Paraphrasing, Summarising and Quoting

to Avoid Plagiarism

Higher Education Language & Presentation Support

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• Weekly workshops • Drop-in consultations • Writing clinics • Conversations@UTS • Intensive academic English programs • Self-help learning resources

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Why Paraphrase, Summarise & Quote?

• To SUPPORT your arguments

• To show your engagement with the academic literature and ideas

• To show what you’ve been reading and engaging with

• Show it is a reliable source of information-fit for academic purposes

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Exercise UTS:HELPS 5

Question

Q: What’s the difference between • Paraphrasing? • Quoting? • Summarising?

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WHY do you need to reference your quotes and paraphrases?

1. To avoid plagiarism! 2. As a courtesy to the original person whose ideas

you have read. 3. By showing you have done effective research &

background reading. 4. By demonstrating your levels of knowledge to your

peers and lecturers. 5. By becoming familiar with the current theories and

thinking in your field of study. 6. To show authority in your work and levels of

academic professionalism.

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How to use source material » You have choices…

• Use the original ‘word for word’ and use it as either a short

or longer quote + add correct reference

• OR re-read it, paraphrase it /summarise it and use your own words to re-phrase it + add the correct reference afterwards.

• DO NOT just read the original, copy it word for word and then reference it – this is considered plagiarism and that you are stealing someone else’s ideas/words.

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10%

90%

0%

Direct Quotes, Summaries or Paraphrases?

• For both ‘direct quotes’ and paraphrased/ summarised versions –they must both be cited correctly.

• IF you use the exact words (quotes) of the author/writer/speaker you must use quotation marks appropriately and provide the reference as well and page number.

• For paraphrased/summarised material–just add the correct reference.

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10%

90%

Quick Intro • You’re writing a paper/assignment • You find great useful info on the web • You find great useful info in an article/book

• You want to include this (as a quote/paraphrase)

‘to support’ your arguments

• You will use the UTS Harvard Referencing system to show us where you got the information from

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Direct Quoting: In discussing the implications of World peace and

reflecting on how this could be delivered, one is reminded of the famous song ‘Imagine’ by John Lennon in which he stated ‘You may say that I’m a dreamer, but I’m not the only one, I hope someday you’ll join us and the world be as one’ (Lennon 1971, p34). This is a clear example of how popular culture has expressed the desire of….

12 * Do not overuse direct quotes however –can make your writing seem disjointed & choppy

You may say I'm a dreamer But I'm not the only one I hope someday you'll join us And the world will be as one John Lennon, 1971

* Non academic source used as a clear example

Paraphrasing • 2 ways to do it.

• Highlight Info = The World should work together and

become one and develop World peace and that the hope of this happening is something that is shared by many people and is not just an illusion (Lennon 1971).

• Highlight Author = Lennon (1971) claimed that he did not only hope and dream for World peace but that the world should work and come together in delivering it.

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You may say I'm a dreamer But I'm not the only one I hope someday you'll join us And the world will be as one John Lennon, 1971

* The information is paraphrased and NOT copied directly – do not just copy and paste!

* Non academic source used as a clear example

Exercise UTS:HELPS 14

Example:

• Q1.Paraphrase or Quote? / How do you know?

e: learningsupport@uts.edu.au 15

Q2. Information led or Author led?

Avoid Plagiarising

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Exercise UTS:HELPS 17

Avoiding Plagiarism

Q: Discussion Task Which is considered plagiarism?

1) Not providing a reference when you’ve used someone’s

idea. 2) Copying a few sentences from an article on the internet. 3) Not giving a reference when you’ve used common

knowledge. 4) Giving the reference, but not using quotation marks when

you directly take a sentence from another writer’s article. 5) Taking a paragraph from another student’s essay without

acknowledging it. 6) Presenting the results of your own research.

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Avoiding Plagiarism

• Discussion Task ANSWERS Which is considered plagiarism?

1) Not providing a reference when you’ve used someone’s

idea. 2) Copying a few sentences from an article on the internet. 3) Not giving a reference when you’ve used common

knowledge. 4) Giving the reference, but not using quotation marks when

you directly take a sentence from another writer’s article. 5) Taking a paragraph from another student’s essay without

acknowledging it. 6) Presenting the results of your own research. results of your own research.

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Paraphrasing

• To avoid plagiarising, you need to paraphrase effectively:

• Why does paraphrasing mean?

• What is an effective method of paraphrasing?

• Does anyone have any useful tips?

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Paraphrasing strategy It can be difficult to find new words for an idea that is

already well expressed. The following strategy will make the job of paraphrasing a lot easier:

• do not copy the passage word for word

• make a note only of the author's basic point and key words. don't use full sentences, use bullet points.

• translate the language of the original into your own words.

• capture the original idea.

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Paraphrasing Strategy

• Paraphrasing task – read this original text

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Students are often tempted to copy directly from the internet or books. This is a particularly serious offence which is called plagiarism, but more commonly known to students as cheating. If students are caught doing this, they risk serious punishment which often results in failing their chosen course or module of study. This can be expensive as university and college courses often cost thousands of dollars. Moreover, students usually think that teachers or lecturers will not know that they have copied, yet they are unaware that in most cases, teachers can identify 90% of copied or plagiarised writing. (Johnson & Kelso, 2010)

Paraphrasing Strategy • Paraphrasing task – read this original text • Now summarise it-using bullet points & key words only. Do not use full

sentences!

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Students are often tempted to copy directly from the internet or books. This is a particularly serious offence which is called plagiarism, but more commonly known to students as cheating. If students are caught doing this, they risk serious punishment which often results in failing their chosen course or module of study. This can be expensive as university and college courses often cost thousands of dollars. Moreover, students usually think that teachers or lecturers will not know that they have copied, yet they are unaware that in most cases, teachers can identify 90% of copied or plagiarised writing. (Johnson & Kelso 2010)

•Summary 1

•Summary 2

•Summary 3

•Summary 4

•Summary 5

•Summary 6

•Summary 7

Paraphrasing strategy

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•Summary 1

•Summary 2

•Summary 3

•Summary 4

•Summary 5

•Summary 6

•Summary 7

Your rewritten text here

This is my paraphrased writing from the original text. This is my paraphrased writing from the original text. This is my paraphrased writing from the original text. This is my paraphrased writing from the original text. This is my paraphrased writing from the original text.

Cover your original and do not look at it!

Paraphrasing strategy • Remember to add the reference for where you saw this information to your text.

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Your re-written text here: This is my paraphrased writing from the original text. This is my paraphrased writing from the original text. This is my paraphrased writing from the original text. This is my paraphrased writing from the original text. This is my paraphrased writing from the original text.(Johnson & Kelso 2010).

Additional paraphrasing strategy UTS:HELPS 26

Exercise UTS:HELPS 27

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Using quotes

• Short quotations (less than 30 words) Smith notes that in recent years, some non-profit

organisations have diversified into what he calls ‘bold, ugly bared-faced commercialised giants’ (2008 p.69).

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Using quotes

• Longer quotations (over 30 words) must be indented and italised with ref. at the bottom.

The path towards becoming a social entrepreneur has been

described as follows:

‘Above all it takes the courage to change … because every organisation has an organisational culture that gets in the way … a collection of shared values that defines who we are, what we stand for, how we should treat our clients, and so on’.

(Dees 1998, p.10) Therefore, it can be argued that many organisations are actually…

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Exercise UTS:HELPS 31

Use of References

• Use references to support your argument- NOT just provide them for you.

• Therefore...

Ref + your interpretation /contrast /critical analysis is often stronger than the references by themselves.

• See example on next slide

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Using sources well ….compare

• Example A: Sinclair (2009) claims that

effective communication is an essential element for all organisations in order to be successful. Also, Mather, Webb & Davidson (2009) state that effective dialogues and listening to stakeholders are necessary skills in the 21st century workplace.....

Q: WHICH IS MORE EFFECTIVE? Why?

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• Example B: Sinclair (2009) claims that

effective communication is an essential element for all organisations in order to be successful. In contrast however, Mather, Webb & Davidson (2009) state that effective dialogues and listening to all stakeholders are necessary skills in the 21st century workplace and this is an important reason why communication is.....

Putting it all together

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Full Essay Example

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Source: Central Queensland University, 2008

Developing Critical Analysis

• Need to use your sources (quotes, paraphrases

and summaries) to show critical analysis and critical reflection in the field.

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Using references to develop critical analysis

• Using refs to support NOT give your arguments

• To show who is in agreement/disagreement on these topics

• To show the thinking in ‘the field’

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Citation verbs - the extent to which you agree with the author

• Showing you agree with the author acknowledge, admit, add, confirm, demonstrate, emphasise,

formulate, indicate, point out, prove, report, reveal, show, validate, verify

• Leaving you room for disagreement with the author analyse, argue, believe, comment, deal with, define, discuss,

examine, find, illustrate, imply, insist, list, mention, note, observe, postulate, present, propose, reject, remark, say, state, study, suggest, survey, write.

• Suggesting you may not agree the author allege, assert, claim, deny, maintain

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Quoting verbs

•X states that . . . •X claims that . . . •X asserts that . . . •X agrees that . . . •X strongly argues . . . •X comments that . . . •X suggests that . . . •X comments that . . . •X says that . . . •X observes that . . .

X takes the view that . . . •X contends that . . . •X believes that . . . •X proposes that . . . •X concludes that . . . •X maintains that . . . •X concedes that . . . •X notes that . . . •According to X . . . •As X states . . .

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Consider using the following after you have given the author's name (and the year or notation):

How to use references

• Use paraphrases , summaries and quotes to

SUPPORT your arguments!

• Use references somewhat sparingly

• Do not overuse them –they are to SUPPORT / not provide your arguments

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How to develop your paraphrasing, summarising & quoting style

• Try to vary your style –don’t be repetitive in your ref style.

• Let your reading influence your ref style (imitate academic readings)

• Build self knowledge of referencing/paraphrasing & quoting

• Ask for help to become more sophisticated if need be

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Exercise UTS:HELPS 42

Example 43

Look at the sample of writing. Q: What information do the refs link to? Q: Are they paraphrased or quoted?

Using Secondary Sources

Citing from Secondary Sources • You read a book by Jones (2008) who writes

about research done by Smith & Neilson (2007). How & who do you cite?

• Research by Smith & Neilson (as cited by Jones 2008, p86) shows that…

• Smith & Neilson’s research (as cited by Jones, 2008, p86) states that….

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How many sources?

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Good amount of refs

Too many refs here

Further Resources / help

• http://www.uts.edu.au/current-

students/support/helps/self-help-resources/referencing-and-plagiarism

• http://www.lib.uts.edu.au/help/referencing

• http://www.plagiarism.org

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Useful Further Resources 47

Published by Routledge Press. Approx $52

Published by Palgrave Macmillan Approx $20

Any Questions?

Thanks for your time today.

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