hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhdddddddddddd

8/4/2019 hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhdddddddddddd

1/18

Threshing machineFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A threshing machine in operation

The thrashing machine, or, in modern spelling, threshing machine (or simply thresher), was amachinefirst

invented byScottishmechanical engineerAndrew Meiklefor use inagriculture. It was invented (c.1784) for the

separation of grain from stalks and husks. For thousands of years, grain was separated by hand withflails, and

was very laborious and time consuming. Mechanization of this process took much of the drudgery out of farm

labour.

Contents

[hide]

1 Early social impacts

2 Later adoption

3 Farming process

4 Modern developments

o 4.1 In Europe and Americas

o 4.2 Another development in Asia

5 Preservation

o 5.1 Musical references

6 See also

7 References

8 External links

[edit]Early social impacts
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Meiklehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Meiklehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Meiklehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machine#Early_social_impactshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machine#Early_social_impactshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machine#Later_adoptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machine#Later_adoptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machine#Farming_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machine#Farming_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machine#Modern_developmentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machine#Modern_developmentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machine#In_Europe_and_Americashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machine#In_Europe_and_Americashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machine#Another_development_in_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machine#Another_development_in_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machine#Preservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machine#Preservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machine#Musical_referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machine#Musical_referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machine#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machine#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machine#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machine#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machine#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machine#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshing_machine&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshing_machine&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshing_machine&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Threshing_Machine_In_Action.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Threshing_Machine_In_Action.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Threshing_Machine_In_Action.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Threshing_Machine_In_Action.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshing_machine&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machine#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machine#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machine#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machine#Musical_referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machine#Preservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machine#Another_development_in_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machine#In_Europe_and_Americashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machine#Modern_developmentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machine#Farming_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machine#Later_adoptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machine#Early_social_impactshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Meiklehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine


2/18

Threshing machine from 1881

TheSwing Riotsin the UK were partly a result of the threshing machine. Following years of war, high taxes and

low wages, farm labourers finallyrevoltedin 1830. These farm labourers had faced unemployment for a number

of years due to the widespread introduction of the threshing machine and the policy ofenclosingfields. No

longer were thousands of men needed to tend the crops, a few would suffice. With fewer jobs, lower wages and

no prospects of things improving for these workers the threshing machine was the final straw, the machine wasto place them on the brink of starvation. The Swing Rioters smashed threshing machines and threatened

farmers who had them.

The riots were dealt with very harshly. Nine of the rioters were hanged and a further 450

weretransportedtoAustralia.

[edit]Later adoption

Irreler Bauerntradition shows an early threshing machine (Stiftendrescher) at theRoscheider Hof Open Air Museum
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_Riotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_Riotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_Riotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enclosurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enclosurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enclosurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_transportationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_transportationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_transportationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshing_machine&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshing_machine&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshing_machine&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscheider_Hof_Open_Air_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscheider_Hof_Open_Air_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscheider_Hof_Open_Air_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rhof-windfege.ogghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rhof-stiftendrescher.ogghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rhof-stiftendrescher.ogghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batteuse_1881.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batteuse_1881.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rhof-windfege.ogghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rhof-stiftendrescher.ogghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rhof-stiftendrescher.ogghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batteuse_1881.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batteuse_1881.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rhof-windfege.ogghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rhof-stiftendrescher.ogghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rhof-stiftendrescher.ogghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batteuse_1881.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batteuse_1881.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rhof-windfege.ogghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rhof-stiftendrescher.ogghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rhof-stiftendrescher.ogghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batteuse_1881.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batteuse_1881.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rhof-windfege.ogghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rhof-stiftendrescher.ogghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rhof-stiftendrescher.ogghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batteuse_1881.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batteuse_1881.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rhof-windfege.ogghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rhof-stiftendrescher.ogghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rhof-stiftendrescher.ogghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batteuse_1881.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batteuse_1881.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscheider_Hof_Open_Air_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshing_machine&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_transportationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enclosurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_Riots


3/18

Irreler Bauerntradition shows awinnowing machine(a forerunner of the threshing machine) at theRoscheider Hof Open Air

Museum

Early threshing machines were hand-fed and horse-powered. They were small by today's standards and were

about the size of an uprightpiano. Later machines weresteam-powered, driven by aportable engineortraction

engine. In 1834, John Avery and Hiram Abial Pitts devised significant improvements to a machine that

automatically threshes and separates grain from chaff, freeing farmers from a slow and laborious process.

Avery and Pitts were granted a patent in the United States on December 29, 1837.[1]

John Ridley, an Anglo-Australian inventor, also developed a threshing machine inSouth Australiain 1843.[2]

The1881 Household Cyclopediasaid of Meikle's machine:

"Since the invention of this machine, Mr. Meikle and others have progressively introduced a variety of

improvements, all tending to simplify the labour, and to augment the quantity of the work performed.

When first erected, though the grain was equally well separated from the straw, yet as the whole of the

straw, chaff, and grain, was indiscriminately thrown into a confused heap, the work could only with

propriety be considered as half executed. By the addition of rakes, or shakers, and two pairs of

fanners, all driven by the same machinery, the different processes of thrashing, shaking, and

winnowing are now all at once performed, and the grain immediately prepared for the public market.

When it is added, that the quantity of grain gained from the superior powers of the machine is fully

equal to a twentieth part of the crop, and that, in some cases, the expense of thrashing and cleaning

the grain is considerably less than what was formerly paid for cleaning it alone, the immense saving

arising from the invention will at once be seen.

"The expense of horse labour, from the increased value of the animal and the charge of his keeping,

being an object of great importance, it is recommended that, upon all sizable farms, that is to say,

where two hundred acres [800,000 m], or upwards, of grain are sown, the machine should be worked

by wind, unless where local circumstances afford the conveniency of water. Where coals are plenty

and cheap, steam may be advantageously used for working the machine."
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winnowing_machine&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winnowing_machine&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winnowing_machine&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscheider_Hof_Open_Air_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscheider_Hof_Open_Air_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscheider_Hof_Open_Air_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscheider_Hof_Open_Air_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machine#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machine#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machine#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ridley_(inventor)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ridley_(inventor)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machine#cite_note-ADB-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machine#cite_note-ADB-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machine#cite_note-ADB-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_Cyclopediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_Cyclopediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_Cyclopediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_Cyclopediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rhof-windfege.ogghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rhof-windfege.ogghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_Cyclopediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machine#cite_note-ADB-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ridley_(inventor)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machine#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscheider_Hof_Open_Air_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscheider_Hof_Open_Air_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winnowing_machine&action=edit&redlink=1


4/18

Open air museum inSaint-Hubert, Belgium.

[edit]Farming process

Threshing is just one process in getting cereals to the grinding mill and customer. The wheat needs to

be grown, cut, stooked (shocked, bundled), hauled, threshed, and then the grain hauled to

anelevatorand the chaffbaled. For many years each of these steps was an individual process,

requiring teams of workers and many machines. In the steep hill wheat country ofPalousein the

Northwest of the United States, steep ground meant moving machinery around was problematic and

prone to rolling. To reduce the amount of work on the sidehills, the idea arose of combining the wheat

binder and thresher into one machinea combined harvester. About 1910, horse pulled combines

appeared and became a success. Later, gas and diesel engines appeared with other refinements and

specifications.

[edit]Modern developments

[edit]In Europe and Americas

Modern day combine harvesters (or simplycombines) operate on the same principles and use the

same components as the original threshing machines built in the 19th century. Combines also perform

the reaping operation at the same time. The name combineis derived from the fact that the two steps

are combined in a single machine. Also, they are self-powered, usually by a diesel engine, and self-

propelled.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Hubert,_Belgiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Hubert,_Belgiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Hubert,_Belgiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshing_machine&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshing_machine&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshing_machine&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw_balehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw_balehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw_balehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshing_machine&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshing_machine&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshing_machine&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshing_machine&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshing_machine&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshing_machine&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combine_harvesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combine_harvesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combine_harvesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batteuse_-_St-Michel_1.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batteuse_-_St-Michel_1.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batteuse_-_St-Michel_1.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batteuse_-_St-Michel_1.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combine_harvesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshing_machine&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshing_machine&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw_balehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshing_machine&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Hubert,_Belgium


5/18

Today, as in the 19th century, the threshing begins with a cylinder and concave. The cylinder has

sharp serrated bars, and rotates at high speed (about 500 RPM), so that the bars beat against the

grain. The concave is curved to match the curve of the cylinder, and serves to hold the grain as it is

beaten. The beating releases the grain from the straw and chaff.

Whilst the majority of the grain falls through the concave, the straw is carried by a set of "walkers" to

the rear of the machine, allowing any grain and chaff still in the straw to fall below. Below the straw

walkers, a fan blows a stream of air across the grain, removing dust and f ines and blowing them

away.

The grain, either coming through the concave or the walkers, meets a set of sieves mounted on an

assembly called a shoe, which is shaken mechanically. The top sieve has larger openings, and serves

to remove large pieces of chaff from the grain. The lower sieve separates clean grain, which falls

through, from incompletely threshed pieces. The incompletely threshed grain is returned to the

cylinder by means of a system of conveyors, where the process repeats.

Some threshing machines were equipped with a bagger, which invariably held two bags, one being

filled, and the other being replaced with an empty. A worker called a sewerremoved and replaced the

bags, and sewed full bags shut with a needle and thread. Other threshing machines would discharge

grain from a conveyor, for bagging by hand. Combines are equipped with a grain tank, which

accumulates grain for deposit in a truck or wagon.

A large amount of chaff and straw would accumulate around a threshing machine, and several

innovations, such as the air chaffer, were developed to deal with this. Combines generally chop and

disperse straw as they move through the field, though the chopping is disabled when the straw is to

be baled, and chaff collectors are sometimes used to prevent the dispersal of weed seed throughout a

field.

Thecorn shellerwas almost identical in design, with slight modifications to deal with the larger kernel

size and presence of cobs. Modern-day combines can be adjusted to work with any grain crop, and

many unusual seed crops.

Both the older and modern machines require a good deal of skill to operate. The concave clearance,

cylinder speed, fan velocity, sieve sizes, and feeding rate must be adjusted for crop conditions.

[edit]Another development in Asia

From the early 20th century, gasoline or diesel-powered threshing machines, designed especially to

thresh rice, the most important crop in Asia, have been developed along different lines to the modern

combine.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corn_sheller&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corn_sheller&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corn_sheller&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshing_machine&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshing_machine&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshing_machine&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshing_machine&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corn_sheller&action=edit&redlink=1


6/18

Even after the combine was invented and became popular, a new compact-size thresher called

a harvester, with wheels, still remains in use and at present it is available from a Japanese agricultural

manufacturer. The compact-size machine is very convenient to handle in small terrace fields in

mountain areas where a large machine, such as combine, is not usable.

People there use this harvester with a modern compactbinder.

[edit]Preservation

A number of older threshing machines have survived into preservation. They are often to be seen in

operation atlive steamfestivals andtraction enginerallies such as theGreat Dorset Steam Fairin

England, and theWestern Minnesota Steam Threshers Reunionin northwestMinnesota.

[edit]Musical references

Irish songwriterJohn Duggan[3]

immortalized the threshing machine in a song The Old Thrashing

Mill.[4]

The song has been recorded byFoster and AllenandBrendan Shine.

On the Alan Lomax collection Songs of Seduction (Rounder Select, 2000), there's a bawdy Irish folk

song called "The Thrashing Machine" sung by tinker Annie O'Neil, as recorded in the early 20th

Century.

In his film score for "Of Mice and Men" (1939) and consequently in his collection "Music for the

Movies" (1942), American composerAaron Coplandtitled a section of the score "Threshing

Machines," to suit a scene in the Lewis Milestone film where Curley is threatening Slim over giving

May a puppy, when many of the itinerant worker men are standing around or working on threshers.

Northampton, MA-basedindie rockbandWinterpillshave a song on their 2005 debut

albumWinterpillscalled Threshing Machine. It is not about agricultural machinery.

[edit]See also

Swing riots

Threshing

[edit]References

1. ^"When threshing machines were harvest kings". Small Business Advances.

2. ^H. J. Finnis (1967)."Ridley, John (1806 - 1887)".Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume

2.MUP. pp. 379. Retrieved 2007-08-19.

3. ^http://www.bardis.ie/composers.htm#duggan

4. ^Song lyrics: The Old Threshing Mill
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaper-binderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaper-binderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaper-binderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshing_machine&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshing_machine&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshing_machine&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_steamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_steamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_steamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Dorset_Steam_Fairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Dorset_Steam_Fairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Dorset_Steam_Fairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMSTRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMSTRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMSTRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesotahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesotahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesotahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshing_machine&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshing_machine&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshing_machine&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Duggan_(musician)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Duggan_(musician)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Duggan_(musician)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Duggan_(musician)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machine#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machine#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machine#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster_and_Allenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster_and_Allenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster_and_Allenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_Shinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_Shinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_Shinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of_Mice_and_Menhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of_Mice_and_Menhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of_Mice_and_Menhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Coplandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Coplandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Coplandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_rockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_rockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_(music)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_(music)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winterpillshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winterpillshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winterpillshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winterpills_(album)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winterpills_(album)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winterpills_(album)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshing_machine&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshing_machine&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshing_machine&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_riotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_riotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshing_machine&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshing_machine&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshing_machine&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machine#cite_ref-0http://www.ledgersentinel.com/article.asp?a=6393http://www.ledgersentinel.com/article.asp?a=6393http://www.ledgersentinel.com/article.asp?a=6393http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machine#cite_ref-ADB_1-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machine#cite_ref-ADB_1-0http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A020334b.htmhttp://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A020334b.htmhttp://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A020334b.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_University_Presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_University_Presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_University_Presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machine#cite_ref-2http://www.bardis.ie/composers.htm#dugganhttp://www.bardis.ie/composers.htm#dugganhttp://www.bardis.ie/composers.htm#dugganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machine#cite_ref-3http://www.lyrics.ms/lyrics/foster-allen/the-old-threshing-mill/157788.htmhttp://www.lyrics.ms/lyrics/foster-allen/the-old-threshing-mill/157788.htmhttp://www.lyrics.ms/lyrics/foster-allen/the-old-threshing-mill/157788.htmhttp://www.lyrics.ms/lyrics/foster-allen/the-old-threshing-mill/157788.htmhttp://www.lyrics.ms/lyrics/foster-allen/the-old-threshing-mill/157788.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machine#cite_ref-3http://www.bardis.ie/composers.htm#dugganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machine#cite_ref-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_University_Presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biographyhttp://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A020334b.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machine#cite_ref-ADB_1-0http://www.ledgersentinel.com/article.asp?a=6393http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machine#cite_ref-0http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshing_machine&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_riotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshing_machine&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winterpills_(album)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winterpillshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_(music)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_rockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Coplandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of_Mice_and_Menhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_Shinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster_and_Allenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machine#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Duggan_(musician)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Duggan_(musician)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshing_machine&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesotahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMSTRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Dorset_Steam_Fairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_steamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshing_machine&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaper-binder


7/18

[edit]External links

Wikimedia Commons has

media related to:Threshing

machines

Video Victorianagricultural engine, in steam, driving a threshing machine.

History of Threshing Machinesat theCanada Agriculture Museum

Model of threshing machine(Danish)

Reaper-binderFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article needs additionalcitationsforverification. Please helpimprove this articleby adding

citations toreliable sources. Unsourced material may bechallengedandremoved.(February 2008)

AMassey-Harrisreaper-binder pulled by a tractor (Rutland, England, 2008)

A modern compact binder for rice (2006)

The reaper-binder, or binder, was a farm implement that improved upon thereaper. The binder was invented

in 1872 byCharles Withington.[1]

In addition to cutting the small-grain crop, it would also tie the stems into small
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshing_machine&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshing_machine&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshing_machine&action=edit&section=11http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machinehttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machinehttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machinehttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machinehttp://skegnessvideo.com/2007/10/22/victorian-steam-thresher/http://skegnessvideo.com/2007/10/22/victorian-steam-thresher/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_enginehttp://agriculture.technomuses.ca/english/collections_research/threshing.cfmhttp://agriculture.technomuses.ca/english/collections_research/threshing.cfmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Agriculture_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Agriculture_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Agriculture_Museumhttp://www.loghoj.dk/holbaek-1.htmhttp://www.loghoj.dk/holbaek-1.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reaper-binder&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reaper-binder&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reaper-binder&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massey-Harrishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massey-Harrishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massey-Harrishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Withington&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Withington&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaper-binder#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaper-binder#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaper-binder#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Modern_binder.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Modern_binder.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Corn_harvesting_-_geograph.org.uk_-_975983.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Corn_harvesting_-_geograph.org.uk_-_975983.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Modern_binder.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Modern_binder.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Corn_harvesting_-_geograph.org.uk_-_975983.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Corn_harvesting_-_geograph.org.uk_-_975983.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Modern_binder.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Modern_binder.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Corn_harvesting_-_geograph.org.uk_-_975983.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Corn_harvesting_-_geograph.org.uk_-_975983.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Modern_binder.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Modern_binder.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Corn_harvesting_-_geograph.org.uk_-_975983.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Corn_harvesting_-_geograph.org.uk_-_975983.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Modern_binder.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Modern_binder.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Corn_harvesting_-_geograph.org.uk_-_975983.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Corn_harvesting_-_geograph.org.uk_-_975983.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Modern_binder.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Modern_binder.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Corn_harvesting_-_geograph.org.uk_-_975983.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Corn_harvesting_-_geograph.org.uk_-_975983.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaper-binder#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Withington&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massey-Harrishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reaper-binder&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citationshttp://www.loghoj.dk/holbaek-1.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Agriculture_Museumhttp://agriculture.technomuses.ca/english/collections_research/threshing.cfmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_enginehttp://skegnessvideo.com/2007/10/22/victorian-steam-thresher/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machinehttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshing_machine&action=edit&section=11


8/18

bundles, orsheaves. These sheaves were then 'shocked' into conicalstooks, resembling smalltipis, to allow

the grain to dry for several days before beingthreshed.

Withington's original binder used wire to tie the bundles. There were various problems with using wire and it

was not long beforeWilliam Deeringinvented a binder that usedtwineand a knotter (invented in 1858 byJohn

Appleby).[2]

Early binders were horse-drawn and powered by a bull wheel. Later models were tractor-drawn. The implement

had a reel and asickle bar, like a modern grain head for acombine harvester, or combine. The cut stems

would fall onto acanvas, which conveyed the crop to the binding mechanism. This mechanism bundled the

stems of grain and tied a piece of twine around the bundle. Once tied, it was discharged from the back of the

binder.

With the replacement of thethreshing machineby thecombine harvester, the binder became almost obsolete.

Some grain crops such asoatsare now cut and formed into windrows with aswather. With other grain cropssuch aswheat, the grain is now mostly cut and threshed by a combine in a single operation, while the binder is

still in use at small fields or outskirts of mountain areas.

[edit]References

1. ^*George Iles (1912)."Cyrus H. McCormick".Leading American Inventors(2nd ed.). New York: Henry Holt

and Company. pp. 276314.

2. ^Appleby, John Francis 1840 - 1917

[edit]External links

Media related toReaper-bindersat Wikimedia Commons

History of Twine

Japanese reaper binderonYouTube

Japanese threshing machineonYouTube

Introduction Most museum visitors would recognize a threshing machine, having first become

acquainted with them at the Harvest or Thanksgiving celebrations hosted bymuseums and living history sites. Embodying more than one hundred years ofmechanical evolution, these large, technologically-advanced machines must also beacknowledged for the essential role they played in Canadas agricultural developmentparticularly in the ascendancy of King Wheat on the Canadian Prairies.

There is a great deal of lore associated with threshing from tales of working bymoonlight to get the crop through before it was frost-damaged, to stories of the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheafhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheafhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheafhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Deeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Deeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Deeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Applebyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Applebyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Applebyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Applebyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaper-binder#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaper-binder#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaper-binder#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combine_harvesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combine_harvesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combine_harvesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canvashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canvashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canvashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combine_harvesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combine_harvesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combine_harvesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheathttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reaper-binder&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reaper-binder&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reaper-binder&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaper-binder#cite_ref-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaper-binder#cite_ref-0http://books.google.com/books?id=Hn0_AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA305http://books.google.com/books?id=Hn0_AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA305http://books.google.com/books?id=Hn0_AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA305http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaper-binder#cite_ref-1http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=2884&keyword=applebyhttp://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=2884&keyword=applebyhttp://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=2884&keyword=applebyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reaper-binder&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reaper-binder&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reaper-binder&action=edit&section=2http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Reaper-bindershttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Reaper-bindershttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Reaper-bindershttp://www.bridoncordage.com/history_twine.htmlhttp://www.bridoncordage.com/history_twine.htmlhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pPTvi4EQDechttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pPTvi4EQDechttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTubehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IUwwJ5cfTJMhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IUwwJ5cfTJMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTubehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IUwwJ5cfTJMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTubehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pPTvi4EQDechttp://www.bridoncordage.com/history_twine.htmlhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Reaper-bindershttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reaper-binder&action=edit&section=2http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=2884&keyword=applebyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaper-binder#cite_ref-1http://books.google.com/books?id=Hn0_AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA305http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaper-binder#cite_ref-0http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reaper-binder&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combine_harvesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canvashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combine_harvesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaper-binder#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Applebyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Applebyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Deeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheaf


9/18

enormous quantities of food that had to be prepared for threshing crews. Manymuseum collections contain panoramic photographs showing a group of workersarrayed in front of a steam engine, water wagon, threshing machine, and eight toten wagons of stooks ready for threshing. In Western Canada, the photos usuallycome from the estate of a local thresherman. In the East, they are often mementoeskept by community members who, in their younger days, may have gone west as

Harvest Excursionists to find work on threshing crews. The ten threshing machines in the Museums collection showcase the technologys

development, from an early manual-feed machine about the size of a refrigerator capable of threshing seventy bushels of grain per day, to a large machine used bycustom threshermen able to process as many as two thousand bushels per day.From the birth of Canadas agricultural equipment manufacturing industry, manyfirms focussed on the production of threshing machines or included them in theirproduct lines. All of the threshing machines in the Museums collection weremanufactured and used in Canada.

In the Beginning Scottish millwright Andrew Meikle is credited with the introduction around 1786 of a

combined thresher/winnower, in which both mechanisms were powered by a beltfrom a common drive pulley. When shocks of grain were fed into the machine, theypassed between the corrugated surfaces of a series of rollers, forcing the kernels outof the heads. Once past these rollers, grain was carried on a conveyor to a fanningmill, which blew away any remaining chaff. Soon after this, an English inventorcopying Meikles design created a machine which separated the grain by passing itbetween a drum or cylinder and a concave surface, both of which were fitted withiron projections. This English patentquickly formed the basis of future technologicaldevelopments largely because less care was required when feeding grain into thecylinder-concave surfaces of the English design, than into a machine with corrugatedrollers.

Catalogue image of the cylinder andconcave from a threshing machine
http://makenewwindowimg%28newurlimg4%2Cnewmessageimg4%2Cnewhwscrbsxsyimg4%29/http://makenewwindowimg%28newurlimg4%2Cnewmessageimg4%2Cnewhwscrbsxsyimg4%29/


10/18

Although most threshers were still hand-cranked, theycould also be driven by a horse treadmill or sweep. Theaction of a horse walking on the treadmill's movinginclined platform drove a large pulley on the side of thedevice, which was outfitted with a leather drive belt.Although one-horse treadmills such as the one

manufactured by La Compagnie Desjardins of St. Andrede Kamouraska P.Q. (680861) were most common, itwas possible to purchase large mills accommodating twoor three horses walking abreast. In the case of horsesweeps such as those manufactured by Sawyer-Massey,horses walked around a central device containing a gear box, which transferredpower to the threshing machine by means of a tumble shaft or rod.

Sweep in Sawyer-MasseyCatalogue

Groundhogs and Bull Threshers

Threshing machines had to be pegged to the ground, in order to prevent them fromdisengaging from their tumble shafts during operation. This is thought to have contributed

to the nicknamegroundhog thresher. The roaring sound created by the spinning cylinderalso gave rise to the name bull thresher(670835). By the early 1850s, these machines wereshowing up in prize lists at Canadian agricultural fairs, and in manufacturersadvertisements. Many manufacturers offered both a thresher and power source,emphasizing that the two pieces were specifically designed to work together.

Bull Thresher (670385)

A machines threshing capacity was determined by the width of its cylinder, and mostgroundhog threshers had cylinders measuring less than twenty-four inches in diameter.Unbound sheaves were fed headfirst into the machine by hand, where they were caught by

One horse treadmill manufacturedby La Compagnie Desjardins ofSainte-Andr de Kamouraska, P.Q.(680861)
http://makenewwindowimg%28newurlimg5%2Cnewmessageimg5%2Cnewhwscrbsxsyimg5%29/http://makenewwindowimg%28newurlimg7%2Cnewmessageimg7%2Cnewhwscrbsxsyimg7%29/http://makenewwindowimg%28newurlimg6%2Cnewmessageimg6%2Cnewhwscrbsxsyimg6%29/http://makenewwindowimg%28newurlimg5%2Cnewmessageimg5%2Cnewhwscrbsxsyimg5%29/http://makenewwindowimg%28newurlimg7%2Cnewmessageimg7%2Cnewhwscrbsxsyimg7%29/http://makenewwindowimg%28newurlimg6%2Cnewmessageimg6%2Cnewhwscrbsxsyimg6%29/http://makenewwindowimg%28newurlimg5%2Cnewmessageimg5%2Cnewhwscrbsxsyimg5%29/http://makenewwindowimg%28newurlimg7%2Cnewmessageimg7%2Cnewhwscrbsxsyimg7%29/http://makenewwindowimg%28newurlimg6%2Cnewmessageimg6%2Cnewhwscrbsxsyimg6%29/http://makenewwindowimg%28newurlimg5%2Cnewmessageimg5%2Cnewhwscrbsxsyimg5%29/http://makenewwindowimg%28newurlimg7%2Cnewmessageimg7%2Cnewhwscrbsxsyimg7%29/http://makenewwindowimg%28newurlimg6%2Cnewmessageimg6%2Cnewhwscrbsxsyimg6%29/


11/18

the spinning cylinder and threshed between the teeth of the cylinder and concave. Thekernels then had to be manually cleaned with a winnowing basket or fanning mill. Labourerswere required to feed the sheaves into the machine, clean and bag the grain, and removeand stack the loose straw as it dropped off the conveyor. This type of machine could process70 bushels of grain per day a tenfold increase over the daily output of a single labourerusing a flail.

In the early 1860s, the Little Giant Thresher a largegroundhog thresher mounted on two wheels from the StratfordAgricultural Works of Stratford, Ontario could be purchasedfor $100.00 cash, or $105.00 on approved credit. The four-horsesweep required to operate the machine cost an additional$100.00, or machine and sweep could be purchased together for$185.00. Soon, machines like the La Compagnie Desjardins(680860), featuring a slotted conveyor belt or endless apron andintegral fanning mill, were introduced to the market. Theconveyor carried the straw up and off the rear of the machine,and the chaff and kernels dropped through the machines slats into the hopper of thefanning mill, which was mounted under the conveyor.

Shake It Out

The next step in the threshers development was the way in which chaff and kernels of grainwere separated from the straw. By the mid 1860s, many Canadian manufacturers, such asP.T. Legar (710572), were manufacturing variations on the Vibrator Separator, whichhad been patented by the Nichols and Shepard Company of Battle Creek, Michigan. In thisdevice, the conveyor was replaced with a series of straw walkers or racks, connected to aconcentric that caused them to shake back and forth longitudinally. Rows of wooden ormetal fingers caught the threshed stalks as they left the cylinder, and each progressivesweep shook grain kernels out of the mass, transporting the straw to the rear of themachine. Manufacturers insisted that the shaking motion guaranteed the removal of morekernels than was possible with the conveyor method. The partially-cleaned grain fell to thebottom of the machine, where a re-feed conveyor brought it back to the front of the strawwalkers for a second cleaning. The kernels fell through sieves mounted just above the panor bottom of the machine, where a chute on the side could be opened to feed the grain intoa bushel measure, then into grain sacks.

Vibrator Separatormanufactured by P.T. Legar(710572)

This system of straw walkers mounted above a perforated sieve quickly became thestandard for mechanical winnowing technology. Once the straw had been carried past thewalkers, it dropped onto the ground at the rear of the machine, where labourers pitched itinto a pile or straw stack. Not only did threshing machines equipped with

Threshing machine manufacturedby La Compagnie Desjardins(680860)
http://makenewwindowimg%28newurlimg8%2Cnewmessageimg8%2Cnewhwscrbsxsyimg8%29/http://makenewwindowimg%28newurlimg9%2Cnewmessageimg9%2Cnewhwscrbsxsyimg9%29/http://makenewwindowimg%28newurlimg8%2Cnewmessageimg8%2Cnewhwscrbsxsyimg8%29/http://makenewwindowimg%28newurlimg9%2Cnewmessageimg9%2Cnewhwscrbsxsyimg9%29/


12/18

More Gadgets

By the 1860s, most machines were capable of efficient and reliable mechanized threshingand winnowing. The laborious process of feeding bundles into the machine and removingand disposing of the straw and chaff that exited out the rear of the machine had yet to bemechanized, however. By the early 1870s, however, it was possible to buy a machine like

the MacDonald- MacPherson Standard (780939).

These came equipped with a straw stacker:a slattedconveyor attached to the rear of the machine, whichcarried the straw away and deposited it in a pile. Asthe straw stack grew in height, the conveyor wasgradually raised by a system of chains and pulleys.Although straw stackers mechanized the process ofbuilding straw stacks and eliminated the need forseveral labourers, this labour-saving was often offsetby a need for more workers elsewhere in theprocess. By the 1880s, for example, horse-drawn

binders were supplanting field labourers andspeeding the harvesting process. These machinesused wire to tie the stalks of grain, however, making

it necessary to have several labourers had to cut and remove the wire ties before passingthe bundles to the labourers who fed them into the machine. Once the grain had beenseparated from the stalks and chaff, two more labourers removed it from the machine andmeasured and bagged it. Thus, despite technological advances, a minimum of six men wasstill required to operate a threshing machine.

The use of sisal twine in the Appleby patent twine-tyingmechanism of the late 1880s soon made it unnecessary forlabourers to cut and remove wire ties. This, in turn, made it

possible to introduce a mechanical device for feedingbundles into the threshing machine. There were manycompeting brands of self-feeders; all, however, were similarin appearance and function. Sawyer-Massey of Hamiltonused a J.R. Ebersol Special Band Cutter and Self-Feederontheir Peerless Separator (700391). A self-feeder consistedof a conveyor, equipped with open slats with upward-pointing short tines. These were attached to the front of themachine, level with the bottom of the cylinder. The tinescaught the bundles as they were pitched onto the conveyor,and carried them under a row of reciprocating knives whichcut the twine bands, opened the bundles, and fed themdirectly into the cylinder at a constant rate.

By the mid-1890s, most of the large machines fromCanadian and American manufacturers were equipped withself-feeders, that had governing mechanisms controlling thespeed at which sheaves were fed into the cylinder. This speed was related to the cylindersoptimum threshing speed. The feeder would not start moving until the cylinder was spinningfast enough and, when the cylinder slowed under the load, so did the self-feeder. Thismeant it was nearly impossible to slug or jam the cylinder by feeding sheaves too quickly.Although it was essential that the cylinder and subsequent mechanisms be kept operating at

MacDonald-MacPherson & Co., StandardThreshing Machine (780939)

J.R. Ebersol Special Band Cutter andSelf-Feeder

Sawyer-Masseys PeerlessSeparator(700391)
http://makenewwindowimg%28newurlimg12%2Cnewmessageimg12%2Cnewhwscrbsxsyimg12%29/http://makenewwindowimg%28newurlimg11%2Cnewmessageimg11%2Cnewhwscrbsxsyimg11%29/http://makenewwindowimg%28newurlimg10%2Cnewmessageimg10%2Cnewhwscrbsxsyimg10%29/http://makenewwindowimg%28newurlimg12%2Cnewmessageimg12%2Cnewhwscrbsxsyimg12%29/http://makenewwindowimg%28newurlimg11%2Cnewmessageimg11%2Cnewhwscrbsxsyimg11%29/http://makenewwindowimg%28newurlimg10%2Cnewmessageimg10%2Cnewhwscrbsxsyimg10%29/http://makenewwindowimg%28newurlimg12%2Cnewmessageimg12%2Cnewhwscrbsxsyimg12%29/http://makenewwindowimg%28newurlimg11%2Cnewmessageimg11%2Cnewhwscrbsxsyimg11%29/http://makenewwindowimg%28newurlimg10%2Cnewmessageimg10%2Cnewhwscrbsxsyimg10%29/


13/18

maximum capacity, too much grain led to reduced separating efficiency. This forcedmanufacturers to increase the length and width of their machines straw walkers, in order toaccommodate the increased flow of material to be separated. It was common to find athreshing machine with a 32-inch-wide cylinder and a 54-inch-wide straw walker.

Advertisement for a Hawkeye Self-Feeder

straw walkers operate differently, but their appearance had changed as well: the smallsquat box on skids had been replaced by a long rectangular box on wheels.

Metal Machines

In 1904, the J.I. Case Plow Works of Racine, Wisconsin manufactured the first threshingmachine with sheet-metal panels and a metal angle-iron frame. Sheet-metal panels wereeasier to manufacture than wood, and it was anticipated that the angle-iron frame wouldoffer greater rigidity than had been possible with a wooden frame.

Skeleton of a Case Metal ThreshingMachine


14/18

Despite manufacturers assurances that their machines weremade with the finest kiln-dried hardwood, and that a regulartightening of bolts would suffice, a threshing machine operatingat full speed would have been subject to incredible strain.Although manufacturers of wooden machines initially scoffed atJ.I. Cases product, many including the George White

Company of London Ontario (680634) followed suit, andswitched to the production of metal machines.

Threshing machines had finally reached the pinnacle of theirtechnological evolution. Rubber tires might replace woodenwheels, and grease cups would be supplanted by compressiongrease fittings, but the internal mechanism would remain unaltered. The threshing machineshown in cutaway in Advance-Rumelys 1918 catalogue was the epitome of technologicaldevelopment, with every available labour-saving attachment.

Advance-Rumelys IdealSeparator in the 1918catalogue

Although the large manufacturers initially followed the bigger isbetter credo, by the early 1920s many were promotingmachines suited to small multipurpose tractors such as the

Fordson. The metal machine manufactured by the FergusonThresher Company of Maxville, Ontario (810673) could havebeen powered by any of the multipurpose tractors that werebecoming increasingly popular by the 1930s.

Powering the Machine

The development of threshing machines with mechanized feeding, threshing, winnowing andstraw-stacking devices, and their increase in size, had an enormous impact on thedevelopment of power sources. Each step in the mechanical evolution led to a correspondingincrease in the amount of power required to operate the machine. To ensure that themachine was being used efficiently in terms of daily threshing output, it had to be kept in

continuous operation for long periods of time. These factors combined to ensure thesupremacy of portable steam engines as a source of power. As long as the steam enginewas kept at operating pressure, it offered a potentially endless supply of energy. For awhile, firms like John Abell of Toronto and the Waterloo Manufacturing Company continuedto offer eight- to twelve-horse sweeps. Despite the text under the visual of the Pitts horsesweepin the Waterloo Manufacturing Companys 1914 catalogue, however, it was apparentthat horse sweeps could not be used to power large technologically-advanced machines.

George White Company of LondonOntario Metal Threshing Machine(680634)

Ferguson Thresher Company ofMaxville, Ontario threshingmachine (810673)
http://makenewwindowimg%28newurlimg19%2Cnewmessageimg19%2Cnewhwscrbsxsyimg19%29/http://makenewwindowimg%28newurlimg17%2Cnewmessageimg17%2Cnewhwscrbsxsyimg17%29/http://makenewwindowimg%28newurlimg18%2Cnewmessageimg18%2Cnewhwscrbsxsyimg18%29/http://makenewwindowimg%28newurlimg19%2Cnewmessageimg19%2Cnewhwscrbsxsyimg19%29/http://makenewwindowimg%28newurlimg17%2Cnewmessageimg17%2Cnewhwscrbsxsyimg17%29/http://makenewwindowimg%28newurlimg18%2Cnewmessageimg18%2Cnewhwscrbsxsyimg18%29/http://makenewwindowimg%28newurlimg19%2Cnewmessageimg19%2Cnewhwscrbsxsyimg19%29/http://makenewwindowimg%28newurlimg17%2Cnewmessageimg17%2Cnewhwscrbsxsyimg17%29/http://makenewwindowimg%28newurlimg18%2Cnewmessageimg18%2Cnewhwscrbsxsyimg18%29/


15/18

Pitts Horse Sweep in the WaterlooManufacturing Companys 1914 catalogue

By 1900, sales of portable engines designed for agricultural use were being outstripped bytraction engines. In addition to offering a stationary power source, traction engines couldpull equipment such as ploughs. Although most engines were fired with wood, many

intended for the Western Canadian market had an optional combination firebox grate andfeed chute, enabling the use of straw as fuel. During the first decade of the twentiethcentury, large kerosene/gas tractors challenged steam traction engines in all areas ofagricultural technology, including the powering of threshing machines. Firms such asSawyer-Massey, which already had a reputation for manufacturing steam traction engines,began to offer kerosene tractors, often in the same catalogue. Sawyer-Masseys 1918 20-40tractor (740216) offered 20 horsepower on the drawbar and 40 horsepower on the Pulley,making it capable of powering any of the large threshing machines. There was littledifference in purchase price: steam and internal combustion each cost between two andthree thousand dollars. As smaller multipurpose gas tractors began to make inroads ontoCanadas farms, manufacturers touted their utility in replacing horses for fieldwork, and asthe ideal power source for harvest-season belt work.

Sawyer-Masseys c.1918 20-40Kerosene Tractor (740216)


16/18

Large gas tractor/threshing crewpitching bundles

The Johnson and BenoudThreshing Outfit,Broderick, Saskatchewan,1923

A New Technology

By the mid 1930s, threshing machines were facing competition from a new harvestingtechnology. A combined harvester or combine incorporated the functions of a binder andthreshing machine. The combine was pulled or driven through the ripened crop, cutting andthreshing as it went, thus eliminating the need for a substantial part of the labour force. Atmost, three labourers were all that were required: one to drive the tractor, one to operatethe combine, and another to drive the truck or wagon that was being filled with grain. In1928, in addition to their line of metal threshing machines, the Waterloo Manufacturing

Company offered a self-propelled Sunshine Combine (691292). By the Second World War,few firms were still manufacturing threshing machines, and the self-propelled combine hadgained favour for its labour savings.

Self-propelled Sunshine Combine(691292)

About the Author:
http://makenewwindowimg%28newurlimg22%2Cnewmessageimg22%2Cnewhwscrbsxsyimg22%29/http://makenewwindowimg%28newurlimg26%2Cnewmessageimg26%2Cnewhwscrbsxsyimg26%29/http://makenewwindowimg%28newurlimg27%2Cnewmessageimg27%2Cnewhwscrbsxsyimg27%29/http://makenewwindowimg%28newurlimg22%2Cnewmessageimg22%2Cnewhwscrbsxsyimg22%29/http://makenewwindowimg%28newurlimg26%2Cnewmessageimg26%2Cnewhwscrbsxsyimg26%29/http://makenewwindowimg%28newurlimg27%2Cnewmessageimg27%2Cnewhwscrbsxsyimg27%29/http://makenewwindowimg%28newurlimg22%2Cnewmessageimg22%2Cnewhwscrbsxsyimg22%29/http://makenewwindowimg%28newurlimg26%2Cnewmessageimg26%2Cnewhwscrbsxsyimg26%29/http://makenewwindowimg%28newurlimg27%2Cnewmessageimg27%2Cnewhwscrbsxsyimg27%29/http://makenewwindowimg%28newurlimg22%2Cnewmessageimg22%2Cnewhwscrbsxsyimg22%29/


17/18

Franz Klingender is Curator of Agriculture at the Canada Science and Technology Museum.On a number of occasions he has picked up a bundle fork to help feed a threshing machine.It's hard, hot and prickly work.

For more information, contact:

Franz KlingenderCurator, AgricultureCanada Agriculture MuseumP.O. Box 9724, Station TOttawa, OntarioCanada K1G 5A3

Tel: 613 996-7822Fax: 613 947-2374

Seed Drill


18/18

HomeAgricultural Equipment Seed Drill

Available in diverse specifications, the wide range of Seed Drill is fabricated from Best-In-Class(TM) raw materials

and used for agricultural purposes. Moreover, Seed Drills are offered in compliance with the existing market

standards and requirements. Our range of product has attained the reputation of being the best in market and comes

in reasonable rates.

Available In Various Models
http://www.prakashind.com/http://www.prakashind.com/http://www.prakashind.com/agricultural-equipment.htmhttp://www.prakashind.com/agricultural-equipment.htmhttp://www.prakashind.com/agricultural-equipment.htmhttp://www.prakashind.com/agricultural-equipment.htmhttp://www.prakashind.com/

hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhdddddddddddd

Documents