are

Botrychium, commonly called grape fern or moonwort,

and Ophioglossum, commonly called adder s tongue


6. Psilotales

Also known as psilophytes, whisk fern

Plants are often epiphytic, having mycorrhizal

symbiotic associations. All psilophytes lack true roots.

The leaves of psilophytes are very reduced and peglike

and may lack a vascular strand, in which case they are

termed enations.

The sporangia (which, like the Ophioglossales, could

be termed eusporangia) are two- or three-lobed, which

is interpreted as a synangium, a fusion product of two

or three sporangia


7. Polypodiales

also known as Filicales or Pteridales or leptosporangiate

ferns

have a horizontal stem which is usually underground but

may sprawl at ground level


Vascular seedless plants based on spore


Equisetum debile Marsilea crenata Lycopodium sp.

Paku homospora Paku peralihan Paku heterospora

Referensi

Biggs, A., Hagins, W.C., Holliday, W.G., Kapicka, C.L., Lundgren, L., MacKenzie, A.N., Rogers, W.D., Sewer, M.B., Zike, D. 2008. Biology Glencoe Science. Columbus: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Campbell, N.A., Reece, J.B., Urry, L.A., Cain, M.L., Wasserman, S.A., Minorsky, P.V., Jackson, R.B. 2009. Biologi Ninth Edition. Boston: Benjamin Cummings.

Simpson, Michael George. 2006. Plant Systematics. Canada: Elsevier Academic Press Publications.

Singh, Gurcharan. 2010. Plants Systematics. India: Science Publisher.

Solomon, E.P., Berg, L.R., Martin, D.W. 2008. Biology 8th Edition. Belmont: Thomson Brooks.


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