high performance additive for thermoset resins

Introduction Key Benefits

Applied Minerals Inc. 110 Greene Street, Suite 1101 New York, NY 10012 1.800.356.6463 www.appliedminerals.com

Reinforcement Dragonite has a high surface area and aspect ratio to provide substantial improvement in both stiffness and strength. The flexural modulus of Dragonite is 130-‐150 Gpa. Impact Enhancer Unlike other reinforcements, Dragonite allows you to dramatically improve impact resistance. In certain epoxy systems, a 2% Dragonite loading can improve impact resistance by up to 400%. Electrical Properties Dragonite in an insulator with a low dielectric constant making it ideal for applications where electrical properties are a key performance objective. Additional Benefits • CTE Reduction

• Increased Flame Retardance

• Improved Dimensional Stability

100% Natural Ingredient Dragonite Halloysite is non-‐toxic and natural -‐ demonstrating a high compatibility without posing any risk to the environment.

High Performance Additive for Thermoset Resins

DRAGONITE is a halloysite-‐based aluminosilicate clay exhibiting a rare, naturally occurring hollow tubular structure.

Through its unique morphology and ideally-‐suited chemistry, it enhances the properties of wide range of thermoset resins to meet the requirements of demanding applications.

1 µm

Contact: Brian Newsome Head of Sales 1 (407) 790-‐1159 [email protected]


DRAGONITE in Polyurethane Thermosets

Recommended Product Grades For Thermoset Systems

Untreated product grade with high reactivity and acidity (pH of 4-‐5).

Recommended at loadings of 1-‐10 wt%

-‐HP

Untreated product grade with slightly lower reactivity and acidity (pH 5-‐7) due to 2.0% iron oxide content.


Ammoniated product grade with low reactivity and pH neutral. Ideal for applications where high acidity has the ability to negatively affect the polymer network.


Mechanical Property Improvements The tensile strength, elongation to break, Young’s modulus, and Shore A Hardness were all improved with the addition of 1.0% halloysite to an MDI polyurethane system.

Gong, B., Ouyang, C., Yuan, Y., & Gao, Q. (2015). Synthesis and properties of a millable polyurethane elastomer with low halloysite nanotube content. RSC Adv., 5(94), 77106–77114. http://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA11605H

Sample Tensile Strength (Mpa)

Elongation to break

(%)

Young’s Modulus (Mpa)

Hardness (Shore A)

Neat MPU 10.4 272 15.2 92

0.5% Halloysite 21.7 365 21.4 92

1% Halloysite 22.9 347 21.5 94

5% Halloysite 21.1 278 48.2 97

Polyurethane / Halloysite Crosslinked Network

-‐XR

-‐HP:A

600#

500#

400#

300#

200#

100#

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Content$of$nanopar3cles$[wt%]#


DRAGONITE in Epoxy Thermosets

Fracture Toughness Improvements The fracture toughness of the halloysite particle modified epoxies was noticeably increased, with the greatest improvement in KIC up to 50% and in GIC up to 127%. The improvements in fracture toughness are mainly attributable to mechanisms such as crack bridging, deflection and plastic deformation of the epoxy around the particle clusters. Deng, S., Zhang, J., Ye, L., & Wu, J. (2008).

Toughening epoxies with halloysite nanotubes. Polymer, 49(23), 5119–5127.

CTE and Mechanical Improvement Halloysite was incorporated in a cyanate ester cured epoxy resin to lower the CTE value and increase the mechanical properties of the epoxy resin.

Sample (wt%)

E’ at 50C (Mpa)

Increase (%)

E’ at 210C (Mpa)

Increase (%)

Neat Resin 2701 62.8

4% Halloysite 3354 24.2 88.1 40.3 8% Halloysite 3491 29.2 109.7 74.7 12% Halloysite 4283 58.6 139.2 121.7

Storage Moduli of Epoxy/Halloysite Hybrids in Glassy and Rubbery States

Liu, M., Guo, B., Du, M., Cai, X., & Jia, D. (2007). Properties of halloysite nanotube–epoxy resin hybrids and the interfacial reactions in the systems. Nanotechnology, 18(45), 455703.

Flexural Modulus and Flexural Strength of Epoxy/Halloysite Nanocomposites

Sample (wt%)

Flexural Strength (Mpa)

Flexural Modulus (Gpa)

Neat Resin 47 3.26

4% HNTs 100 3.65 8% HNTs 107 3.85 12% HNTs 91 3.98

Liu, M., Guo, B., Du, M., Lei, Y., & Jia, D. (2008). Natural inorganic nanotubes reinforced epoxy resin nanocomposites. Journal of Polymer Research, 15(3), 205–212.

Flexural Strength and Modulus Improvement Halloysite was incorporated in a cyanate ester cured epoxy resin to increase the flexural strength and modulus.

Impact Strength Improvements The impact strength of the halloysite particle modified epoxies was noticeably increased 400% without sacrificing other mechanical properties. The underlying toughening mechanisms responsible for the unusual 400% increase in impact strength were investigated and identified as massive micro-‐cracking, nanotube bridging/pull out/breaking and crack deflection.

Ye, Y., Chen, H., Wu, J., & Ye, L. (2007). High impact strength epoxy nanocomposites with natural nanotubes. Polymer, 48(21), 6426–6433.


Sample (wt%)

Fracture Toughness (Mpa

m1/2)

Impact Toughness (kJ/m2)

Neat VER 1.8 1.5

1% Halloysite 2.1 2.9 3% Halloysite 2.4 3.3 5% Halloysite 2.6 4.1

Fracture and Impact Toughness Improvements The impact strength of the halloysite particle modified epoxies was noticeably increased 400% without sacrificing other mechanical properties. The underlying toughening mechanisms responsible for the unusual 400% increase in impact strength were investigated and identified as massive micro-‐cracking, nanotube bridging/pull out/breaking and crack deflection.

Fracture Properties of VER and VER/ Halloysite Nanocomposites

SEM Images of VER/ Halloysite Samples a. VER resin b. VER/1%HNT loading c. VER/3% loading d. VER/5%HNT loading

DRAGONITE in Vinyl Ester Thermosets

Alhuthali, A., & Low, I. M. (2013). Mechanical and fracture properties of halloysite nanotube reinforced vinyl-‐ester nanocomposites. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 130(3), 1716–1725.

Key$PropertiesProperty Value

Chemical)Formula Al2Si2O5(OH)4)2H20Chemistry Al2O3)37.7%)SiO2)43.4%Length 0.2B2.0)μm)Outside)Diameter 50B70)nmInside)Diameter 15B30)nmAspect)Ratio)(L/D) 10B20Particle)Size)(d90) <)10)μmParticle)Size)(d50) <0.2)μmBET)Surface)Area 65)m2gB1

True)Specific)Gravity 2.53)gcm3

Bulk)Density ~)16)lb/ft3

BET)Pore)Volume 20)B)25%Oil)(Linseed))Absorption 40)lbs)/)100)lbsCation)Exchange)Capacity 11)meq)/)100g

Contact: Brian Newsome Head of Sales 1 (407) 790-‐1159 [email protected]

high performance additive for thermoset resins

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