hh world studies. many educated people began to study the world around them in the 1600s and 1700s...
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HH World StudiesHH World Studies
Many educated people began to study the world around them in the 1600s and 1700s
Great thinkers of the Enlightenment are known as philosophes
New views of the world led philosophes to believe in basic equality and rights, and that human life could constantly be improved by applying natural law
Background
Philosophes challenged the superstitions and
strict traditions of the Catholic Church Enlightened ideas were spread through
salons and publications such as the Encyclopedia
Background
REASON NATURE HAPPINES
S PROGRESS LIBERTY
Five Themes of the Enlightenment
Philosophe
Origin
Works
Ideas about Human Nature
Ideas about Government
Hobbes
Locke
Voltaire
RousseauMontesquieu
Adam Smith
DiderotWollstonecraft
Take Notes and Create a Chart
English The Leviathan (1651)
Ideas about Human Nature
human nature is bad, warlike, greedy and brutish
Thomas Hobbes
Ideas about Government Pro-AbsolutismMen do not know good vs. evil People give up their rights to the state in the form of a social contractPeople have NO right to rebel
Thomas Hobbes
English, writing during the
time of the English Civil War and Glorious Revolution
Two Treatises of Civil Government (1688)
Ideas about Government Anti-absolutism Legitimacy comes from the
consent of the governed (people)
If government does not protect the natural rights of the people, they have the right to rebel
John Locke
Ideas about Human NatureTabula Rosa – belief that human beings were born without pre-existing ideas or principles but are shaped by their environment and can be changedRejected the idea of original sin – each person is responsible for their own religious salvationPeople have certain natural rights that they must never surrender (life, liberty, property)
John Locke
French Candide – satire attacking
war, the Church, and optimism
Exiled from France, came to admire English society and criticized French abuses
Ideas About Human Nature Man has an inborn desire
to pursue happiness
Voltaire
Voltaire was a Deist Ideas about
Government Advocated religious
tolerance and freedom Recognized the
necessity of religion but attacked the authority of the organized Church
Voltaire
French Social Contract (1762)
Ideas about Government Citizens form a government
(contract) for the common good
The general will of the people would become law
Popular Sovereignty – government created by and subject to the will of the people
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Other Thoughts on Human NatureSociety ruins natural goodness People must reform society so that conscience and emotion guide their actionImproving intellect at the expense of emotion corrupts people
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
French The Spirit of Laws
(1748) – the perfect government is one where laws are created with the people in mind
Baron de Montesquieu
Ideas about Government Government should be suited to the needs and circumstances of the people (no one system works for all)Separation of Powers – government should be divided so that no one branch dominates the others
Baron de Montesquieu
Scottish Economist Wealth of Nations
(1776)
Ideas About Government
Laissez Faire: the world economy should be self-regulating with out government interferences
Anti-mercantilism
Adam Smith
All business and
economic activity should be regulated by the laws of supply and demand, and competition
Free Enterprise/ Trade – every person should be free to go into any business and operate for maximum profit
Adam Smith
French Editor of the
Encyclopedia Praised
freedom of expression and education for all
Diderot
English author who
supported the extension of Enlightenment ideas to women
A Vindication of the Rights of Women
Believed women and men were created equal
Criticized the conditions in which women lived, particularly the poor
Mary Wollstonecraft
Philosophe
Origin
Works Human Nature Government
Thomas Hobbes
English
Leviathan Humans are selfish, warlike and brutish
People sacrifice their rights to a Gov’t that has absolute authority to make laws and create society
John Locke
English
Two Treatises
Humans are born as a blank slate (tabula rosa), and have natural rights
Gov’ts rule by the consent of the governed and the people have right to revolt if it denies their rights
Voltaire French Candide Man has an inborn desire to pursue happiness
Religious tolerance (attacked the power of the organized Church)
Rousseau French Social Contract
Society corrupts man’s natural goodness; people should act according to conscience and emotion
Citizens form a gov’t (popular sovereignty) to determine the common good (determined by the general will)
Montesquieu
French Spirit of Laws
Gov’t should suit the needs of people –separation of powers and checks and balances
Adam Smith
Scottish
Wealth of Nations
The economy should be guided by the forces of supply and demand
Gov’t should take a laissez-faire or “hands off” approach to the economy
Diderot French Encyclopedia
Mary Wollstonecraft
English
A Vindication of the Rights of Women
Man and women are created equal