high technology letters issn no : 1006-6748
TRANSCRIPT
Impact of ladder training and plyometric training on speed and agility among school level
Kho- Kho players in Kashmir
*Mohd Waseem Jan Padder1, Dr.G. Ramesh
2
1Ph.D Research Scholar, Department of Physical Education, Annamalai University, Tamil
Nadu, India. 2Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education, Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu,
India.
* Corresponding author’s
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the impact of ladder training and plyometric
training on speed and agility among school level Kho-Kho players in Kashmir. Forty-five
male Kho-Kho players from higher secondary school Vessu Anantnag, higher secondary
school Wanpoh Anantnag and higher secondary school Kelam kulgam in Kashmir, who had
participated in interschool competition, were selected as subjects at randomly and their age
ranged from 14 to 17 years. The subjects (N=45) were randomly assigned in to three equal
groups of fifteen Kho-Kho players each as experimental group-I, experimental group-II and
control group. The experimental groups and control group underwent normal routine Kho-
Kho practices and in addition the experimental group-I underwent ladder training and
experimental group-II underwent plyometric training for one hour in the morning session.
The control group was not given any special training apart from their normal daily exercises.
The period of training was twelve weeks in a schedule of weekly three days for alternative
days. The data was collected on selected dependent variable before and after the training
period. The collected data were statistically analysed by using analysis of covariance
(ANCOVA) was used to find the significant difference among the groups. The scheffe’s post
hoc test was used to find the paired mean difference if any. The level of confidence was fixed
at 0.05. Based on the study it was conclude that ladder training and plyometric training were
significantly improved the speed and agility among school level Kho-Kho players.
Key words: ladder training, plyometric training, speed, and agility
Introduction
The game of Kho-Kho is very interesting and exciting in nature and demands a high
level of physical fitness, stamina, strength, agility, speed technique and self-control. Every
sport requires a special set of workouts to grow endurance and ability of players. Sports
training have been an integral part of sportsperson success, trends in this domain is
continuously changing as per demand of excellence in sports competitions [1]. To improve
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agility and speed, coach often uses the agility ladder to drills the athlete’s footwork in
enhancing their performances. According to, it uses a piece of equipment that resembles a
rope ladder that has been placed on the ground and players use it to do drills requiring them
to quickly jump into and out of the squares of the ladder. These drills help players work on
moving their feet quickly while maintaining their balance, which is critical for fielding and
running down the base path. Ladder drills also increase neural connections with foot
movements that mimic the quick thinking that players must do when hitting or fielding. In
modern days, we can get the agility ladder from sport manufacturing. Agility ladder is made
up of two nylon straps with plastic rungs spaced apart about 15-18 inches, depending upon
the training purpose. Also, the agility ladder can be made at home using supplies from your
local hardware store (rope and PVC pipe), or simply made by a tape by taping the floor
accordingly like an agility ladder. This agility ladder is a very popular piece of equipment for
coaches looking for ways of improving their speed, coordination, balance, and agility.
Ladders can be used for variety of purposes. The two most obvious purposes are increased
foot speed and coordination [2]. By improving these qualities, athletes will develop better
footwork and improve their overall athleticism. To get the most out of your ladder drills, it is
important to progress from easy drills to more advances. Furthermore, compelling different
moves through agility ladder simulators the movements required during competition Ladder
training is active and indispensable to increase foot speed, agility, timing and coordination for
the athlete. This training should be specific to game situations [3].
Plyometrics are exercises that involve the enhancement of muscle performance [4].
Most of the trainings in sports involve jumping, hopping, and skipping movements [5]. These
exercises also facilitate sturdy muscle activities in energetic activities, during which the
movement would come with a stretch of the muscle instantly by an explosive modification of
the muscle [6].
Plyometric training is a form of training that is used to help develop and enhance
explosive power, which is a vital component in a number of athletic performances. This
training method is meant to be used with other power development methods in a complete
training program to improve the relationship between maximum strength and explosive
power. The modern history of Plyometrics is somewhat brief but not relatively new. This
technique was originated in Russia and Eastern Europe in the middle of 1960. The Soviets
were very successful in the use of Plyometrics in their training programmes, especially in
track and field. This technique was originally known as the “Shock Method of Training”.
Yuri Verhoshansky, a Russian coach whose success with jumpers is legendary, could very
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well be called the "Father of Plyometrics". He had tried and succeeded in increasing his
athletes‟ reactive abilities by experimenting with exercises like the depth jump. He has been
the leading researcher and coach most recognized with the spread of Plyometrics. He also has
been credited with most of the forms of plyometric training that are still in use today.
Most researchers and practitioners share a common view that plyometric training is
one of the approaches in every field often used for athletes, notably those with the short-
shortening cycle (SSC). These training are designed to improve explosiveness and dynamic
efficiency [7]. Previous studies have shown that through plyometric training, jumping and
sprinting capabilities and specific trajectory activities could be improved. An effective
technique for boosting the running economy, joint stability and the severity of knee injuries
was also found [8].
Speed is defined as the ability to perform a movement within a short period of time
[9]. The game of Kho-Kho demands various aspects of human body depending on the level of
play. It requires agility, speed, quickness, stamina, cardio respiratory endurance, hand-eye
coordination, flexibility, balance and many other aspects. Kho-Kho is a game in which player
must move from one position to other position but in less time. Kho-Kho is very fast game in
which your body should react very fast as well as your mind should also think fast. You have
to take decision on the spot as on time for the game is very less and you have to deliver best
in that short span of time. Within a fraction of second, you have to decide and accordingly
your body should move to get the point. The ability to maintain a stable body position and
change the direction quickly without loss of balance, body control or speed is described as
agility [10].
Methodology
The aim of the study was to determine the impact of ladder training and plyometric
training on speed and agility among school level Kho-Kho players in Kashmir. Forty-five
male Kho-Kho players from higher secondary school Vessu Anantnag, higher secondary
school Wanpoh Anantnag and higher secondary school Kelam kulgam in Kashmir, who had
participated in interschool competition, were selected as subjects at randomly and their age
ranged from 14 to 17 years the selected subjects were medically examined by the qualified
physician and certified that they were medically and physically fit to undergo the selected
training programme.
The selected subjects randomly assigned in to three equal groups of fifteen Kho-Kho
players each as experimental group-I, experimental group-II and control group. The
experimental groups and control group underwent normal routine Kho- Kho practices and in
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addition the experimental group-I underwent ladder training and experimental group-II
underwent plyometric training for one hour in the morning session. The control group was
not given any special training apart from their normal daily exercises. The period of training
was twelve weeks in a schedule of weekly three days for alternative days. The data collected
prior to and after experimentation from Ladder Training group, Plyometric Training group
and Control group. Paired “T” test was applied to examine the change within the groups from
pre test to post test on selected dependent variables. To find out the significant differences
between the groups, Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was applied. When the F ratio of
adjusted post test mean was found to be significant, Scheffe’s post hoc test was employed to
find out paired mean differences. The level of the confidence was fixed, at 0.05 level of
significance.
Criterion Measures
variables tests Measures in units
speed 50 meters run Seconds
agility 4×10m shuttle run Seconds
Analysis of Data
The data collected from the two experimental groups and control group during pre
and post period were statistically analyzed to examine the changes on selected physical
fitness variables of Kho-Kho players and the results of the study are presented in the table
4.1.
Analysis of Speed
The statistical (descriptive) analysis of the collected data on speed of two
experimental groups and control group are presented in the table 4.1.
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Table 1.1
Descriptive Statistical Analysis of the Data on Speed
Variables Groups Pre Test
Mean
Post Test
Mean MD % T
Speed
Ladder
Training 7.48 7.29 0.19 2.54 13.13
Plyometric
Training 7.50 7.26 0.23 3.2 12.02
CG 7.51 7.53 0.02 0.26 0.87
Table value for df of 1 and 14 is 2.14
It is clear from the table 1.1, that there was significant difference between pre test and
post test data on speed of Ladder Training group, because “t” ratio of 13.13 is greater than the
required table value 2.14 at 0.05 level of significance for df of 1 and 14. In the same way
there was also significant difference between pre test and post test data on speed of
Plyometric Training group, because “t” ratio of 12.02 is greater than the required table value
2.14 at 0.05 level of significance for df of 1 and 14
On the other hand there was no significant difference were found among pre and post
test of control group as obtained “t” ratio of 0.87 is less than the required table value of 2.14,
at 0.05 level of significanance for df of 1 and 14.
The percentage of change on Speed of Ladder Training group, Plyometric Training
group and Control group are 2.54 %, 3.2 % and 0.26 % respectively.
The percentage of changes on speed of Ladder training, plyometric training and
control group are given in the figure 4.1.
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Pie Diagram Showi
The data collected from three groups on speed was statistically analyzed by
ANCOVA and the results are presented in the table
Analysis of Covariance for the Pre and Post Tests on Speed of Ladder
Test Ladder
Training
Plyometric
Training
Pre Test
Mean
SD(±)
7.48
0.109
7.50
0.103
Post Test
Mean
SD(±)
7.29
0.125
7.26
0.111
Adjusted
Post Test
Mean
7.30
7.26
Plyometric, 3.2
Figure – 1.1
Pie Diagram Showing the Percentage of Changes on Speed
The data collected from three groups on speed was statistically analyzed by
s are presented in the table - 1.2.
Table 1.2
Analysis of Covariance for the Pre and Post Tests on Speed of Ladder Training, Plyometric
Training and Control Group
Plyometric
Training
Control
Group SoV SS DF
7.50
0.103
7.51
0.124
BG 0.007 2
WG 0.535 42
7.53
0.154
BG 0.678 2
WG 0.729 42
7.52
BG 0.592 2
WG 0.282 41
Ladder , 2.54
Control, 0.26
The data collected from three groups on speed was statistically analyzed by
Training, Plyometric
MS F
0.004
0.0288
0.013
0.339
19.522
0.017
0.296
43.033 0.007
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Table value for df of 2 and 42; and 2 and 41 are 3.22
Table 1.2, shows that the pre test mean valves on speed of Ladder Training group,
Plyometric Training group and control group are 7.48, 7.50 and 7.51 respectively. The
obtained “F” ratio of 0.0288 per test score was lesser than the required table value of 3.22 for
df 2 and 42 for significance at 0.05 level of confidence on Speed. The post test mean value on
Speed of Ladder Training group, Plyometric Training group and Control group, 7.29, 7.26
and 7.53 respectively. The obtained “F” ratio value of 19.522 for post test score was greater
than the required table value 3.22 for df 2 and 42 for significance at 0.05 level of confidence
on Speed.
The adjusted post test mean valves on Speed of Ladder Training group, Plyometric
Training group and control group are, 7.30, 7.26 and 7.52 respectively. The obtained “F”
ratio value of 43.033 per test score was greater than the required table value of 3.22 for df 2
and 41 for significance at 0.05 level of confidence on Speed.
The result of the study indicated that there was significant difference among the
adjusted post test mean of the Ladder Training group, Plyometric Training group and control
group on Speed. To determine the significance difference among the three paired means. The
scheffe’s test was applied as post hoc test and the results are presented in table 4.3
Table 1.3
Scheffe’s Post Hoc Test for the Differences among Paired Means on Speed of Two
Experimental Groups and Control Group
Ladder Training Plyometric
Training Control Group MD CI
7.30
7.26 0.04 0.07
7.30 7.52 0.22 0.07
7.26 7.52 0.26 0.07
From table 4.3 it was imperative that both Ladder Training and Plyometric Training
group differed significantly from Control group on Speed. There was also significant
difference were found between Ladder Training group and Plyometric Training group in
improving Speed of Kho-Kho players.
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The pre, post and adjusted post
training group and control group on speed were graphically represented in the figure
The Pre, Post and Adjusted post Test Means of Ladder Training, Plyometric Training and
Analysis of Agility
The statistical (descriptive) analysis of the collected data on Agility of two
experimental groups and control gr
Descriptive Statistical Analysis of the Data on Agility
Variables Groups Pre Test
Mean
Agility
Ladder
Training 11.69
Plyometric
Training 11.63
CG 11.61
Table value for df of 1 and 14 is 2.14
7.1
7.15
7.2
7.25
7.3
7.35
7.4
7.45
7.5
7.55
Pre test
7.4
8
7.5
The pre, post and adjusted post test means of Ladder training group, Plyometric
training group and control group on speed were graphically represented in the figure
Figure 1.2
The Pre, Post and Adjusted post Test Means of Ladder Training, Plyometric Training and
Control Group on Speed
The statistical (descriptive) analysis of the collected data on Agility of two
experimental groups and control group are presented in the table 1.4.
Table 1.4
Descriptive Statistical Analysis of the Data on Agility
Pre Test
Mean
Post Test
Mean MD %
11.69 11.36 0.33 2.82
11.63 11.15 0.48 4.12
11.61 11.58 0.03 0.25
Table value for df of 1 and 14 is 2.14
Post test Adjusted Post test
7.2
9
7.37
.26
7.2
6
7.5
1
7.5
3
7.5
2
Ladder Plyometric Control
test means of Ladder training group, Plyometric
training group and control group on speed were graphically represented in the figure- 1.2.
The Pre, Post and Adjusted post Test Means of Ladder Training, Plyometric Training and
The statistical (descriptive) analysis of the collected data on Agility of two
T
14.59
14.97
0.58
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It is clear from the table 1
post test data on Agility of Ladder Training group, because “t” ratio of 14.59 is greater than
the required table value 2.14 at 0.05 level of significance for df of 1 and 14.Similarly there
was also significant difference between pre test and post test data on Agility of Plyometric
Training group, because “t” ratio of 14.97 is greater than the required table value 2.14 at 0.05
level of significance for df of 1 and 14.
However there was no sign
control group as obtained “t” ratio of 0.58 is less than the required table value of 2.14, at 0.05
level of significanance for df of 1 and 14.
The percentage of change on Agility of Ladder Training
group and Control group are 2.82 %, 4.12 % and 0.25 % respectively.
The percentage of changes on Agility of Ladder training, plyometric training and
control group are given in the figure 1
Pie Diagram Showing the
The data collected from three groups on Agility was statistically analyzed by ANCOVA and
the result
Plyometric, 4.1
2
It is clear from the table 1.4, that there was significant difference between pre test and
post test data on Agility of Ladder Training group, because “t” ratio of 14.59 is greater than
the required table value 2.14 at 0.05 level of significance for df of 1 and 14.Similarly there
also significant difference between pre test and post test data on Agility of Plyometric
Training group, because “t” ratio of 14.97 is greater than the required table value 2.14 at 0.05
level of significance for df of 1 and 14.
However there was no significant difference were found among pre and post test of
control group as obtained “t” ratio of 0.58 is less than the required table value of 2.14, at 0.05
level of significanance for df of 1 and 14.
The percentage of change on Agility of Ladder Training group, Plyometric Training
group and Control group are 2.82 %, 4.12 % and 0.25 % respectively.
The percentage of changes on Agility of Ladder training, plyometric training and
oup are given in the figure 1.3
Figure – 1.3
Pie Diagram Showing the Percentage of Changes on Agility
The data collected from three groups on Agility was statistically analyzed by ANCOVA and
the results are presented in the table - 1.5.
Ladder , 2.82
Plyometric, 4.1
Control, 0.25
.4, that there was significant difference between pre test and
post test data on Agility of Ladder Training group, because “t” ratio of 14.59 is greater than
the required table value 2.14 at 0.05 level of significance for df of 1 and 14.Similarly there
also significant difference between pre test and post test data on Agility of Plyometric
Training group, because “t” ratio of 14.97 is greater than the required table value 2.14 at 0.05
ificant difference were found among pre and post test of
control group as obtained “t” ratio of 0.58 is less than the required table value of 2.14, at 0.05
group, Plyometric Training
The percentage of changes on Agility of Ladder training, plyometric training and
The data collected from three groups on Agility was statistically analyzed by ANCOVA and
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Table 1.5
Analysis of Covariance for the Pre and Post Tests on Agility of Ladder Training, Plyometric
Training and Control Group
Test Ladder
Training
Plyometric
Training
Control
Group SoV SS DF MS F
Pre Test
Mean
SD(±)
11.69
0.324
11.63
0.364
11.61
0.279
BG 0.049 2 0.024
0.321
WG 4.433 42 0.106
Post Test
Mean
SD(±)
11.36
0.341
11.15
0.332
11.58
0.264
BG 1.387 2 0.693
7.003
WG 4.159 42 0.099
Adjusted
Post Test
Mean
11.32 11.16 11.61
BG 1.529 2 0.764
35.770
WG 0.876 41 0.021
Table value for df of 2 and 42; and 2 and 41 are 3.22
Table 1.5, shows that the pre test mean valves on Agility of Ladder Training group,
Plyometric Training group and control group were 11.69, 11.63 and 11.61 respectively. The
obtained “F” ratio of 0.231 per test score was lesser than the required table value of 3.22 for
df 2 and 42 for significance at 0.05 level of confidence on Agility. The post test mean values
on Agility of Ladder Training group, Plyometric Training group and Control group, 11.36,
11.15 and 11.58 respectively. The obtained “F” ratio value of 7.003 for post test score was
greater than the required table value 3.22 for df 2 and 42 for significance at 0.05 level of
confidence on Agility.
The adjusted post test mean valves on Agility of Ladder Training group, Plyometric
Training group and control group are, 11.32, 11.16 and 11.61 respectively. The obtained “F”
ratio value of 35.770 per test score was greater than the required table value of 3.22 for df 2
and 41 for significance at 0.05 level of confidence on Agility.
The result of the study indicated that there was significant difference among the
adjusted post test mean of the Ladder Training group, Plyometric Training group and control
group on Agility. To determine the significance difference among the three paired means.
The scheffe’s test was applied as post hoc test and the results are presented in table 4.6.
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Scheffe’s Post Hoc Test for the Differences among Paired Means on Agility of Two
Experimental Groups and Control Group
Ladder Training Plyometric
Training
11.32
11.16
11.32
11.16
From table 4.6 it was imperative that both Ladder Training and Plyometric Training
group differed significantly from Control group on Agility. There was also significant
difference were found between Ladder Training group and Plyometric Training group in
improving Agility of Kho-Kho players. Therefore twelve weeks of Plyometric Training
showed greater improvement than Ladder Training on Agility of Kho
The pre, post and adjusted post test means of Ladder training group, Plyometric
training group and control group on speed were graphically represented in the figure
Discussion on Findings
The Ladder training group showed an improvement of 2.54% and 2.83
agility during twelve weeks of training programme. Similarly Plyometric training group
showed an improvement of 3.2% and 4.12
10.8
11
11.2
11.4
11.6
11.8
Pre test
11.79
11.6
Table 1.6
Scheffe’s Post Hoc Test for the Differences among Paired Means on Agility of Two
Experimental Groups and Control Group
Plyometric
Control Group MD
0.32
11.61 0.48
11.61 0.03
From table 4.6 it was imperative that both Ladder Training and Plyometric Training
group differed significantly from Control group on Agility. There was also significant
were found between Ladder Training group and Plyometric Training group in
Kho players. Therefore twelve weeks of Plyometric Training
showed greater improvement than Ladder Training on Agility of Kho-Kho players.
adjusted post test means of Ladder training group, Plyometric
training group and control group on speed were graphically represented in the figure
Figure 1.4
The Ladder training group showed an improvement of 2.54% and 2.83% on speed and
agility during twelve weeks of training programme. Similarly Plyometric training group
showed an improvement of 3.2% and 4.12 % on speed and agility during the same training
Pre test Post test Adjusted Post test
11.36 11.32
11.6
11.15 11.16
11.61 11.58 11.61
Ladder Plyometric Control
Scheffe’s Post Hoc Test for the Differences among Paired Means on Agility of Two
CI
0.13
0.13
0.13
From table 4.6 it was imperative that both Ladder Training and Plyometric Training
group differed significantly from Control group on Agility. There was also significant
were found between Ladder Training group and Plyometric Training group in
Kho players. Therefore twelve weeks of Plyometric Training
Kho players.
adjusted post test means of Ladder training group, Plyometric
training group and control group on speed were graphically represented in the figure- 1.4.
% on speed and
agility during twelve weeks of training programme. Similarly Plyometric training group
speed and agility during the same training
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programme of twelve weeks. Control group had not showed any improvement during the
whole course of twelve weeks training programme. The improvement on speed and agility
among Ladder training group and Plyometric training group was due to the different
intensities in training of both the groups. The finding of the study is also in agreement with
the finding of the previous study, Chandrakumar and Ramesh (2015) conducted a study to
find out effect of ladder drill and SAQ training on speed and agility among sports badminton
players. Based on the result of their study it was revealed that Ladder drill and SAQ training
significantly improved the speed and agility among sports club’s badminton players.
Sukumar (2017) determined the effect of twelve weeks of Plyometric training on agility
among netball players. Based on the result of their study that plyometric training produce
significant improvement on agility as compared to control group.
Conclusions
From the results of the study and discussion the following conclusions were drawn.
1. There is a significant difference on speed and agility between all the groups.
2. There is a significance improvement on speed and agility due to Ladder training
group and Plyometric training group.
Recommendations
1. Similar study may be conducted for various age groups.
2. The same study may be extended to further time period.
3. The present study is mainly focused on males only. The same study may be done on
females.
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