high middle ages 1000 - 1300. transition to the high middle ages (1050 to 1400) the regional...
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High Middle Ages1000 - 1300
Transition to the High Middle Ages(1050 to 1400)
• The regional stability of the early middle ages allowed local rulers to organize powerful regional states– Holy Roman Empire– Capetian France– Norman England– Papal States– etc
• The kings of England and France used their relationships with retainers to build powerful, centralized monarchies– Still no one could consolidate all of Europe under a
single empire
Europe1000 AD
Norman Conquest of England Invasion of the Kingdom of England by
William the ConquerorBattle of Hastings - 1066 • Bayeux Tapestry • 3 Claimants to the Crown• Harold Godwineson • King Harald of Norway • William (Duke of Normandy)Watershed in English history• Created one of the most powerful
monarchies in Europe • Linked England with Continental Europe• Set the stage for English-French conflict • Changed the English language and culture • Near total loss for Anglo-Saxon aristocracy • Last successful military conquest of England
England 1066 - 1307• Establishment of Norman Monarchy
– Great Council replaces Witan• Wars in France• Henry II (r. 1154 – 1189) – expands territory• Eleanor of Aquitaine – vast lands in France• Richard I – Lion-Hearted (r. 1189 – 1199)
– Serious warrior• John (r. 1199 – 1216) – incompetent king• Magna Carta – 1215
– Kings are not above the law– King Could Not Collect Any New Tax Without
the Consent of the Great Council – King could not violate due process of law– An accused Person Was Entitled to a Trial by a Jury of Peers
• Parliament – institution able to restrict power of the king– Knights & burgesses elected– Becomes House of Commons & House of Lords
Population of Europe ExpandsIn the 11th cen., people began to move outward into the wilderness, in what is
known as the "great clearances"
• During the High Middle Ages, forests and marshes were cleared and cultivated
Settlements moved beyond the traditional boundaries of the Frankish Empire to new frontiers in eastern Europe, beyond the Elbe River, tripling the size of Germany in the process
Reasons for this expansion and colonization include
• An improving climate known as the Medieval warm period allowing longer & more productive growing seasons
• End of raids by Vikings & Magyars resulting in greater political stability
• Advancements in medieval technology allowing more land to be farmed
• Reforms of the Church in the 11th century further increasing social stability
• The rise of Feudalism, which also brought increased social stability and more mobility
Emergence of Cities
Emergence of Cities• Between 1150 and 1200 the number of
chartered cities in the Holy Roman Empire tripled from 200 to 600
New Cities – vitality and squalor • Serfs flocked to the cities looking for
opportunities • Serfs who lived within a city for a year
and a day were no longer bound to the land
• “Town air makes men free” Tried to maintain independence of local
lords and clergy • Independent charters from king• Developed their own municipal
administration Communes – revolutions to gain
independence of cities
Trade and Commerce Trade drove the urban explosion • Cities grew on the trade routes
– Italy, Flanders, France, Germany• New class of long-distance merchants • Traders began to create their own
communities • Traders formed partnerships to share the
rewards and the risks • Venture capitalistsMerchant Fairs
Champagne region of FranceHanseatic League was founded in the 12th
century in northern Europe• United political & economic power• 79 to 80 citiesMarco Polo - Venetian traveled to Silk Road to
China • Led to new trade with East
Medieval Guilds• Chief mechanism for organizing, regulating and
restricting trade
• Fixed career path for skilled workers
• Lengthy period of apprenticeship – 4 to 12 years
• Craftsmen would acquire independent professional status by producing a masterpiece
• Developed into trade associations designed to supervise business activity and protect the interests of its members – Regulated working day
– Ensured that work was done to an acceptable standard
– Laid down rates of pay
• Negative: restricted entry into a profession, forbade price cutting or advertising, and discouraged competition and innovation
Expansion of Education• Merchant class spurred need to create more
secular education system– Need for clerks and government officials who
could read and write and understand accounts
• Cathedral and monastic schools restricted admission to the Church
• Most new universities were founded from pre-existing Catholic schools – University of Salerno (9th century)– University of Bologna (1088)– University of Paris (c. 1100
• Students flocked to study under famed teachers – At first, anyone could teach
• First universities were corporations of students & teachers modeled on guilds – Guild’s duties included hiring faculty– Students could dock faculty wages
UniversitiesThree Types of Universities
1. students hired and paid for the teachers - Bologna
2. teachers were paid by the church - Paris
3. supported by the crown and the state – Oxford
Universities became more organized
• Set regulations for dress
• Provided living accommodations
• By 13th cen. rules introduced for teachers
• Six years of study to be a lecturer
• Eight years & 35 years old to teach theology
Students entered the University at fourteen to fifteen years of age
UniversitiesUniversity studies took six years for a Bachelor
degree and up to twelve additional years for a master's degree and doctorate
Specialties at universities• Bologna for legal studies• Salerno for medicine• Paris known as the “queen of theology”Subjects of higher education• Trivium – grammar, rhetoric and logic• Quadrivium – arithmetic, geometry,
astronomy and music • everyone had to take the same courses Town and gown relations often stormy• Civil authorities regularly censor students for
riotous behavior• Students were afforded the legal protection of
the clergy
Scholasticism Dominant philosophical, scientific and
theological movement of the Middle Ages• Efforts of European intellectuals to reconcile
reason and faith• Reaction to contact with Muslim and
reintroduction of Classical literature• Depended much on the work of AristotlePeter Abelard – French priest – 1079 –1142• Lectures at cathedral school of Notre Dame in
Paris• Disastrous love affair with Heloise• Sic et Non – Yes and No• collected statements from the Bible and Church
leaders which contradicted each other• Believed that reason could resolve the
contractions• Church under Bernard of Clairvaux charged
Abelard with heresy
ScholasticismSt. Anselm – Benedictine monk – 1079 – 1142• Belief - no conflict separating man’s spiritual
& rational natures • Joined reason and faith in credo – “I believe
in order to understand” Thomas Aquinas, Dominican, 1225 – 1274• Made every effort to prove that faith and reason
could be reconciled • Believed in two orders of truth
– Reason – could demonstrate propositions such as the existence of God
– Faith – things like the nature of the Trinity must be accepted– Universe as a great chain of being– Omnipotent God called everything into being, with everything
had its place– Man occupied a place midway between the material and the
spiritual– Reason gave human beings the power to understand some things
• Two great works – Summa contra Gentiles & Summa Theologica • Canonized after death in 1274
Scholasticism and Science Scientific Method – Europeans started to systematically observe and investigate
the physical universe
• Spurred by newly translated Greek and Arabic sources
Robert Grosseteste - English bishop and scholar
• Aristotelian
• Developed an early system of experimental methodology with an emphasis on observation, hypothesis and verification
• Tried to demonstrate that the world was round
• Experiments on the refraction of light
Roger Bacon – 1214 1294
• Looked for practical applications - telescope
• Argued that observation should guide reason
The Holy GrailDish, plate or cup used by Jesus at the Last Supper, said to
possess miraculous powers• May combine Christian lore with Celtic myth• Important segment of the Arthurian cycle Grail literature divides into two classes • King Arthur’s knights visiting the Grail castle or
questing after the object – Must be pure of heart
• Grail’s history in the time of Joseph of ArimatheaGrail romances started in France• Appeared first in works by Chrétien de Troyes• Related to crusading spirit of time• Early Grail romances centered on Percival & Galahad• Hero must prove himself worthy to be in its presence Robert de Boron (1191 - 1202)• Story of Joseph of Arimathea acquiring the chalice of the
Last Supper Two schools of thought concerning Grail's origin • Derived from early Celtic myth and folklore • Began as a purely Christian symbol Other interpretation• Jesus’ Bloodline in modern Europe – Mary Magdalene
Reform in the Church The Church’s spiritual and secular authority influenced every
facet of life• Beginning of the 11th cen.- the Church largest landowner in
Europe – Up to a third of all land• Controlled kings and emperorsChurch reformers scrutinized Church’s involvement in temporal
affairs• Called for ending simony – accepting bribes in order to
receive Church offices• Establishment of celibacy for the clergyPower of the papacy continued to grow• Leo X proclaimed the absolute primacy of St. Peter in 1050Great Schism - Leo X broke with the Eastern Orthodox Church
in 1054• Pope supreme over the patriarchs
Reform in the ChurchInvestiture Controversy - between 1073 and 1085• Monarchs choose high church officials in their realm• Pope Nicholas II – 1059 – Establishes selection by College of Cardinals• Struggle between Henry IV & Gregory VII• Gregory VII, brought an end to lay investiture• 1077 Henry comes to CanossaPax Dei (Peace of God)• In 1040 pope tried to curtail continuous state of warfare by declaring a placed
women, children travelers and priests under papal protection• Banned fighting between Wednesday night and Monday morning and on holy
days• Left only 90 days a year for warfare• Did not stop warfareCult of the Virgin Mary – eclipsed the veneration of individual saints • Given mediator role between sinful humanity and Jesus• Many cathedrals dedicated to “Notre Dame” or “Our Lady”
Gothic Architecture Style originated at the abbey church
of Saint-Denis in Saint-Denis, near Paris
Theological message: • Great glory of God versus the
smallness and insignificance of the mortal being
Elements• Flying buttresses• Pointed arch • Larges stained-glass windows• Inventive sculpture – saints &
gargoyles
Gothic Architecture
New Monastic Orders Dedicated to living simple, austere existences • Obedient to Pope• Rejected life in the monasteries• Work directly with people• Fought against hereticsMendicant orders - 13th century• Dedicated to life of poverty• Sought to assist the poorCistercians – c. 1100 – Founded by St. Bernard of Clairaux• By 1153 at least 343 chapter housesFranciscans • Founded by St. Francis of Assisi• known as the Grey Friars founded 1209 Carmelites - Hermits of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Carmel • known as the White Friars, founded 1206–1214 Dominicans - Order of Preachers, founded 1217
– Emphasized preaching rather than poverty– Trained in rhetoric to combat heretics with
argumentsAugustinians- Hermits of St. Augustine, founded 1256
Jews in Western Europe Jews very persecuted during Middle AgesThe Church prohibited Christians from lending money at interest –
usury• Jews became the Empire’s financial agentsUrban II’s call for crusade in 1095 opened a period of persecutionThe first pogram against the Jews took place during this period1096 – 1215 – numerous persecutions of Jews1103 – Henry IV denied Jews the right to bear arms• Only freemen could bear arms co Jews were considered as
“unfree”1215 – Fourth Lateran Council prohibited Jews from holding office• Designated certain clothes to wear as well as areas in which Jews
were allowed to live – ghettos1306 – Jews were expelled from France
Heretical Movements Mass movements that questioned church doctrines• Beginning in the 11th century• Originated in the newly urbanized areas such as
southern France and northern Italy • Church reaction was to eliminate some and
integrate othersCatharism - movement with Gnostic elements• Also called Albigensians • Dualists believed that historical events were the
result of struggle between a good & evil• The Albigensian Crusade launched by Pope
Innocent III in 1209 • Brutal massacres – “Kill them all; God will
know his own”Waldensians • Valdes of Lyons• Opposed to corruption of the ChurchInquisition established in 13th century• Persecution and torture to identify heresy
Europe on the Eve of the Crusades
The CrusadesSeries of military campaigns conducted in the
name of Christendom• Primary goal to recapture Jerusalem & the
Holy Land from Muslims• Combined pilgrimage with holy war• Franks vs. Saracens • 9 primary crusades - 1095 to 1291 • Usually sanctioned by the Pope• Unleashed wave of impassioned, personally felt
pious Christian fury • Mostly unsuccessful expeditionsDifferent cultural interpretations• Western - heroism, faith and honour • Islamic – invasion, barbarian savagery
and brutality Living memory in Muslim world of today
Causes of the Crusades• In 1009, the Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr
Allah sacked the pilgrimage hospice in Jerusalem and destroyed the Church of the Holy Sepulchre
• Reports began to circulate in the West about cruelty of Muslims toward Christian pilgrims
• Pleas from the Byzantine Emperors threatened under by the Seljuk Turks– Emperor wants to resore land to empire
• Outlet for intense religious piety of the late 11th century among public – Dying for the cause led to salvation.
• Investiture Controversy awakened public interest in religious affairs
• Opportunity to increase power of papacy by reuniting Christian world and bringing East under control
Palestine before the Crusades
Muslim presence in the Holy Land • Arab conquest of Palestine in the 7th
century • Many independent city-statesMany Christians in Syria, Lebanon,
Palestine, and Egypt• Pilgrimes allowed to travel to Christian
holy sites Previous territory ruled by Byzantine Empire• Want to recapture the lost lands Seljuq Turks• Recent converts to Islam from Central
Asia
First CrusadeByzantine emperor Alexius I calls for help1095 - Council of ClermontPope Urban II • Call for Christians to join a war against the
Turks – Just war• Return the Holy Lands to Christian control “The frenzy of the barbarians has devastated the
churches in the east, and has even – shame to say – seized into slavery the holy city of Christ, Jerusalem.”
• Unite European Christians in a common cause– Crusaders guaranteed ticket to heaven– Remission of sins
• Subject the Eastern orthodox churches to Rome 1096 – Armies from France, Germany & Italy set
out – led by Norman nobles1099 - take Jerusalem by assault and massacred
population Four small Crusader states created • Edessa, Tripoli, Antioch and Jerusalem
Sacking of Jerusalem
Knights Templar“Poor Knights of Jesus Christ”• Took vows of poverty, chastity & obedience• Devoted to war – guarded pilgrim routes• Camped on Temple MountGained support of Bernard of ClairvauxBy 1196 string of Templar castles in Holy LandFearless warriors – 20,000 died during crusadesMistrusted by other crusaders• Many rumors about secret religious ritesBecame enormously wealthy and powerful• 900 Templar castles across medieval world• Answered to no one except the pope• Became prominent bankers of age• Ambitions to create their own nation in Europe?King Phillip IV of France • Destroys all power on Friday April 13, 1307
Second Crusade,1145–1149
• Muslims conquered the town of Edessa
• New crusade was called for by pope and various preachers – Bernard of Clairvaux
• French and German armies, under the Kings Louis VII and Conrad III – Wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine
• Returned home without major successes
• Strategically foolish attack on Damascus
• Encouraged resolve of Muslims
Saladin• Known as greatest Muslim warrior
– Reputation for nobility
– Greatly respected in West – Chivalrous
• Kurdish from Tikrit, in present day Iraq
• Founded the Ayyubid dynasty
• Powerbase in Egypt and Syria
• Eliminates all rivals through war & intrigue
• Unites Muslim forces to confront Crusader kingdoms– Portays himself as champion of Islam against
Western invaders
• 1187 – defeats crusaders at Battle of Hattin
• Captures Jerusalem without fight– Spares inhabitants
Third Crusade Known as the Kings' Crusade
• Pope Gregory VIII called for a crusade
• Philip II of France, Richard I of England and Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor - Barbarosa
• 1189 – 100,00 soldiers depart
• Frederick drowned in Cilicia in 1190
• Philip left in 1191 capture of Acre
Richard the Lion-Hearted
• Courageous soldier
• Defeated the Muslims near Arsuf
• In sight of Jerusalem
• 1192 - Established a truce with Saladin
Jerusalem left in Muslim hands
Fourth Crusade• Initiated in 1202 by Pope Innocent
III
• Intention of invading the Holy Land through Egypt
• The Venetians gained control of this crusade and to Constantinople
• Attempted to place a Byzantine exile on the throne
• Crusaders sacked the city in 1204
• Short-lived Latin emperor
Legacy of the Crusades• The need to raise, transport and supply large
armies led to a flourishing of trade throughout Europe
• Opened Europe to Islamic culture, learning, ideas and products
• Helped bring on the Renaissance • Islamic world has cultural memory of cruel and
savage onslaughts by European Christians• Strengthened Kings or Central Powers• Instituted anti-Semitism toward Jews and
persecution of heretics