high rise elevators

ELEVATORING ISSUES AFFECTING HIGH RISE BUILDINGS IN INDIA

Johannes de JongDirector ‐ Technology, Major Projects/KONEHyvinkää FinlandHyvinkää, Finland

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Elevatoring issues affecting high rise buildings

Traffic planning (people flow)(people flow)

(Ride Comfort)

Piston effect

Building SwayBuilding Sway

Stack effect

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CIBSE Guide D

Guide D will assist practitioners involved in the design installationinvolved in the design, installation and maintenance of transportation systems; including architects, surveyors facilities and buildingsurveyors, facilities and building managers who need to understand the advice given to them by

i li tspecialists.

2005 • 256 pages • Order code: GVDISBN 10: 1-903287-61-8ISBN 10: 1 903287 61 8ISBN 13: 978-1-903287-61-3

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Vertical Transportation Parameters

INTERVALINTERVALAVERAGE TIME BETWEEN ELEVATORS

LEAVING FROM THE LOBBY

HANDLING CAPACITYNUMBER OF PASSENGERS

TRANSPORTED UP WITH 80 % CAR LOAD IN FIVE MINUTESWITH 80 % CAR LOAD IN FIVE MINUTES

NOMINAL TRAVEL TIMENOMINAL TRAVEL TIMETRAVEL HEIGHT DIVIDED BY

THE RATED SPEEDOF THE ELEVATOR

Marina Bay Sands, Singapore

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Vertical Transportation ParametersInterval

INTERVALCommercial Buildings

and HotelsINTERVALAVERAGE TIME BETWEEN ELEVATORS LEAVING FROM THE LOBBY

INTERVAL:Quality Interval (s)Level Incoming------------- --------------Excellent 20 - 25 Good 25 - 32

TOO SHORT

Cars don't

CORRECT INTERVAL

Long

TOO LONG Satisfactory 32 - 40

Residential Buildingshave enough time to get loaded, expensive

Longwaitingtimes INTERVAL:

Quality Interval (s)

Residential Buildings

expensive Level Incoming------------- --------------Excellent 20 - 40 Good 40 - 80Good 40 80 Satisfactory 80 - 100

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Vertical Transportation ParametersHandling Capacity

HANDLING CAPACITY

g p y

HANDLING CAPACITYNUMBER OF PASSENGERSTRANSPORTED UP WITH

HANDLING CAPACITY % OF POPULATION IN 5 MIN.:

Type of Working Transp. Capacity

80 % CAR LOAD IN FIVE MINUTES yp g p p y

Building Hours Excellent Good------------- -------- ------------------------Offices:- one company common 20 - 25 16 - 20

TOO BIGTOO SMALLPROPERLY

DIMENSIONED ELEVATOR CROUP

- one company common 20 - 25 16 - 20- one company flexible 16 – 20 13 - 16- diversified common 16 - 20 13 - 16- diversified flexible 15 – 18 12 - 15

Cannot absorb traffic peaks

Tooexpensive

Hotels: 16 - 20 12 – 16

Residential: > 7.5 5 - 7.5peaks, queuing Hospitals:

- personnel 16 - 20 13 - 16© CTBUH Copyright

Parameter selectionActual traffic measurements

Single tenant office with common working hours

10.00

12.00

Incoming

10 0012.00

Outgoing

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

2.004.006.008.00

10.00

0.00

7:00

8:00

9:00

10:00

11:00

12:00

13:00

14:00

15:00

16:00

17:00

18:00

19:00

0.00

7:00

8:00

9:00

10:00

11:00

12:00

13:00

14:00

15:00

16:00

17:00

18:00

19:00

10.00

12.00

InterfloorSingle Tenant Office Building

Per Cent of Population in 5 Minutes

12 0014.0016.00 Incoming Interfloor Outgoing

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

2.004.006.008.00

10.0012.00

0.00

7:00

8:00

9:00

10:00

11:00

12:00

13:00

14:00

15:00

16:00

17:00

18:00

19:00

0.00

7:00

8:00

9:00

10:00

11:00

12:00

13:00

14:00

15:00

16:00

17:00

18:00

19:00

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Parameter selectionActual traffic measurements

Multi Tenant Office BuildingPer Cent of Population in 5 minutes

Residential BuildingPer cent of Population in 5 Minutesp

8.00

10.00

12.00Incoming Interfloor Outgoing

33.5

44.5

5Incoming Interfloor Outgoing

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

00.5

11.5

22.5

0700

0800

0900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

1700

1800

1900 6:007:459:3011:1

513:0

014:4

516:3

018:1

520:0

021:4

523:3

01:153:004:45

Outgoing

8,0

10,0

12,0

% of Population/

5 min

InterfloorIncoming

High Rise Hotel

0,0

2,0

4,0

6,0

0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5

0:00

1:45

3:30

5:15

7:00

8:45

10:3

0

12:1

5

14:0

0

15:4

5

17:3

0

19:1

5

21:0

0

22:4

5

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Vertical Transportation ParametersNominal Travel Time

NOMINAL TRAVEL TIMECommercial Buildings

and HotelsNOMINAL TRAVEL TIMETRAVEL HEIGHT DIVIDED BYTHE RATED SPEED OF THE ELEVATOR

NOMINAL TRAVEL TIME:Quality TravelLevel Time (s)Level Time (s)------------- --------------Excellent 15 - 20 Good 20 - 25

TRAVEL HEIGHT

RATED SPEEDTOO SHORT TOO LONG

Satisfactory 25 - 32

Residential BuildingsUnnecessarily high speed(expensive, ride

Speed too slow (long journeytimes)

NOMINAL TRAVEL TIME:Quality TravelLevel Time (s)

g

( pcomfort issues)

) Level Time (s)------------- --------------Excellent 20 - 25 Good 25 - 32 S fSatisfactory 32 - 50

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Vertical Transportation Parameters in India

Different situations encountered:

Offices:- 50000 sq ft per elevator (architect in Mumbai)- Handling Capacity for offices, 10% of the population in 5 minutes

Interval 40 seconds (local consultant in Mumbai)- Calculated handling capacity 5 % of the population in 5 minutes

(Several large buildings in Mumbai)

Residential buildings:Residential buildings:- Speed of 1,5 m/s for a scenic elevator traveling 300 m, passenger

elevators traveling the same height 4 m/s(Mumbai High Rise design phase)(Mumbai High Rise, design phase)

Hotels:- Travel 130 m, speed 2.5 m/s (Delhi, design phase)

Elevator Systems are often heavily under dimensionedFar too low speeds and too long intervals are commonFar too low speeds and too long intervals are common practice

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Vertical Transportation Parameters in IndiaHandling Capacityg p y

Simulated Waiting Times with daily multi tenant office profile

1200

1400

s

12% HC Office Building5% HC Office Building

100

s

12% HC Office Building5% HC Office Building

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

20

40

60

80

0

200

08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00

Simulation time

0

08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00

Simulation time

100

%

100

%

12% HC Office Building5% HC Office Building12% HC Office Building5% HC Office Building

Medium Rise Office

Under dimensioning with

20

40

60

80

20

40

60

80 50.000 sq ft / elevator rule(about 5% Handling Capacity in 5 minutes)

will cause very long waiting times, lasting very long

0

Time [s]

030 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450 480 510 540 570 600

lasting very long© CTBUH Copyright

Vertical Transportation Parameters in IndiaNominal Travel Time

High Rise Hotel in DelhiSimulated Waiting and Transit Times with daily hotel profile

70

80

%

80

90

100

%

76.0 %

70

80

90

%

80

90

100

%88.8 %

g y p

4 m/s

20

30

40

50

60

20

30

40

50

60

70

21.8 %20

30

40

50

60

70

30

40

50

60

70

80

10 8 %

Waiting Times

0

10

Time [s]

0

10

20

30 60 90

2.17 %0

10

20

Time [s]

0

10

20

30 60 90

0.346 %10.8 %

2.5 m/s

40

50

60

%

70

80

90

100

%

41.3 %

55.5 %

40

50

60

%

70

80

90

100

%

54.7 %

33.6 %

4m/s

10

20

30

40

10

20

30

40

50

60

3.17 % 0 00 %10

20

30

10

20

30

40

50

60

0.911 %10.7 %

33.6 %

Transit Times

0

Time [s]

0

10

30 60 90

0.00 %0

Time [s]

030 60 90 120

2.5m/s

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(Ride Comfort)

Piston effect


Stack effect

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Piston Effect

In single shafts, the air displaced by the car is pushed into the narrow gap around the car.pushed into the narrow gap around the car.

This can increase the speed of the air around the car to levels more than twice the speed of the car, causing noise.

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Piston Effect

Common practice in India:pEach Elevator is running in a fully enclosed hoistways, even at high speeds. p

This pushes the air around the car at high speed causing a strong Piston Effect

Prevent Piston effect:Use divider beams instead of solid

Effect.

Use divider beams instead of solid separation walls in elevator banks

Use divider beamsinstead ofsolid separation wallsolid separation wall

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Piston Effect

Single Hoistways

To reduce the noise level created by the air speed, pressure relief holes are needed.

Pressure relief holes can only be used if we have an adjacent hoistway or an adjacent air duct.

If pressure relief holes are applied in fire

Pressure relief holesPressure relief holes

protected hoistways, the holes must be supplied with automatic fire dampers.

Noise, buffeting, whistling are common effects if pressure relief holes cannot be applied in single hoistways at high speeds.© CTBUH Copyrig

ht

Building Sway

Building sway may cause excessive sway in compensation ropes, overspeed governor ropes, suspension ropes and traveling cablestraveling cables.

In over 200m tall buildings and in slender buildings over 150m tall this may have an g yimpact on the elevator design.

Rope resonance and traveling cable movement cannot be completely avoidedmovement cannot be completely avoided in high rise buildings.

To minimize potential problems the sway p p ybehavior of ropes and cables must be considered. © CTBUH Copyrig

ht

Building Sway

Adjust frequencywith

Use rope protection equipment

compensation device weight

Use Building S d t t

Use aFollower Carriage

if compensation

Sway detector to park and

stop elevators

if compensation weight gets too

big

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Stack Effect

Stack effect is the movement of air into and out of buildings, and is driven by buoyancy.

Warm indoor airBuoyancy occurs due to a difference in indoor-to-outdoor air density resulting from temperature and moisture differences.

Cold indoor air

Especially in case of fire, the stack effect needs to be controlled to prevent the spread of smoke.

Winter (positive

Cold outdoor air

Summer (negative

Hot outdoor air

Winter (positive buoyancy)

Summer (negative buoyancy)

Elevator doors can be open at different l l t th ti Thi ill flevels at the same time. This will enforce the stack effect.

It is essential that all elevator lobbies are well sealed to minimize stack effectwell sealed to minimize stack effect.© CTBUH Copyrig

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Building Sway combined with Stack Effect

Elevator lateral quacking going up

1. Low wind dayy

2. high wind day2. high wind day(70-80 km/h)

The lateral quacking curves shown above, have been measured in a high rise elevator with a travel of about 350 m, moving upwards from ground to the top floor. The top floors of the building are not yet sealed.On day with low wind conditions ride comfort is maintained throughout the full y gride. On a windy day the draft at the unsealed top floors will dramatically affect ride comfort.

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Summary

If India wants to achieve the same quality standardsIf India wants to achieve the same quality standardsfor High Rise Buildings as elsewhere:

The design rules for dimensioning vertical transportation of High Rise in India must be changed. It would be advisable to use rules similar to those shown in CIBSE Guide D.

The practice of using single hoistways must be changed for high speed passenger elevators to prevent ”Piston Effect”.

Building sway, and Stack effect must be considered.

There are a lot of excellent International VT Consultants available.PLEASE USE THEM !© CTBUH Copyrig

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