high strength steel in long span structures recent and current experiences with long ... ·...
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H I G H S T R E N GT H S T E E L I N LO N G S PA N S T R U C T U R E S
R E C E N T A N D C U R R E N T E X P E R I E N C E S W I T H LO N G - S PA N S T R U C T U R E S ,
W I T H A V I E W TO H I G H S T R E N GT H S T E E L S
30 June 2015, London
Andy Pottinger & Fergus McCormick
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BuroHappold Engineering is an independent, international engineering practice that over the last 40 years has become synonymous with the delivery of creative, value led building and city solutions for an ever changing world.
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C O N T E N T S
Long spanLong span OtherOther
StadiaStadia BridgeBridge OtherOther
Some recent and current Some recent and current structures
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Aviva StadiumClient: LRSDCArchitect: Populous, ScottTallonWalker ArchitectsStructural Design: BuroHappold EngineeringEngineering Contractor: Sisk Steel Roof Contractor: Cimolai
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Use of HSS
� Limited to primary truss main tension splice connection plates
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2012 Olympic StadiumClient: LRSDCArchitect: Populous Structural Design: BuroHappold EngineeringEngineering Contractor: Sir Robert MacAlpineSteelwork Fabricator: Severfield Watson
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Use of HSS in Existing Stadium
� Original design adopted S355 for all steelwork
� Watson proposed HSS tube due to stock availability - various API pipeline grades X52– X65
� Large diameter thin wall sections for compression buckling resistance and lightweight slender aesthetic
� Of course – much high strength steel in the cables – very high strength, but with detailing and handling costs
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COPYRIGHT © 1976-2014 BUROHAPPOLD ENGINEERING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
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Olympic Stadium TransformationClient: LLDCArchitect: Populous Structural Design: BuroHappold EngineeringEngineering Contractor: Balfour BeattySteelwork Fabricator: William Hare
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Design development with HSS
� Limited suppliers to market
� Very limited availability in thicker sizes
� Tata were still in development of ‘standard’ sections in HSS, other suppliers also had a limited range of rolled sections
� Longer lead in times, typically a minimum of 1 month depending on size, quantity and grade
� Quantity of S420 difficult to procure given programme
� S420 and S460 grade steel could be sourced for both fabricated girders and some standard CHS bracing elements
� Key issue was lead-in time, critical on a rapid delivery programme
� Of course – still much high strength steel in the cables – very high strength, but with detailing and handling costs
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Atlanta Falcons StadiumClient: Atlanta FalconsArchitect: HOK 360 Structural Design: BuroHappold EngineeringFabricator: Canan
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`
Design development with HSS
� A significant amount of fy=65,000 psi steel used, generally for the four primary
trusses and the four main secondary trusses
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A N OT H E R S TA D I U M R O O F ( I N D E V E LO P M E N T )
Design development with HSS
� Grade 460 material around the compression ring
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New Wear Crossing Bridge Client: Sunderland City CouncilContractor: Farrans/Buyck JVStructural Design: BuroHappold Engineeringand Roughan & O'Donovan
Design development with HSS
� Grade 460 steel in the main deck girders
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Louvre Abu DhabiClient: TDICArchitect: Ateliers Jean NouvelStructural Design: BuroHappold EngineeringContractor: Arabtec/San Jose/Oger JVSteelwork Fabricator: Waagner Biro
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T H E F I N A L S T R U C T U R A L TO P S U R FAC E
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S T R U C T U R A L B E H AV I O U R
Hogging over supports + bending between supports
+ perimeter belt truss + central arching
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C L A D D I N G T U N E D TO L I G H T I N G R E Q U I R E M E N T
COPYRIGHT © 1976-2014 BUROHAPPOLD ENGINEERING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
COPYRIGHT © 1976-2014 BUROHAPPOLD ENGINEERING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Design development with HSS
� None considered at the time of design, but the orange and red elements in the following slide would be considered if the design were to be repeated in the present day.
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H S S ? N E X T T I M E … … … … .
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� Designers –
GerberHappoldJointVenture
� Architects –
Gerber Architekten
� Structural Engineers –
BuroHappold
O L A Y A M E T R O S T A T I O N
R I Y A D H , K S A
Olaya Metro Station, Riyadh, KSADesigners: GerberHappoldJointVentureArchitect: Gerber Architekten Structural Design: BuroHappold Engineering
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3-D truss arrangement of open sections Welded nodal junctions Relative steel weights
Design development with HSS
� The structural steel truss of open sections is being computationally optimised for strength considering S355 and S460
Scenario Weight Total
weightS355 S460
Baseline 1.00 - 1.00
HSS flange > 50mmm 0.21 0.73 0.94
All HSS - 0.78 0.78
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Xiqu CentreClient: Architect: Structural Design: BuroHappold Engineering
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Design development with HSS
� Theatre hung from 7m deep roof trusses made from
fabricated plated sections. The most highly stressed
trusses use S460 grade plates for these fabricated
sections.
� S460 was used as the major trusses are strength
governed and using S460 enabled reduction of member
sizes, plate thicknesses and a considerable reduction in
weld volume for full penetration welds. S460 was offered
to the client as a cost saving option during a value
engineering study at scheme design stage.
� Approximately 1000t of S460 grade plates are being used
on the project in thicknesses from 30mm to 100mm.
� More lightly loaded trusses have low enough forces to be
made from standard rolled (UC) sections which are not
widely available in S460 steel in China.
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Design development with HSS
� S460 grade fabricated box sections as
part of both the complex geometry
exoskeleton and internal columns in
the lower floors of the building.
� S460 is used to reduce member sizes
for highly stressed members
City of Dreams Hotel TowerClient: Macau
Architect: Zaha Hadid
Structural Design: BuroHappold Engineering
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© SL Rasch GmbH
Design development with HSS
� Struts supporting the arms -
S770
� Arms - S690.
� Main column - S355
Makkah UmbrellasStructural Design: SL Rasch + LiebherrStructural Consultant: BuroHappold Engineering
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� Typically all respondents had similar opinions on the use of HSS
� All had at least some experience using up to S460, beyond this experience was very
limited
� All suggested limited supply and lead-in times were the biggest issues associated with
its adoption (not technical)
FA B R I C ATO R F E E D B AC K
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� A developing trend of use of HSS in our designs
� Continuing architectural challenges
� Some procurement difficulties
� But we will continue to be specifying it more and more, such as for the arena on the
following slide
C O N C LU S I O N S
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COPYRIGHT © 1976-2014 BUROHAPPOLD ENGINEERING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
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