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TRANSCRIPT
Human Factors & Ergonomics
2nd Meeting
Tujuan
1. Memahami proses penginderaan pada manusia
2. Memahami prinsip perceptual organization
3. Memahami tahapan informational processing
4. Memahami penerapan informational processing dengan keselamatan jalan
Human Factors & Ergonomics
Sensation & Perception
HFE
interactionsamong humans and other elements of a system
- human abilities- human limitations- behavioral patterns,
etc
the design of person–machine systems
a system which involves an interaction between people and other system components, such as hardware, software, tasks, environments, and work structures
Human factor model
Interaction involves a continuous exchange of information
Sensation & perception
- How people sense & perceive- The characteristics and limitations
of the human sensory and perceptual systems
Sensori modalitities
Vision Audition Olfaction Gustation Somasthesis
Vestibular system
+
All sensory systems extract information about four characteristics of stimulation: the sensory modality and submodalities (e.g.,
touch as opposed to pain) the stimulus intensity the duration of the stimulation its location
Receptors
Sensory transduction: the conversion of physical stimulus energy into electrochemical energy in the nervous system
Neurons
Dendrites, axons, synapses
Brain
Stimulus
Primary sensory receiving areas of the cerebral cortex (Proctor & Proctor, 2012)
Vision
Audition
Vestibular System and Senseof Balance
The vestibular system provides us with our sense of balance. It contributes to the perception of bodily motion and helps in maintaining an upright posture and and the position of the eyes when head movements occur
The sense organs for the vestibular system are contained within a part of the inner ear called the vestibule, which is a hollow region of bone near the oval window.
Somatic Sensory System
The somatic sensory system is composed of four distinct modalities: Touch is the sensation elicited by mechanical
stimulation of the skin Proprioception is the sensation elicited by
mechanical displacements of the muscles and joints
Pain is elicited by stimuli of sufficient intensity to damage tissue
Thermal sensations are elicited by cool and warm stimuli
Gustation
The sensory receptors: taste budsThey line the walls of bumps on the
tongue that are called papillae, as well as being located in the throat, the roof of the mouth, and inside the cheeks
Olfaction
Receptor cells located in the olfactory epithelium, a region of the nasal cavity
An olfactory rod extends from each receptor and goes to the surface of the epithelium
Near the end of the olfactory rod is a knob from which olfactory cilia project
Perceptual Organization
Gestalt psychologists: “The whole is more than the sum of the parts.”
The overriding principle of perceptual organization is that of pragnanz: the organizational processes will produce the simplest possible organization allowed by the conditions
Ruben’s vase
Gestalt organizational principles
Configural dimensions. The bracket context helps in discriminating the line whose slope is different from the rest
Tilted-T group appears more distinct fromupright T’s than do backward-L characters
Human Factors & ErgonomicsSelection & Control of Action
Speed–accuracy trade-off. Depending on instructions, payoffs, and other factors, when a person must choose a response to a stimulus, he or she canvary the combination of response speed and accuracy between the extremes of very fast with low accuracy orvery slow with high accuracy
Hick–Hyman law: Reaction time increases as a function of the amount of information transmitted
Central bottleneck model. Response selection for task 2 cannot begin until that for task 1 is completed. S1 and S2 are the stimuli for tasks 1 and 2, respectively, and R1 and R2 are the responses.
Fitts’s law: Movement time increases as afunction of the index of difficulty [log2(2D/W)]
Human Factors & Ergonomics
Informational Processing
Two representations of information processing: (a) traditional open-loop representation from cognitive psychology; (b) closed-loop system, following the tradition of engineering feedback models
Approaches to Informational Processing
1. Stage approach: information was conceived as passing through a finite number of discrete stages
2. Ecological approach: emphasis on the integrated flow of information through the human, emphasizes the human’s integrated interaction with the environment
3. Cognitive engineering (cognitive ergonomics): a hybrid of the two
Model of human information processing
Atention
Human information processing as a filtering process human attention
Attention: Selective attention: chooses what to process in
the environment Focused attention: the efforts to sustain
processing of those elements while avoiding distraction from others
Divided attention: the ability to process more than one attribute or element of the environment at a given time
Selective Attention
Influenced by: Salience Effort Expectancy Value
Focused Attention
The goal is to maintain processing of the desired source and avoid the distracting influence of potentially competing sources
Naraghi, 2003 (www.ctre.iastate.edu)
Sumber
Naraghi, Hosein. 2003. Human factors in road traffic. http. http://www.ctre.iastate.edu/educweb/ce552/docs/Ogden/D_Human%20factorschap3%20ogden.ppt.
Proctor, R.W dan Proctor, J.D. 2012. Sensation and Perception. Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics 4th ed., Gavriel Salvendy (Ed). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Proctor, R.W dan Vu, K.L. 2012. Selection and Control of Action. Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics 4th ed., Gavriel Salvendy (Ed). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Wickens, C.D dan Carswell, C.M. 2012. Informational Processing. Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics 4th ed., Gavriel Salvendy (Ed). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.