hígado-y sistema inmunitario - sap.org.ar · sole present post-menopause Œstradiol (e2)...
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Enfermedades hepáticas mediadas por el sistema inmunitario
Fernando Alvarez, M.D.
Profesor de Pediatría
Director, Programa de Trasplante hepático
CHU Sainte-Justine
Universidad de Montreal
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Enfermedades hepáticas mediadas por el sistema inmunitario
¿« Es el hígado un organo del sistema inmunitario »?
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HIGADO Y SISTEMA INMUNITARIO CIRCULACION HEPATICA
LYMPHOCYTES
TOLERANCIA VS RESPUESTA INMUNITARIA
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HIGADO Y SISTEMA INMUNITARIO CIRCULACION HEPATICA
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HIGADO Y SISTEMA INMUNITARIO CIRCULACION HEPATICA
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HIGADO Y SISTEMA INMUNITARIO
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HIGADO Y SISTEMA INMUNITARIO
Electron micrographs of the hepatic sinusoids. A) Scanning electron micrograph showing a low power magnification of the liver sinusoids. Leucocytes circulating in the lumen are indicated by an arrow. B) Scanning electron micrograph showing a leucocyte engaged in the sinusoids. C) Transmission electron micrograph of a lymphocyte anchored in the sinusoid and interacting with hepatocytes (arrows).
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EMPERIPOLESIS
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Oct 4;108(40):16735-40. Hepatocyte entry leads to degradation of autoreactive CD8 T cells. Benseler V, Warren A, Vo M, Holz LE, Tay SS, Le Couteur DG, Breen E, Allison AC,
van Rooijen N, McGuffog C, Schlitt HJ, Bowen DG, McCaughan GW, Bertolino
HIGADO Y SISTEMA INMUNITARIO
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Mechanism Disease
Fetal alloimmune hepatitis
Antibody mediated Giant cell hepatitis with autoimmune hemolytic anemia (90)
Rejection (anti-HLA alloantibodies)*
AIH
PBC
SC
T-cell mediated Graft vs Host
Cellular rejection
Virus infections
Drugs toxicity
Cytokines/Apoptosis Bystander hepatitis
. Immune mediated hepatic injury. Classification by main immune
mechanism responsible of the disease.
* This mechanism remains controversial in liver transplanted patients
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Enfermedades hepáticas mediadas por el sistema inmunitario (células T)
A. HEPATITE AUTOIMMUNE B. HEPATITE AUTOIMMUNE OU ELIMINATION C. ELIMINATION
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Enfermedades hepáticas mediadas por el sistema inmunitario
1) Enfermedades provocadas por células T:
»- HAI
»- Colangitis esclerosante
»- Cirrosis biliar primitiva
»- Injerto vs huesped
»- Rechazo celular
»- Infecciones virales
»- Hepatitis tóxica
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HEPATITIS AUTOINMUNE Criterios clinicos y de laboratorio
que ayudan al diagnostico
Sexo femenino
AP/AST < 1.5
Globulinas séricas (IgG) elevadas
Autoanticuerpos (ANA, SMA, LKM1, LC1)
Marcadores de hepatitis viral negativos
No drogas
Otras enf. autoinmunes
Caracteristicas histologicas
Respuesta completa al tratamiento
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Hepatitis autoinmune-Histología
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HEPATITIS AUTOINMUNE Tipos de HAI
SMA/ANA
LKM1/LC1
Autoantibody
Antigen
Type 1 AIH
Type 2 AIH
SMA
Actin filaments
+ (90-100%)
ANA
Various
+ (0-10%)
+ (40-60%)
LKM1
Cytochrome P450 2D6
+ (40-50%)
LC1
Formiminotransferase
cyclodeaminase
+ (10-15%)
+ (35-45%)
SLA
tRNP (Ser) See
+ (50%)
+ (45)
ASGP-R
Asialo-glycoprotein
receptor
+ (75%)
+ (40%)
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Common Rare
AIH type 1 Ulcerative colitis
Vasculitis
Arthritis
Polymorphous erythema
Hypergammaglobulineamic purpura
Autoimmune thrombocytopenia
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia*
Glomerulonephritis*
Fibrosing alveolitis
AIH type 2 Vitiligo
Alopecia areata
Nail dystrophy
Pyoderma grangrenosum
Thyroiditis*
Diabetes*
Autoimmune lymphoproliferative
syndrome
Autoimmune enteropathy
IPEX
APECED
STAT1 deficiency
. Extrahepatic autoimmune/immune mediated diseases
in patients with autoimmune hepatitis.
* These autoimmune diseases could be observed in both AIH types
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Type 1 autoimmune hepatitis
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Age
Nb
cases
Male
Female
AUTOIMMUNE HEPATITIS THE INFLUENCE OF AGE AND SEX
Type 2 Autoimmune hepatitis
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75
Age
Nb
ca
se
s
Male
Female
Almost 90% of type 2 AIH cases are females and more then 80% are diagnosed before the age of 18
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Hepatitis Autoinmune Patogénesis
Genética Medio
ambiente
Sexo
Edad
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HEPATITIS AUTOINMUNE Patogénesis
Medio ambiente
(virus ?)
RESPUESTA
INMUNE
EFECTOS LIMITADOS
AL HIGADO
(Hepatitis)
CURA
REACCION CRUZADA
SUSCEPTIBILIDAD GENETICA
(MHC Y NO MHC)
SEXO
EDAD
HEPATITIS
AUTOINMUNE
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A)
B)
T reg
Auto Ag
Anti-CD3
Anti-CD3
Anti-CD20
Autoimmune hepatitis - Pathogenesis
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Enfermedades hepáticas mediadas por el sistema inmunitario
Enfermedades provocadas por células T:
»- HAI
»- Colangitis esclerosante
»- Cirrosis biliar primitiva
»- Injerto vs huesped
»- Rechazo celular
»- Infecciones virales
»- Hepatitis tóxica
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COLANGITIS ESCLEROSANTE
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COLANGITIS ESCLEROSANTE
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COLANGITIS ESCLEROSANTE
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COLANGITIS ESCLEROSANTE
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Enfermedades hepáticas mediadas por el sistema inmunitario
Enfermedades provocadas por células T:
»- HAI
»- Colangitis esclerosante
»- Cirrosis biliar primitiva
»- Injerto vs huesped
»- Rechazo celular
»- Infecciones virales
»- Hepatitis tóxica
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CBP
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Enfermedades hepáticas mediadas por el sistema inmunitario
Enfermedades provocadas por células T:
»- HAI
»- Colangitis esclerosante
»- Cirrosis biliar primitiva
»- Injerto vs huesped
»- Rechazo celular
»- Infecciones virales
»- Hepatitis tóxica
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HBV
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HBV-AgHBs
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HEPATITIS-VIRUS B
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HBV-HDV
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HBV-HDV
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HBV-HDV
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HBV-HDV
AgHBs AgHBc
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HEPATITIS B CRONICA Virus delta
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HCV
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Enfermedades hepáticas mediadas por el sistema inmunitario
Enfermedades provocadas por células T:
»- HAI
»- Colangitis esclerosante
»- Cirrosis biliar primitiva
»- Injerto vs huesped
»- Rechazo celular
»- Infecciones virales
»- Hepatitis tóxica
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HEPATITIS INDUCIDA POR DROGAS
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HEPATITIS INDUCIDA POR DROGAS
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Enfermedades hepáticas mediadas por el sistema inmunitario
Enfermedades provocadas por células T:
»- HAI
»- Colangitis esclerosante
»- Cirrosis biliar primitiva
»- Injerto vs huesped
»- Rechazo celular
»- Infecciones virales
»- Hepatitis tóxica
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ICH
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ICH
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Enfermedades hepáticas mediadas por el sistema inmunitario
Enfermedades provocadas por células T:
»- HAI
»- Colangitis esclerosante
»- Cirrosis biliar primitiva
»- Injerto vs huesped
»- Rechazo celular
»- Infecciones virales
»- Hepatitis tóxica
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RECHAZO-ENDOTELIALITIS
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RECHAZO-CANAL BILIAR
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Enfermedades hepáticas mediadas por el sistema inmunitario
2) Enfermedades provocadas por anticuerpos:
• - Hepatitis fetal aloinmune
• - Hepatitis a células gigantes con anemia hemolítica autoinmune
• - Rechazo mediado por anti-HLA
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Hepatitis fetal aloinmune
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Hepatitis fetal aloinmune
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Membrane attack complex (MAC)
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Inmuno-histo
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HCG-AHA
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HCG-AHA CAM+
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Enfermedades hepáticas mediadas por el sistema inmunitario
3) Inflamación responsable de muerte celular:
- Inflamación de células T no específica: « bystander hepatitis ».
( ejemplos: infección por EBV, enf. Inflamatoria del intestino, etc )
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« Linfocitos son atraidos al hígado »
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Chemokines CXCL16 RANTES MIP-a MIP-b IP-10 CCL25
Chemokines CXCL16 RANTES MIP-a MIP-b IP-10 CCL25
Adhesion molecules Vap-1 ICAM-1 VCAM-1 E-Selectin
Chemokines receptors CCR6 CCR5 CXCR3
Chemokines receptors CCR6 CCR5 CXCR3
Adhesion molecules Vap-1 ICAM-1 VCAM-1 E-Selectin
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
Peripheral lymphocytes
Stimulation des Toll-like Receptors
Liver inflammation- Bystander hepatitis
Mecanismos de migración & inflamación
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Target cell Mechanism Disease
Hepatocytes
Hepatotropic viruses infection Chronic viral hepatitis*
Drugs Hepatitis / cholestasis
Autoimmunity AIH*
Alloimmunity Fetus
Chronic rejection (liver
transplant)
“Apoptosis” Bystander hepatitis
Small interlobular bile ducts
Autoimmunity PBC
Alloimmunity Acute rejection (liver
transplantation)
Graft vs Host
Drugs Cholestasis / VBDS#
Small and large bile ducts Autoimmunity (inflammatory) SC*
. Immune mediated hepatic diseases. Classification according to the target cell.
AIH: Autoimmune Hepatitis
PBC: Primary Biliary Cirrhosis
SC: Sclerosing Cholangitis
* These diseases can occur in immune competent and in immune deficient patients (acquired or inherited immuno deficiency)
# Vanishing bile duct syndrome
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Symptoms
& signs
Laboratory date Autoantibodies Histology
Predominant features
Hepatocytes* Fatigue + ALT/AST
± GGT
Hyper IgG
Liver failure
SMA
ANA
LKM1
LC1
SLA
Interface hepatitis
Lymphocytes +++
Plasmocytes ++ (variable)
Intralobular inflammation
Bridging necrosis
Cholangiocytes
/ Bile ducts
Fatigue
+++
Pruritus
Jaundice
ALT/AST
GGT
Hyper IgM
Hyper IgG
(30% of SC)
Anca
AMA
ANA
Periductular granulomas (PBC)
Periductular fibrosis (SC)
Portal tract fibrosis
Portal
tracts
. Clinical and laboratory data according to the main cellular target.
* In AIH: Predominance ♀ / Incidence variable according to age
# LKM with different specificity can be found in HBV HDV chronic co-infections.
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Symptoms
& signs
Laboratory
date
Autoantibodies Histology
Predominant features
Innate Immune #
system activation
/ cytokines storm
Related to
the causing
disease
ALT/AST
GGT
ANA
SMA
Intralobular inflammation
Alloimmune fetal
hepatitis
Hepatic
failure
± ALT/AST ― Lobular desorganisation
Rosettes +++
Iron stockage
GCH-AIH Fatigue
Jaundice
ALT/AST
Liver failure
― Giant cell transformation of
hepatocytes
Drug induced Fatigue
Jaundice
Pruritus
- ALT-
AST
- GGT
ANA
SMA
LKM•
Centrolobular necrosis
() Neutrophiles
() Eosinphiles
. Clinical and laboratory data in particular causes of immune related liver injury.
# Bytander hepatitis
• LKM with specific CYP reactivities
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Autoimmune Liver Diseases Pathogenesis
Genetic Background
Environment
Sex
Age
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AUTOIMMUNE HEPATITIS Pathogenesis
ENVIRONMENT
(virus)
IMMUNE
RESPONSE
TISSUE-RESTRICTED
EFFECTS
(Hepatitis)
CLEARANCE
CROSS-REACTIVITY
GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY
(MHC and non MHC)
SEX
AGE
AUTOIMMUNE
HEPATITIS
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Treatment of Autoimmune Hepatitis (two children)
1 6 11 16 21 26
0
500
1000
1500
2000
30 35 40
Normal Value
Months
IU /
L
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011
0
500
1000
1500
2000
18
Normal Value
ASTALTPrednisone
MMFAZARitux imab
Months
IU /
L
D´Agostino et al. Submitted
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Modifications of autoimmune diseases associated with pregnancy
Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
Pregnancy
Remission
Post-partum
Relapse
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
Pregnancy
Flares and increased maternal mortality
Confavreux et al. 1998
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Pregnancy modifies the balance of the immune response
TH
TH
1
TH
2
MS, RA Spontaneous abortion Prematurity Pre-eclampsia
SLE Successful pregnancy
IL-4 IL-5 IL-6 IL-10
IL-2 IFNγ LT
Adapted from Challis 2009, Whitacre et al. 1999
Low œstrogen Prolactine Progesterone Testosterone High œstrogen
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Hormones during pregnancy
Sircar 2008
Œstrone (E1)
Less abondant
Sole present post-menopause
Œstradiol (E2)
Predominant form, also present in males
High levels during ovulation and third trimester of pregnancy
Bind both ERα and ERβ
Œstriol (E3)
Present only, and abundantly during pregnancy
Preferentially bind ERβ
Hormone levels - Human
0 10 20 30 40
ŒstroneŒstradiolŒstriolHuman Chorionic GonadotropinProgesteroneHuman Chorionic Somatomammotropin(Human Placental Lactogen)
Weeks of gestation
Ho
rmo
ne c
on
cen
trati
on
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Œstrogen receptors (ER) and the immune system
Specie
Neutrophiles √ √
Monocytes √ √
Macrophages √ √
Macrophages √ √
Rats √
Mastocytes HMC- 1 √
Mastocytes √
Mastocytes HMC- 1 √
Mastocytes √
√ √
NK Spleen √ √
B Lymphocytes Spleen √
T Lymphocytes √
B Lymphocytes Spleen √
Cells Origin ER- α ER- β
Peripheral blood Humans
Peripheral blood Humans
Peripheral blood Humans
Peritoneal cavity Mice
Eosinophiles Peritoneal cavity
Humans
Bone marrox Mice
Humans
Bone marrow Mice
Dendrit ic Bone marrow Mice
Mice
Mice
Peripheral blood Humans
Mice
Gilliver 2010
Sexual differences?
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Autoimmune hepatitis with pregnancy
• 70% (type 1) - 90% (type 2) patients are women
Modern therapies to treat autoimmune hepatitis Restored fertility of patients
Increased long term survival
Increased the number of pregnancies
Remissions during pregnancy
Relapses or flares post-partum
Buchel et al. 2002
Remission Post-partum flares
Schramm et al. 2006 73% 52%
Werner et al. 2007 89% 29%
Raquel et al. 2009 63% 30%
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Chemokines CXCL16 RANTES MIP-a MIP-b IP-10 CCL25
Chemokines CXCL16 RANTES MIP-a MIP-b IP-10 CCL25
Adhesion molecules Vap-1 ICAM-1 VCAM-1 E-Selectin
Chemokines receptors CCR6 CCR5 CXCR3
Chemokines receptors CCR6 CCR5 CXCR3
Adhesion molecules Vap-1 ICAM-1 VCAM-1 E-Selectin
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
Peripheral lymphocytes
No preliminary liver insult Liver inflammation & Perpetuation
?
?
?
Mechanism of lymphocyte migration & inflammation
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GCH-AIA
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REJECTION-ENDOTHELIALITIS
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FOIE ET SYSTEME IMMUNITAIRE PATHOGENESE DE L’HAI
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AUTOIMMUNE HEPATITIS Pathogenesis
ENVIRONMENT
(virus)
IMMUNE
RESPONSE
TISSUE-RESTRICTED
EFFECTS
(Hepatitis)
CLEARANCE
CROSS-REACTIVITY
GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY
(MHC and non MHC)
SEX
AGE
AUTOIMMUNE
HEPATITIS
Tregs
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Hígado-y sistema inmunitario
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Hepatitis autoinmune
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AIH and chemokines
100X A
100X B
250X
100X C
100X D 0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Vap-1 IP-10 CXCR3
X n
orm
al
normal mouse
DNA vaccinated mouse
IP-10 CXCR3
(-) (-)
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GVH
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HBV-AgHBs
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AUTOIMMUNE HEPATITIS IN CHILDREN Clinical and laboratory criteria contributing to the diagnosis
Female gender
AP/AST/set ratio < 1.5
Serum globulins (IgG) above normal
Autoantibodies (ANA, SMA, LKM1, LC1)
Negative hepatitis viral markers
Negative drug history
Other autoimmune disorders
Histological features
Complete response to immuno-suppressive therapy
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GCH_AIA