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RESULTS OF THE KOOBI FORA RESULTS OF THE KOOBI FORA
RESEARCH PROJECTRESEARCH PROJECT
Koobi Fora Research Project (KFRP) 1968-today
Exploration of the fossil exposures in the Omo-Turkana Basin, northern Kenya, for evidence that will disclose the course and context of human evolution
Australopithecus africanus 1925 Paranthropus robustus 1938
South Africa
What was known from Africa in 1968
Paranthropus boiseiParanthropus boisei19591959
East Africa
Homo habilis
Homo erectus
Olduvai Gorge 1960s
KNM-KP 271
Kanapoi 1965
Lothagam 1967KNM-LT 329
What was known from Kenya?
Late Miocene/early Pliocene
Baringo, Chemeron
Baringo, Kapthurin
Kanam
Late Pliocene /Pleistocene
EAST EAST TURKANA TURKANA
19681968
Field work Field work 19691969
ParanthropParanthropus boiseius boisei
ParanthropParanthropus boiseius boisei
female
Field work Field work 19701970
Koobi Fora Koobi Fora 19701970
KBS SITEKBS SITE1.8 million years1.8 million years
Koobi Fora Research Project 1970s
1972
1974
Homo habilis
Homo rudolphensis
Early Homo
Earliest known Earliest known Homo erectusHomo erectus skull 1.89 myr skull 1.89 myr
1975
1979 Frank Brown, with Thure Cerling, defined finger printing method of identifying tuffs (volcanic ashes)
Significance of finds in 70s•Geological history of lake basin
outlined
•Fossiliferous areas along Koobi Fora Ridge and Karari escarpment mapped
•Pliocene and Pleistocene faunas documented
•Rich hominid record disclosed
•Environmental trends towards more open country habitats demonstrated
•Archaeological record established
•Initial investigations of Holocene record
Koobi Fora Research Project 1980s
Nachukui Formation, West Turkana
Nariokotome 1984
Turkana Boy 1.56 myr
Only known Homo erectus skeleton
KNM-ER 15000
Paranthropus Paranthropus ææthiopicus thiopicus Earliest skull known of a Earliest skull known of a robust australopithecine robust australopithecine
2.6 2.6 myrmyr
KNM-ER 17000
““Black Black Skull”Skull”
Earliest fossil ape Earliest fossil ape Kamoyapithecus hamiltoniKamoyapithecus hamiltoni
Loperot and Lothodok
Late OligoceneLate Oligocene 23-25 myr
Kalodirr and Kalodirr and Buluk 17-18 Buluk 17-18
myr myr
Three new Three new genera and genera and species of species of fossil apesfossil apes
Significance of finds in 80s•Increased understanding of Homo
erectus body plan, brain size and development
•Pliocene and Pleistocene faunal assemblages around the lake basin documented
•Earliest Paranthropus described
•Earliest fossil ape from the late Oligocene
•Three new species of early Miocene apes discovered
Major Turkana Basin Discoveries Major Turkana Basin Discoveries 1968-19891968-1989
H. sapiens
chimpanzee
Capitates
Koobi Fora ResearchProject 1990s
A. afarensis South Turkwell
chimpanzee
South Turkwell 3.5 myr
LOTHAGAM 8–3.5 LOTHAGAM 8–3.5 myrmyr
Lothagam Late Miocene hominins ~5.0 myr
Lothagam Late Miocene fauna ~7.0-5.0 myr
Type site for:10 vertebrate genera (7 are mammals)
and 8 vertebrate species (21 are mammals)
LOTHAGALOTHAGAMM
Brachypotherium
Stegotetrabelodon
TragoportaxTragoportax
Palaeotragus
kobkob
Hexaprotodon
Nyanzachoerus
kudukudu
impalaimpala
Isotopes
Radiation of C4 grasses: many herbivores change from C3 to C4
diets after 9 myr
EQUIDAEQUIDAEE
PROBOSCIDPROBOSCIDEAEA
8myr
8-7myr
Allia Bay – Site 261-1 Allia Bay – Site 261-1 3.9 myr3.9 myr
Allia Bay - 3.9 Allia Bay - 3.9 myrmyr
KANAPOI 4.1 myr
Australopithecus Australopithecus anamensisanamensis
4.1 myr4.1 myr
Capitates
A. afarensis
chimpanzeeA. anamensis
South Turkwell
Kanapoi
A. afarensis
Australopithecus
anamensisFossil evidence:• 47 specimens from Kanapoi• 31 of specimens from Allia Bay• TOTAL 78Significance:• earliest australopithecine• secure evidence of bipedality• wrist primitive• likely ancestor for A. afarensis
Louise Leakey co-leader KFRP 1998-
today
LOMEKWI LOMEKWI 3.5-3.2 myr3.5-3.2 myr
3 Ma
6 Ma ?
?
Australopithecus
afarensis
the common ancestor?
Kenyanthropus platyopsKenyanthropus platyopsHolotype:Holotype: Cranium KNM-WT 40000 (3.5 Myr.)
Etymology:Etymology: platus (Gk), flat; opsis (GK), face, appearance
?
Significance of finds in 90s•First good East African late
Miocene fauna described
•Many herbivores change to C4 dominated diet between 8-6 myr
•Australopithecus anamensis: Earliest australopithecine bipedal but with primitive wrist bone 4.1 myr
•Kenyanthropus platyops: diversity in the hominin lineage at 3.5 myr
EAST EAST TURKANATURKANA
20002000
Fossils collected in 70s 2.0 to 1.3
myr
Discovery of KNM-ER 42700
by Frederick Manthi in 2000
1.55 ± 0.05 myr
Homo erectus
SmallesSmallest 691cct 691cc
LargestLargest1067cc1067cc
Sexual Dimorphism in Homo erectus
KNM-ER 42703
Homo habilis
1.44+0.01 myr
•Homo erectusHomo erectus highly sexually highly sexually dimorphic, almost as dimorphic dimorphic, almost as dimorphic as modern gorillasas modern gorillas
•Expect a significant degree of Expect a significant degree of variationvariation
•Homo habilisHomo habilis lived alongside lived alongside Homo erectusHomo erectus for >400,000 yrs for >400,000 yrs (from 1.87 to 1.44 myr)(from 1.87 to 1.44 myr)
Significance of finds Significance of finds in 2000in 2000
Current Research: GIS technology
GIS - Global GIS - Global information systemsinformation systems
2000-20071970-1980East
Turkana fossil collections- context for human ancestors
New primate species discovered by the KFRP 1968-2008
Hominids
Homo ergaster
Homo rudolphensis
Kenyanthropus platyops
Australopithecus anamensis
Kamoyapithecus hamiltoni
Turkanapithecus kalakolensis
Afropithecus turkanensis
Simiolus engiessi
Cercopithecids
Paracolobus mutiwa
Paracolobus kerioensis
Rhinocolobus turkanensis
Cercopithecoides kimeui
Colobus freedmani
Parapapio lothagamensis
Numbers of fossils and hominins collected 1968-2008 between 8-1.3 myr
Late Miocene and Plio-Pleistocene
number of fossils
number of
hominins
East Turkana 9,887 271West Turkana 4,310 61Kanapoi 518 46Lothagam 1,600 6
Total 16,315 384
MONOGRAPHS and publications
MONOGRAPHS and publications
Sibiloi National Park gazetted in
1973
LLSB Memorial Building, completed 1977
Turkana Basin Institute
TBI postdoctoral fellows
Dr. Francis Kirera
Dr. Frederick Manthi
Dr. Veronica Waweru
Koobi Fora Research Project Field Crew who find the fossils
If you want to know moreIf you want to know morewww.turkanabasin.org
www.kfrp.com
Special thanks to the National Special thanks to the National Geographic SocietyGeographic Society for their long for their long term sponsorshipterm sponsorship