high speed downlink packet access - files.gamepub.sk eul mimo 2010.pdf · • hsdpa features...
TRANSCRIPT
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Data traffic characteristics• Asymmetrical• Bursty• > 384 kbps needed• Low latency
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How to…• fast scheduling• adaptive scheduling• HARQ• avoid protocol translation• reduce signaling• simple core architecture• increase L1/L2 granularity
• more bandwidth• higher order modulation• less FEC• more power• more MIMO
Reduce latency Increase throughput
1) mostly L1 properties2) set by the system design/
regulation3) harder to change in already
existing system
1) L2/L3 issues2) small effect on L13) can be changed in already
existing system
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What has bigger impact?
Sensitivity analysis - latencycnn.com
16% 39% 72% 226% 329%609%
4000%
0%
1000%
2000%
3000%
4000%
5000%
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
Latency decrease
Thro
ughp
ut in
crea
se
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What about UMTS R99?• Design changes
– Channel• transport• physical
– Scheduler– Frame format– Modulation– HARQ– Functionality move towards the Node B– Power control
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Power control – R99
Choose throughput
Evaluate radio conditions
Required cell power
• Circuit switched services are guaranteed• Packet switched services are best effort
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Power control - revised
• No guarantee• Best effort• Maximize cell capacity• Utilize all available power
HSDPA
Power
R99
Common ChannelsTime
Unused cell power
Evaluate radio conditions
Accept throughput
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HSDPA – 3GPP Rel.5• 2 ms frame format• 2 ms scheduler ATDMA/CDMA
– CQI
• 16 QAM or QPSK• HARQ (Chase, Incremental Redundancy)
– on L1 (not RLC)
• Fixed SF = 16• Turbo code only• Fixed CRC (24 bit)• No soft handover
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Higher Order Modulation
• 16QAM– Twice the data rate compared to QPSK (used in R99)
• Making optimal use of good channel conditions (high C/I)• Close to cell site• Low speed• Little or no dispersion
16QAM
2 bits/symbol 4 bits/symbol
QPSK
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Short TTITransmission Time Interval
• Reduced air-interface delay– Improved end-user performance
• HSDPA features operate at 500 times per second– Fast Link Adaptation– Fast hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) with soft
combining– Fast Channel-dependent Scheduling
10 ms20 ms40 ms80 ms
Earlier releases
2 ms
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Code multiplexing
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Fast Channel-dependent Scheduling
• Scheduling = which UE to transmit to at a given moment• Basic idea: transmit at fading peaks
– May lead to large variations in data rate between users– Tradeoff: fairness vs. cell throughput
high data rate
low data rate
Time#2#1 #2 #2#1 #1 #1
User 2
User 1
Scheduled user
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Scheduling• UEs send reports
• CQI = Channel Quality Indicator (0-30)
• Not explicit quality indicator, but the date rate supported by the UE
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HSDPA Transport Channels
one High-Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH), used for downlink data transmission, mapped to up to 15 HS-PDSCH, and is dynamically allocated every 2 msecup to four High-Speed Shared Control Channels (HS-SCCH), used for downlink control signaling, (e.g. - UE ID, HARQ, TFRC) one Associated Dedicated Channel (A-DCH) pair (UL & DL) per HSDPA user in connected state used for controlled signaling and uplink data transmission
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HS-PDSCH
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Hybrid ARQ
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Hybrid ARQ• Send & Wait strategy
– Long delays
• Up to 12 parallel processes
• Buffer memory in the UE is important
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ARQ Loops
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UE classes
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3G – voice or data?Relative Network Load – RNC level
1
5
11
3
7
9
13
15
62843628466284962
Jan07
Mar07
May07
Jul07
Sep07
Nov07
Jan08
Mar08
May08
July08
Sep08
Nov08
Jan09
Packet data
Voice
Data is surpassing voice on 3G since 2 years
128 HSDPA networks50% at 3,6 Mbps
marginal 7,2 Mbps share310 HSDPA devices
221 HSPA networks> 30% at 7,2 Mbps55 EUL networks
800 HSPA devices
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HSPA+• 64QAM (21 Mbps) alebo 2x2MIMO (28 Mbps)• 64QAM a Dual-Cell (42 Mbps / 10 MHz)• 64QAM a MIMO (42 Mbps / 5 MHz)• MIMO a Dual-Cell (56 Mbps / 10 MHz)• 64QAM a MIMO a Dual-Cell (84 Mbps / 10 MHz)• 64QAM a MIMO a Q-Cell (168 Mbps / 10 MHz)• 64QAM a 4x4MIMO a Q-Cell (336 Mbps / 10 MHz)
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Enhanced Uplink
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Resource usage
Inter cell Interference
R99 Intra cell Interference
E-DCH
Inter cell Interference
time
interference
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Design principles• Multi code transmission• HARQ• TTI 2/10 ms• Scheduling
TTI = 2 / 10 ms
Multi-codetransmission (1-4 codes)
Hybrid ARQ withSoft Combining in Node B
Scheduling
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EUL – Physical Layer
• QPSK is used both in DL & UL, but:• in DL, QPSK for each data channel• in UL, every data channel is BPSK modulated
– UL uses 2 separate OVSF code trees!– so EUL can use for example 2x SF2 & 2x SF4
left for control channelsoccupied by E-DPDCHs
I branch Q branch
I
Q
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EUL channels
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Enhanced Uplink Channels• E-DCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel (E-DPDCH)
– is the data transport channel. The power of the E-DPDCH is set dynamically as an offset to the DPCCH, a so called gain or beta factor, signaled with the grant messages delivered by the scheduler.
• E-DCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel (E-DPCCH)– is used to transmit to the scheduler information about the channel
conditions as seen from the UE.• E-DCH Absolute Grant Channel E-AGCH
– a shared downlink channel that carries absolute grants. The absolute grant is sent by the scheduler to the UE giving it the information it needs to select a rate and the transmission power.
• E-DCH Relative Grant Channel E-RGCH– is the channel carrying relative grants. Relative grants are transmitted
from non-serving cells only, at the rate of one relative grant per 10 ms from each cell in the active set.
• E-DCH HARQ Acknowledgement Indicator Channel E-HICH– a dedicated channel, carrying the binary hybrid ARQ (HARQ)
acknowledgements. One E-HICH is set up to each EUL user from each cell in its active set.
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Scheduling• Node B decides at which power UE can transmit
• Absolute Grant – from serving cell
• Relative Grant – both from serving/non-serving cell(s)
– Serving cell (UP, DOWN, HOLD) – dedicated to 1 UE
– Non-serving cell(s) (DTX, DOWN) – to all UEs(overload indicator)
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Scheduling
UE1
Absolute grant Relative grants
Rat
e
UE2 Rat
e
Request
Relative Grant
Absolute GrantRequestRelative Grant
• Scheduling request (UL)– Used by the UE to request
more resources
• Absolute grant (DL)– Used for large absolute
changes of the data rate
• Relative grant (DL)– UP/HOLD/DOWN
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EUL UE classes
cat7 – 16QAM = 11,5 Mbps
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New Radio interface protocol entities
UE Node B DRNCUu Iub Iur
MAC -es/MAC -e
PHY
E-DCH FP
MAC -e
PHY TNL
E-DCH FP
MAC -d
TNL
DTCH DCCH
MAC -es
MAC -d
DTCH DCCH
TNL TNL
SRNC
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HSDPA / EUL peak ratesUplink
20-40 Mbps
12 Mbps
5.8 Mbps
2 Mbps
0.384 Mbps
2 ms TTI
16QAM
Downlink
3.6 Mbps
14 Mbps
21 Mbps 28 Mbps
42 Mbps
84-336 Mbps
15 codes
2x2 MIMO64QAM
Multi-carrier
4x4 MIMOHigher ModulationCombinations
Multi-carrier
20062008
2006
2008
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Multi-antenna systems
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MIMO principle
• Array gain: Increased coverage.
• Diversity gain: Improved quality.
• Spatial multiplexing: Increased spectral efficiency.
• Additional transmission pipe: Increased data rates.
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MIMO principleMIMO works well, when:
1) conditions are bad:• no LOS signal component (or polarization separation)• lot of scatteres
2) antennas have sufficient spacing• uncorrelated antennas• independent CIRs
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Capacity
ρ = SNRh = channel impulse
responseH = channel impulse
response MxN (input, output antennas) matrix
r = matrix rank
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Rx diversity (SIMO)
[ ] rwr
rwws
T
N
N
R
R⋅=
⎥⎥⎥
⎦
⎤
⎢⎢⎢
⎣
⎡
⋅= MK1
**1ˆ
TX
RXs
h1
hNr
w*1
w*NR
+ ŝr1
rNR
n1
nNr
nshr +⋅=
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Tx diversity (MISO)
RXEncoder
TX
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Tx Diversity (open loop), Rel. 6(MISO)
• 2 Tx antennas• improved quality & coverage• support is mandatory for all Rel.6 compliant UEs
UE
Node B* *
…for QPSK
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Closed loop Tx diversity
Spread/scramblew1
w2
DPCHDPCCH
DPDCH
∑
CPICH1
∑
CPICH2
Ant1
Ant2
Weight Generation
w1 w2
Determine FBI messagefrom Uplink DPCCH
UE
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MIMO
⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡+⎥
⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡⋅⎥
⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡=⎥
⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡=
2
1
2
1
2,21,2
2,11,1
2
1
nn
ss
hhhh
rr
r
TX RX
H
n2
n1
h1,1
h2,2
h2,1
h1,2
s1
s2
r1
r2 ŝ2
ŝ1
nHss
rHss
⋅+⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡=⋅=⎥
⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡ −− 1
2
11
2
1
ˆˆ
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max MIMO capacity
{ } { } ),min
1(log,min 2 NS
NNNNN
WC
RT
RRT ⋅+⋅=
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MIMO & HOM relation• MIMO can be considered as a form of HOM• 2 streams of 4QAM = 1 stream of 16QAM
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So many antennas…
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So many antennas…
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So many antennas…
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MIMO introduction into 3GPP
HSDPA EUL TxD MIMO for HSDPAMIMO for R99 LTE
ULSC-FDMAOFDMAMC-WCDMA
DLOFDMA
MC-WCDMA
MIMO mandatoryMIMO mandatory
3GPP Rel. 5 3GPP Rel. 6 3GPP Rel. 7 & 8
Transmit Diversity
FDD only
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HSDPA MIMO• Where it’s hot:
– higher isolation between cells and/or non-uniform load distribution: URBAN MICRO
– PICO & INDOOR
• Where it’s not:– uniform load distribution,
frequency reuse of one, high load and little isolation between cells: URBAN MACRO
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HSDPA + MIMO• 3GPP Release 7 – still open
(LTE is also part of Rel. 7)
• 11 proposals
• MIMO up to 4x4
• achievable data rate < 45 Mbps *(channel capacity < 80 Mbps *)
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HSDPA + MIMO1. Per-antenna rate control2. Rate-Control Multi-Paths diversity3. Double Space Time Transmit Diversity with Sub-Group Rate
Control4. Single Stream Closed loop MIMO with 4 Tx and L Rx antennas5. Per-User Unitary Rate Control6. TPRC for CD-SIC MIMO7. Selective Per Antenna Rate Control 8. Double Transmit antenna array (D-TxAA)9. Spatial Temporal Turbo Channel Coding10. Double Adaptive Space Time Transmit Diversity with Sub-Group
Rate Control 11. Single & Multiple Code Word MIMO with Virtual Antenna mapping
3GPP TR 25.876
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Ericsson MIMO Proposal
CodingInterleaving
Mapping
DEMUX
...
Spreading Code 1
Spreading Code 2
Spreading Code C
ScramblingCode
ScramblingCode
CodingInterleaving
Mapping ...
...
...
Highspeeddatastream
Antenna 1
Antenna T
Selective per-antenna rate control (S-PARC)
adaptively selects the number of antennas
separately encoded data streams are transmitted from eachantenna with equal power but with different data rates
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And the winner is…
Weight Generation
w1 w4
Determine weight info message from the uplink
w 2 w 3
TrCH processing
HS-DSCH TrCH processing
HS-DSCH
Spread/scramble
∑
Ant1
Ant2
∑
CPICH1
CPICH2
w1
w2
w3
w4
∑
∑
Primary transport block
Primary: Always present for scheduled UE
Secondary: Optionally present for scheduled UE
Secondary transport block
Double Transmit antenna array (D-TxAA)LG Electronics